3. Project Overview
The project uses the simple concept of OHMs law where a low DC
voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor.
The current would vary depending upon the length of fault of the
cable in case there is a short circuit of LL or 3L or LG etc.
The series resistor voltage drop changes accordingly which is then
fed to analog input of programmed microcontroller would display
the same in Kilo meters.
The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable
length in KMs and fault creation is made by a set of switches at
every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same.
Respectively detect the fault & send sms to mobile with GPS
Location.
4. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
8051 series Microcontroller, LCD,
Crystal, ADC, Relays, Relay Driver
IC, Transformer, Diodes, Voltage
Regulator, Resistors, Capacitors, LEDs,
slide switches.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Keil Compiler
Language: Embedded C or
Assembly.
5. It is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet).
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;connect
it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC battery to
get started..
Image of development board
6. Contd…..
The Arduino programming language is a simplified version
of C/C++. If you know C, programming the Arduino will be
familiar.
If you do not know C, no need to worry as only a few
commands are needed to perform useful functions.
7. ATMEGA328P
High Performance, Low Power Atmel®AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller
Family
• Advanced RISC Architecture – 131 Powerful Instructions – Most
Single Clock Cycle Execution – 32 x 8 General Purpose Working
Registers – Fully Static Operation – Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at
20MHz – On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments – 32KBytes of In-
System Self-Programmable Flash program Memory – 1KBytes EEPROM
– 2KBytes Internal SRAM – Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000
EEPROM – Data Retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1) –
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
• In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
• True Read-While-Write Operation – Programming Lock for Software
Security
8. Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the
bootloader).
It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and
written withthe EEPROM library)
9. ULN2003
ULN is mainly suited for interfacing between low-level circuits and
multiple peripheral power loads.
The series ULN20XX high voltage, high current darlington arrays
feature continuous load current rating.
A Darlington pair is two transistors that act as a single transistor but
with a much higher current gain.
11. The 230V AC supply is first stepped down to 12V AC using a
step down transformer.
This is then converted to DC using bridge rectifier.
The AC ripples is filtered out by using a capacitor and given
to the input pin of voltage regulator 7805.
At output pin of this regulator we get a constant 5V DC
which is used for MC and other ICs in this project.
12. A relay is an electrically operated switch.
Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a
magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts.
The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch
positions and have double throw (changeover) switch
contacts as shown in the diagram.
Relay
13. Liquid crystal display (LCD)
Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2
displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2
lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip
which receives data from an external source (and communicates directly with
the LCD.
Pin Symbol Function
1 Vss Ground
2 Vdd Supply Voltage
3 Vo Contrast Setting
4 RS Register Select
5 R/W Read/Write Select
6 En
Chip Enable
Signal
7-14 DB0-DB7 Data Lines
15 A/Vee
Gnd for the
backlight
16 K Vcc for backlight
14. Contd..
If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11
data lines(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the
data bus)
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS,
and RW
EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are
sending it data)
RS=Register Select. When RS=0; data is treated as a
command & When RS=1; data being sent is text
data.
R/W=Read/Write . When RW=0; the data written
to the LCD & When RW=0; the data reading to the
LCD.
15. GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile
telephone system that is widely used in many parts of the world.
GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and
is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone
technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA).
GSM operates in the 900MHz, 1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency
bands.
GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile
telecoms over the last decade.
GSM
16. LS2302L is a GPS receiver (also known as GPS mouse) with 8-
megabyte flash memory for GPS data logger.
It can record up to 260,096 data points in a circular or FIFO format.
At the same time, it also outputs real time GPS NMEA data for
navigation.
NMEA record Description
GGA Global positioning system fixed data
GLL Geographic position - latitude/longitude
GSA GNSS DOP and active satellites
GSV GNSS satellites in view
RMC Recommended minimum specific GNSS data
VTG Course over ground and ground speed
GPS MODULE
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation
system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the
U.S. Department of Defense.
17. Serial Communication
When a processor communicates with the outside world, it provides data in
byte sized chunks. Computers transfer data in two ways: parallel and serial.
In parallel data transfers, often more lines are used to transfer data to a device and 8
bit data path is expensive.
The serial communication transfer uses only a single data line instead of the 8 bit
data line of parallel communication which makes the data transfer not only cheaper but
also makes it possible for two computers located in two different cities to communicate
over telephone.
Serial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous.
18. Software Required
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers,
debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, and emulators for
ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, and 8051 MCU families.
Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to
object code.
Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying
microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage.
19. Contd..
i.e., the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile
the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86
(underlying microprocessor in the computer).
For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the
Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a compiler
then compiler is a program that translates source code into
object code.
20. Working of project
The project uses a set of resistances in series i.e. R1
,R2,&R3 as shown in the circuit diagram, one set for
each phase.
Each series resistors represents the resistance of the
underground cable for a specific distance thus 4
such resistances in series represent 1-3kms.
3 relays are used to common point of their contacts
are grounded.
Indicate the fault location on LCD screen& send the
messege to the mobile with GPS
21. ADVANTAGES:
1.THE MAIN USE THIS PROJECT IS CABLE FAULT DETCTING
UNDER GROUNDS.
2.LOW COST.
3.LESS COMPLEXITY.
4.LONG DISTANCE APPLICATIONS.
APPLICATIONS:
1.INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
2.GROUND CABLE FAULT DETECTION APPLCIATIONS
3.ELECTRICAL CABLE FAULT DETCTION APPLICATIONS
22. CONCLUSION
The project “UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT
DETECTION USING GSM AND GPS ” has been
successfully designed and tested. Integrating
features of all the hardware components used have
developed it. Presence of every module has been
reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing
to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using
highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing
technology the project has been successfully
implemented.
