The document provides information on various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. It discusses absorption, advantages, disadvantages, common sites, and proper techniques for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, inhalation, intraosseous, intrathecal, epidural, intraperitoneal, sublingual, and buccal routes. It also covers potential errors in drug administration and safe handling of medications.

1. Mo.Faishal
NursingTutor
Rama College of Nursing

2.  Applying topically to the mouth swallowing
for absorption along the gastrointestinal
(GI) tract into systemic circulation
 po (from the Latin per os) is the abbreviation
used to indicate oral route of medication
administration

3.  Convenient - can be self- administered, pain
free, easy to take
 Absorption - takes place along the whole
length of the GI tract
 Cheap - compared to most other parenteral
routes

4.  Destruction of drugs by gastric acid and
digestive juices
 Effect too slow for emergencies
 Unpleasant taste of some drugs
 Unable to use in unconscious patient
 Sometimes inefficient - only part of the drug
may be absorbed
 irritation to gastric mucosa - nausea and
vomiting

5.  The first-pass effect is the term used for the
hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological
agent when it is absorbed from the gut and
delivered to the liver via the portal
circulation.The greater the first-pass effect,
the less the agent will reach the systemic
circulation when the agent is administered
orally.

6.  Common dose forms for oral administration
 Tablets
 Capsules
 Liquids
 Solutions
 Syrups

7.  Sublingual administration is
Where the dosage form is placed under the
tongue rapidly absorbed by sublingual
mucosa .

8.  QUICKTERMINATION
 FIRST-PASS AVOIDED
 DRUG ABSORPTION IS QUICK
 DISADVANTAGES
 IRRITATION OF ORAL MUCOSA
 LARGE QUANTITIES NOT GIVEN

9.  Buccal administration is where the dosage
form is placed between gums and inner lining
of the cheek (buccal pouch)absorbed by
buccal mucosa

10.  ADVANTAGES
 Avoid first pass effect
 Rapid absorption
 Drug stability
 DISADVANTAGES
 Inconvenience
 advantages lost if swallowed
 Small dose limit

11. Needed Article
 A bowel with clean water
 One Glass
 OneTeaspoon
 Jug With Drinking water
 Medicine Slab
 Towel
 KidneyTray
 Plastic Measure Cup
 Medicine Card

12.  Wash hand , Wear Gloves
 Read the physician order
 Provide Sitting Position
 After Check medicine order the appropriate
dose should be prepared, given the
medication according to prescription by
physician

13.  After medication done , wipe the mouth with towel
 if patient expelled there medication then take it in
kidney tray
 Record medicine name , time, frequency and dose
in medication chart.
 Lock the medicine cabinet and take the medicine to
the bedside.

14. RemoveTheTowel , And WipeThe Face
Provide PositionToThe Patient
Remove All Article
Wash Hand
Recording And Reporting Should Be Done
In Nursing Record

15.  The term parenteral comes from
 Greek words para, meaning outside
 enteron, meaning the intestine
 This route of administration bypasses the
alimentary canal

16.  Use appropriate angle during injection
 Use z track method to prevent backflow of
drugs.

17.  INJECTABLES
 I. INTRAVENOUS
 II. INTRAMUSCULAR
 III. SUBCUTANEOUS
 IV. INTRA-ARTERIAL
 V. INTRA-
ARTICULAR
 VI. INTRATHECAL
 VII. INTRADERMAL
 INHALATION -
Absorption through
the lungs

18.  Syringe - A syringe is a simple pump
consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a
tube to assist pushing liquids or solids into an
object either through a needle, tubing, or a
nozzle.
 The most common use of a syringe is to
administer injections into the body

26.  Needlestick injuries are wounds caused
by needles that accidentally puncture the
skin.
 Needlestick injuries can expose workers to a
number of bloodborne pathogens that can
cause serious or fatal infections. The
pathogens that pose the most serious health
risks are■ Hepatitis B virus (HBV) ■ Hepatitis
C virus (HCV) ■ Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)—the virus that causes AIDS

27.  Any worker who may come in contact with
needles is at risk, including nursing staff, lab
workers, doctors, and housekeepers.
 Estimates indicate that 600,000 to 800,000
needlestick injures occur each year.
Unfortunately, about half of these injuries are
not reported.

28. ■ Hypodermic needles
■ Blood collection needles
■ Suture needles
■ Needles used in IV delivery systems

29.  Recapping needles
 Transferring a body fluid between containers
 Failing to dispose of used needles properly in
puncture resistant sharps containers

30. ■ Avoid the use of needles
where safe and effective
alternatives are available.
■ Help your employer select
and evaluate devices with
safety features that reduce
the risk of needle stick
injury.
■ Avoid recapping needles.
■ Plan for safe handling and
disposal of needles before
using them.
■ Promptly dispose of used
needles in appropriate
sharps disposal containers.
■ Report all needle stick and
sharps-related injuries
promptly to ensure that
you receive appropriate
follow up care.
■ Participate in training
related to infection
prevention.
■ Get a hepatitis B
vaccination.

31.  Intravenous - Some medications must be
given by an intravenous (IV) injection or
infusion. This means they’re sent directly into
your vein using a needle or tube. In fact, the
term “intravenous” means “into the vein.”
 Advantages/Purpose-
 Direct access to the circulatory system
 A route for administration of drugs and fluids
for patients unable to tolerate oral
medications

32.  Arm-
 Foot

33.  An intramuscular injection is a technique
used to deliver a medication deep into the
muscles. This allows the medication to be
absorbed into the bloodstream quickly.
 Site of IM
1. Deltoid muscle
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Rectus femoris
4. Vento glueteal

36.  The Z-track method is a type of IM
injection technique used to
prevent tracking (leakage) of the medication
into the subcutaneous tissue (underneath the
skin)
 After the medication is injected, the skin and
tissue are released. When you insert a needle
into the tissues, it leaves a very small hole,
or track

43. 1. Epidural Injections - An epidural injection is
an injection of medication into the space
around the spinal cord, also known as the
epidural space, to provide temporary or
prolonged relief from pain or inflammation.
 The epidural space is the outermost part of
the spinal canal.

44.  An epidural injection may be performed to
alleviate pain caused by:
 A herniated or bulging disk that impinges nerves
causing pain
 Spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal)
 Post-operative "failed back" surgery syndromes
(chronic back or leg pain after spinal surgery)
 Other injuries to spinal nerves, vertebrae and
surrounding tissues
 Bone spurs

45.  Receive specific instructions on how to
prepare, including any changes that need to
be made to your regular medication schedule
 instructed not to eat or drink anything for 6
hours before.
 wear a gown and gloves during
the procedure

46.  Provide sitting position to the patient and head
down
 Insert Needle between T4 and T5 (Vertebra
column)
 Tell patient to take
deep breath during
procedure
 After procedure rerecording
and reporting should
be done

47. 2. Intra thecal administration is a route of
administration for drugs via an injection into
the spinal canal, or into the subarachnoid
space so that it reaches the cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) and is useful in spinal anesthesia,
chemotherapy, or pain management
applications.

48. 3. Intraosseous -Intraosseous infusion (IO) is
the process of injecting directly into
the marrow of a bone. This provides a non-
collapsible entry point into the systemic
venous system.

49.  Power Driver: EZ-IO By ArrowTeleflex.
 Spring Loaded: BIG Bone Injection Gun and
NIO
 Manual / Hand Powered

50.  The needle is injected through the bone's
hard cortex and into the soft marrow interior
which allows immediate access to the
vascular system.
 The IO needle is positioned at a 90 degree
angle to the injection site, and the needle is
advanced through manual traction.
 The most common site of insertion is the
anterio-medial aspect of the upper,
proximal tibia

51.  The IO site can be used for 24
hours and should be removed
as soon as intravenous access
has been gained.
 Recording and reporting should be done

52.  Intraperitoneal injection or IP injection is
the injection of a substance into
the peritoneum (body cavity).
 It is more often applied to animals than to
humans.
 In humans, the method is widely used to
administer chemotherapy drugs to treat
some cancers, particularly ovarian cancer.

56.  Incomplete patient information
 Unavailable drug information
 Miscommunication of drug orders
 Lack of appropriate drug labeling
 Environmental distractions

57.  Know classifications, actions and side effects of
drug
 Know patient details and why drug was
prescribed
 Know how drug is acquired and pharmacy
procedures
 Know how to prepare and administer drug safely
 Before drug administered, nurse must know all
variables of the client’s condition
 Be prepared to recognize and react to adverse
effects

60.  Local therapeutic effects
 Not well absorbed into the deeper layers of
the skin or mucous membrane
 lower risk of side effects
 sprays for inhalation through the nose may
be for local or systemic effects

61.  All prescribed medicines should be
administered in accordance to the
instructions of the prescriber and this
includes topical formulations such as creams
and ointments.
 All external medical preparations like creams,
ointments, shampoos and bath preparations
should be stored securely in a locked
cupboard, separate from all internal
medicines.

62.  Some creams need to be kept at fridge
temperatures so are not suitable to be kept in
a resident's room.
 Staff should wear disposable gloves when
administering creams, ointments or
emollients.
 Corticosteroid creams and ointment need to
be applied thinly – this minimizes the amount
absorbed into the body through the skin.

63.  When applying a moisturizing cream or
ointment (emollient) this can be applied
liberally.
 If instructions such as ‘use as directed' are
unclear, should be discussed with seniors or
doctor.
 The administration must be recorded
 It is not necessary to dispose of creams a month
after opening.
 The date of opening should also be recorded on
the tube/bottle.