This document presents an approach for exception-enriched rule learning from knowledge graphs. It aims to mine rules from knowledge graphs while accounting for exceptions to the rules. The approach involves:
1) Mining Horn rules (if-then rules) from a knowledge graph
2) Extracting an exception witness set (EWS) of entities that violate the mined rules
3) Constructing candidate rule revisions by adding exceptions to the rules
4) Selecting the best rule revision by maximizing prediction accuracy while minimizing conflicting predictions against the knowledge graph.
The goal is to learn more accurate rules from knowledge graphs by incorporating known exceptions.
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*Machine Learning School in The Netherlands 2022.
Association rules are a data mining technique used to discover interesting relationships or associations among a set of items or variables in large datasets. It is commonly applied in market basket analysis, where the goal is to find relationships between items frequently purchased together.
Here's an overview of association rules:
Itemset: An itemset is a collection of items that appear together in a transaction or record. In market basket analysis, an itemset can represent a combination of products purchased together.
Support: Support is a measure of how frequently an itemset appears in the dataset. It is calculated as the ratio of the number of transactions containing the itemset to the total number of transactions. High support indicates that the itemset occurs frequently.
Confidence: Confidence measures the strength of an association between two itemsets. It is calculated as the ratio of the number of transactions containing both itemsets to the number of transactions containing the first itemset. High confidence indicates a strong association.
Lift: Lift is a measure of the strength of the association between two itemsets, taking into account the expected frequency of the itemset occurring by chance. It is calculated as the ratio of the observed support to the expected support if the two itemsets were independent. Lift greater than 1 indicates a positive association.
Apriori Algorithm: The Apriori algorithm is a popular algorithm used to mine association rules. It starts by identifying frequent itemsets with support above a specified threshold. Then, it generates candidate itemsets and prunes those that do not meet the minimum support requirement. The process is repeated iteratively until no more frequent itemsets can be found.
Association Rules: Association rules are the final output of the analysis. They consist of an antecedent (a set of items) and a consequent (another set of items). The rules indicate that if the antecedent is present, the consequent is likely to be present as well. The rules are typically represented in the form antecedent → consequent with associated measures like support, confidence, and lift.
Interpretation and Application: Association rules provide valuable insights into the relationships between items or variables. They can be used for decision-making, marketing strategies, product recommendations, and cross-selling opportunities. For example, a retailer can use association rules to identify product bundles, optimize store layouts, or design targeted marketing campaigns.
It's important to note that association rules are sensitive to data quality, transaction size, and the choice of support and confidence thresholds. Fine-tuning these parameters and domain expertise are essential to obtain meaningful and actionable results.
If you have any specific questions or need further clarification on association rules, feel free to ask!
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In the first part of the talk, I will first give an introduction of GAN and provide a thorough review about this technology. In the second part, I will focus on the applications of GAN to speech and natural language processing. I will demonstrate the applications of GAN on voice I will also talk about the research directions towards unsupervised speech recognition by GAN.conversion, unsupervised abstractive summarization and sentiment controllable chat-bot.
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My slides that discuss different deep generative models, mainly normalizing flows for density estimation at a deep learning seminar at Aalto University fall 2019.
DutchMLSchool 2022 - History and Developments in MLBigML, Inc
History and Present Developments in Machine Learning, by Tom Dietterich, Emeritus Professor of computer science at Oregon State University and Chief Scientist at BigML.
*Machine Learning School in The Netherlands 2022.
Association rules are a data mining technique used to discover interesting relationships or associations among a set of items or variables in large datasets. It is commonly applied in market basket analysis, where the goal is to find relationships between items frequently purchased together.
Here's an overview of association rules:
Itemset: An itemset is a collection of items that appear together in a transaction or record. In market basket analysis, an itemset can represent a combination of products purchased together.
Support: Support is a measure of how frequently an itemset appears in the dataset. It is calculated as the ratio of the number of transactions containing the itemset to the total number of transactions. High support indicates that the itemset occurs frequently.
Confidence: Confidence measures the strength of an association between two itemsets. It is calculated as the ratio of the number of transactions containing both itemsets to the number of transactions containing the first itemset. High confidence indicates a strong association.
Lift: Lift is a measure of the strength of the association between two itemsets, taking into account the expected frequency of the itemset occurring by chance. It is calculated as the ratio of the observed support to the expected support if the two itemsets were independent. Lift greater than 1 indicates a positive association.
Apriori Algorithm: The Apriori algorithm is a popular algorithm used to mine association rules. It starts by identifying frequent itemsets with support above a specified threshold. Then, it generates candidate itemsets and prunes those that do not meet the minimum support requirement. The process is repeated iteratively until no more frequent itemsets can be found.
Association Rules: Association rules are the final output of the analysis. They consist of an antecedent (a set of items) and a consequent (another set of items). The rules indicate that if the antecedent is present, the consequent is likely to be present as well. The rules are typically represented in the form antecedent → consequent with associated measures like support, confidence, and lift.
Interpretation and Application: Association rules provide valuable insights into the relationships between items or variables. They can be used for decision-making, marketing strategies, product recommendations, and cross-selling opportunities. For example, a retailer can use association rules to identify product bundles, optimize store layouts, or design targeted marketing campaigns.
It's important to note that association rules are sensitive to data quality, transaction size, and the choice of support and confidence thresholds. Fine-tuning these parameters and domain expertise are essential to obtain meaningful and actionable results.
If you have any specific questions or need further clarification on association rules, feel free to ask!
Survey of the current trends, and the future in Natural Language Generation Yu Sheng Su
Small talk on NLG/TG. In recent years, NLG has been widely used in many fields. Today, we'll start with a brief introduction to NLG methods including Pipeline, Autoregressive: Seq2seq, Transformer, GAN, and Non-Autoregressive models. Besides, we will roughly talk about NLG tasks/scenarios and some issues we encounter. Nowadays, Neural incorporates Symbolic is a powerful paradigm in future AI, as Bengio mentioned in AAAI 2020 conference. We will introduce how knowledge guides NLG as well.
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Generative Adversarial Network and its Applications on Speech and Natural Language Processing, Part 2.
발표자: Hung-yi Lee(국립 타이완대 교수)
발표일: 18.7.
Generative adversarial network (GAN) is a new idea for training models, in which a generator and a discriminator compete against each other to improve the generation quality. Recently, GAN has shown amazing results in image generation, and a large amount and a wide variety of new ideas, techniques, and applications have been developed based on it. Although there are only few successful cases, GAN has great potential to be applied to text and speech generations to overcome limitations in the conventional methods.
In the first part of the talk, I will first give an introduction of GAN and provide a thorough review about this technology. In the second part, I will focus on the applications of GAN to speech and natural language processing. I will demonstrate the applications of GAN on voice I will also talk about the research directions towards unsupervised speech recognition by GAN.conversion, unsupervised abstractive summarization and sentiment controllable chat-bot.
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We studied the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed methods by generating MCQs from several ontologies available online. The effectiveness of the suggested question selection heuristics is studied by comparing the resulting questions with those questions which were prepared by domain experts. It is found that the difficulty-scores of questions computed by the proposed system have highly correlation with their actual difficulty-scores determined with the help of (Item Response Theory) IRT principles applied to data from classroom experiments.
Our results show that the E-ATG system can generate domain specific question-sets which are close to the human generated ones (in terms of their semantic similarity). Also, the system can be potentially used for controlling the overall difficulty-level of the automatically generated question-sets for achieving specific pedagogical goals.
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Reporting and Communication: The final step is to present the results and findings of the data analysis in a clear and concise manner. This can be in the form of reports, presentations, or interactive visualizations. Effective communication of the analysis results is crucial for stakeholders to understand and make informed decisions based on the insights gained.
Data analysis is widely used in various fields, including business, finance, marketing, healthcare, social sciences, and more. It plays a crucial role in extracting value from data, supporting evidence-based decision-making, and driving actionable insig
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Exception-enrcihed Rule Learning from Knowledge Graphs
1. Exception-enriched Rule
Learning from Knowledge
Graphs
Mohamed Gad-Elrab1, Daria Stepanova1, Jacopo Urbani 2, Gerhard Weikum1
1Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany
2 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
21st October 2016
2. Knowledge Graphs (KGs)
2
• Huge collection of < 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 > triples
• Positive facts under Open World Assumption (OWA)
• Possibly incomplete and/or inaccurate
3. Mining Rules from KGs
3
Amsterdam
isMarriedToJohn Kate
Chicago
isMarriedToBrad Anna
Berlin
hasBrother
isMarriedToDave ClaraisMarriedToBob Alice
Researcher
Berlin Football
4. Mining Rules from KGs
4
𝑟: 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠𝐼𝑛 𝑋, 𝑍 ← 𝑖𝑠𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑇𝑜 𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠𝐼𝑛(𝑌, 𝑍)
Amsterdam
isMarriedToJohn Kate
Chicago
isMarriedToBrad Anna
Berlin
hasBrother
isMarriedToDave ClaraisMarriedToBob Alice
Researcher
Berlin Football
[Galárraga et al., 2015]
5. Mining Rules from KGs
5
𝑟: 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠𝐼𝑛 𝑋, 𝑍 ← 𝑖𝑠𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑇𝑜 𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠𝐼𝑛(𝑌, 𝑍)
Amsterdam
isMarriedToJohn Kate
Chicago
isMarriedToBrad Anna
Berlin
hasBrother
isMarriedToDave ClaraisMarriedToBob Alice
Researcher
Berlin Football
1 2
6. Our Goal
6
𝑟: 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠𝐼𝑛 𝑋, 𝑍 ← 𝑖𝑠𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑇𝑜 𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠𝐼𝑛 𝑌, 𝑍 , 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑠𝐴(𝑋, 𝑟𝑒𝑠)
Amsterdam
isMarriedToJohn Kate
Chicago
isMarriedToBrad Anna
Berlin
hasBrother
isMarriedToDave ClaraisMarriedToBob Alice
Researcher
Berlin Football
1 2
7. Problem Statement
• Quality-based theory revision problem
• Given
• Knowledge graph 𝐾𝐺
• Set of Horn rules 𝑅 𝐻
• Find the nonmonotonic revision 𝑅 𝑁𝑀 of 𝑅 𝐻
• Maximize top-k avg. confidence
• Minimize conflicting prediction
7
8. Problem Statement
• Quality-based theory revision problem
• Given
• Knowledge graph 𝐾𝐺
• Set of Horn rules 𝑅 𝐻
• Find the nonmonotonic revision 𝑅 𝑁𝑀 of 𝑅 𝐻
• Maximize top-k avg. confidence
• Minimize conflicting prediction
8
Unknown
16. Step 4: Selecting the Best Revision
Finding globally best revision is expensive!
• Naïve ranker
• For each rule, pick the revision that maximizes confidence
• Works in isolation from other rules
• Partial materialization ranker
• 𝐾𝐺s are incomplete!
• Augment the original 𝐾𝐺 with predictions of other rules
• Rank revisions on avg. confidence of the rule and its auxiliary.
16
23. Summary
• Conclusion
• Quality-based theory revision under OWA
• Partial materialization for ranking revisions
• Comparison of ranking methods on real life KGs
• Outlook
• Extending to higher arity predicates
• Binary predicates [Tran et al., to appear ILP2016]
• Evidence from text corpora
• Exploiting partial completeness
23
24. References
• [Angiulli and Fassetti, 2014] Fabrizio Angiulli and Fabio Fassetti. Exploiting domain knowledge to
detect outliers. Data Min. Knowl. Discov., 28(2):519–568, 2014.
• [Dimopoulos and Kakas, 1995] Yannis Dimopoulos and Antonis C. Kakas. Learning non-monotonic
logic programs: Learning exceptions. In Machine Learning: ECML-95, 8th European Conference on
Machine Learning, Heraclion, Crete, Greece, April 25-27, 1995, Proceedings, pages 122–137, 1995.
• [Galarraga et al., 2015] Luis Galarraga, Christina Teflioudi, Katja Hose, and Fabian M. Suchanek.
Fast Rule Mining in Ontological Knowledge Bases with AMIE+. In VLDB Journal, 2015.
• [Law et al., 2015] Mark Law, Alessandra Russo, and Krysia Broda. The ILASP system for learning
answer set programs, 2015.
• [Leone et al., 2006] Nicola Leone, Gerald Pfeifer, Wolfgang Faber, Thomas Eiter, Georg Gottlob,
Simona Perri, and Francesco Scarcello. 2006. The DLV system for knowledge representation and
reasoning. ACM Trans. Comput. Logic 7, 3 (July 2006), 499-562.
• [Suzuki, 2006] Einoshin Suzuki. Data mining methods for discovering interesting exceptions from
an unsupervised table. J. UCS, 12(6):627–653, 2006.
• [Tran et al., 2016] Hai Dang Tran, Daria Stepanova, Mohamed H. Gad-Elrab, Francesca A. Lisi,
Gerhard Weikum. Towards Nonmonotonic Relational Learning from Knowledge Graphs. ILP2016,
London, UK, to appear.
• [Katzouris et al., 2015] Nikos Katzouris, Alexander Artikis, and Georgios Paliouras. Incremental
learning of event definitions with inductive logic programming. Machine Learning, 100(2-3):555–
585, 2015.
24
25. Related Work
• Learning nonmonotonic programs
• E.g., [Dimopoulos and Kakas, 1995], ILASP [Law et al., 2015],
ILED [Katzouris et al., 2015], etc.
• Outlier detection in logic programs
• E.g., [Angiulli and Fassetti, 2014], etc.
• Mining exception rules
• E.g., [Suzuki, 2006], etc.
25
30. Experiments
• Predictions assessment
• Run DLV on YAGO and 𝑅 𝐻 then 𝑅 𝑁𝑀 seperately
• Sample facts such that fact 𝑓 ∈ 𝑌𝐴𝐺𝑂 𝐻𝑌𝐴𝐺𝑂 𝑁𝑀
• 73% of the sampled facts were found to be erroneous
30
checked
predictions
31. Ranking Rule’s Revisions
• Partial materialization ranker
• Augment the original 𝐾𝐺 with predictions of other rules
• Rank revisions on Avg. confidence of the 𝑟 and 𝑟 𝑎𝑢𝑥
31
𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒, 𝐾𝐺∗ =
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓 𝑟𝑒, 𝐾𝐺∗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓(𝑟𝑒
𝑎𝑢𝑥, 𝐾𝐺∗)
2
where 𝑟𝑒 is the rule 𝑟 with exception 𝑒 & 𝐾𝐺∗
is the augmented 𝐾𝐺.