Introduction to Latex

LATEX
WORKSHOP
By
Mohamed A. Alrshah
15 November, 2015

TEX?
 TEX is a typesetting system that incorporates a
macro processor.
 A TEX source document specifies a number of
macro definitions that instruct the TEX engine
how to typeset the document.
 Its implementations are governed by the
principle that the same input should produce the
same output.

LATEX?..
LATEX2ε?..
MiKTEX?..
 LATEX is a macro package which enables authors to
typeset and print their work at the highest
typographical quality, using a predefined, professional
layout. It uses the TEX formatter as its typesetting
engine.
 LATEX2ε includes all the patches which had cropped
up since the release of LATEX 2.09.
 MiKTEX is an up-to-date implementation of TEX and
related programs (installation package).

How does LATEX works?
INPUT
.tex : The manuscript
text with interspersed
TEX commands.
.eps, .pdf, .jpg, etc :
graphics files.
.bib: bibliography.
PROCESS/COMPILE
Latex.exe
Pdflatex.exe
LuaTeX.exe
XeTeX .exe
OUTPUT
1- .dvi or .pdf,
HTML, XML, etc.
2- .log: transcript
3- .aux: auxiliary

LATEX vs WYSIWYG
Criterion WYSIWYG LATEX
Document Editing Users need to use the same tool. Users can arbitrary use any text editor.
Changing format
The entire document needs to be
checked for any unwanted results.
The class and some commands need
to be changed.
Layout quality
High quality layout can be reached by
professional users only.
The standard Layout is already high
quality.
Huge contents
program crashes and instability likely
happen with large documents especially
if high-quality graphics incorporated.
Faster since only text and formatting
commands merged and the separate
typesetting steps are only done.
Citation
Requires additional tool such as
Mendeley or Endnote.
It is professionally handled using the
free and built-in BibTeX tool.
compatibility Low compatibility with all editors & OSs.
High compatibility with all editors &
OSs.
Backward compatibility Is not fully supported. Is not fully supported.
Split work into many files
Usually no practicable solution
available.
Available.
Cost Some are free with limited features. Free

Installation Packages
1- The TeX engine:
basic-miktex-2.9.5105-x64.exe
2- The TeX editor:
texstudio-2.10.2-win-qt5.5.0.exe
3- Postscript and PDF interpreter/renderer:
gs916w64.exe
4- Postscript and PDF viewer:
gsv50w64.exe
Note: all packages are FREE.

Installation: MikTeX
Instructions:
 Download Link : http://www.miktex.org/download/
 Which version fits your OS (x32 or x64)?

MikTeX: Package Manager
(ADD/Remove)

Installation: TeXstudio
 Download Link http://texstudio.sourceforge.net/
 Which version fits your OS (x32 or x64)?

TeXstudio: Dictionary Setting.
 TeXstudio>Options>General> Dictionaries

TeXstudio: Commands Configurations.
 TeXstudio>Options>Commands

TeXstudio: Compiler Configurations.
 TeXstudio>Options>Build

documentclass[option1, option2, …]{class}
…
usepackage{package1}
usepackage[options]{package2}
usepackage{package3, package4}
usepackage[options]{package5, package6}
…
…
begin{document}
…
…
...
end{document}
LATEX: Basic Document Structure
The preamble
The content

LATEX: Basic Document Structure
Examples:
documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
title{You must put the title Here}
author{The name of first author
and The name of second author}
date{15/11/2015}
begin{document}
maketitle
You can write anything here. You can write
anything here. You can write anything here.
You can write anything here. You can write
anything here. You can write anything here.
You can write anything here.
end{document}

LATEX: Document classes
Document Classes Description
article
For articles in scientific journals, presentations, short reports, program
documentation, invitations, ...
IEEEtran For articles with the IEEE Transactions format.
proc A class for proceedings based on the article class.
report For longer reports containing several chapters, small books, thesis, ...
book For real books.
slides For slides. The class uses big sans serif letters.
memoir
For changing sensibly the output of the document. It is based on
the book class, but you can create any kind of document with it.
letter For writing letters.
beamer For writing presentations see LaTeX/Presentations).
elsarticle For articles with the Elsevier format.

Document Class
Options
Description
10pt, 11pt, 12pt Sets the size of the main font in the document. If no option is specified, 10pt is assumed.
a4paper, b5paper,
letterpaper,...
Defines the paper size. The default size is letterpaper; However, many European distributions of TeX now
come pre-set for A4, not Letter, and this is also true of all distributions of pdfLaTeX. Besides that, a5paper,
b5paper, executivepaper, and legalpaper can be specified.
fleqn Typesets displayed formulas left-aligned instead of centered.
leqno Places the numbering of formulas on the left hand side instead of the right.
titlepage, notitlepage
Specifies whether a new page should be started after the document title or not. The article class does not
start a new page by default, while report and book do.
onecolumn,twocolumn Instructs LaTeX to typeset the document in two columns instead of one.
twoside, oneside
Specifies whether double or single sided output should be generated. The classes article and report are
single sided and the book class is double sided by default. Note that this option concerns the style of the
document only. The option twoside does not tell the printer you use that it should actually make a two-sided
printout.
landscape Changes the layout of the document to print in landscape mode.
openright, openany
Makes chapters begin either only on right hand pages or on the next page available. This does not work with
the article class, as it does not know about chapters. The report class by default starts chapters on the next
page available and the book class starts them on right hand pages.
draft, final
makes LaTeX indicate hyphenation and justification problems with a small square in the right-hand margin
of the problem line so they can be located quickly by a human. It also suppresses the inclusion of images
and shows only a frame where they would normally occur.
LATEX: Document class options

File extension Description
.tex LATEX or TEX input file.
.sty LATEX Macro package.
.dtx Documented TEX.
.cls Document class files
.dvi Device Independent File (output).
.log Log a detailed of the compilation process
.toc Table of content
.lof List of figures
.lot List of tables
.aux Auxiliary file, store information about the cross-references.
.idx Stores the words that go into the index in this file.
LATEX: File types

LATEX: Basic Commands
documentclass{article}
begin{document}
section{Section Name}
Section body.
subsection{Subsection Name}
Subsection body.
subsubsection{SubsubSection Name}
Subsubsection body.
paragraph{Paragraph Name}
Paragraph body.
subparagraph{SubParagraph Name}
Subparagraph body.
end{document}

LATEX: Breaking lines and text
Command Description
newline, Start a new line
* prohibits a page break after the forced line break
newpage Start a new page
mbox{text} Keep several words together with out breaking between lines
hyphenation{word list},
-
hyphenation{hyph-ena-tion}
anti-disestablishmentarianism

LATEX: Font styles
Command Description
emph{text} Emphasis (switches between textit and textrm ).
textmd{text} Medium weight (default).
textbf{text} Boldface font style.
textup{text} Upright font style
textsl{text} Slanted font style.
textsf{text} Sans serif.
textsc{text} Small caps.
texttt{text} Typewriter font style
textnormal{text} Main document font.

LATEX: Font styles
Command 10pt 11pt 12pt
tiny 5 6 6
scriptsize 7 8 8
footnotesize 8 9 10
small 9 10 10.95
normalsize 10 10.95 12
large 12 12 14.4
Large 14.4 14.4 17.28
LARGE 17.28 17.28 20.74
huge 20.74 20.74 24.88
Huge 24.88 24.88 24.88
documentclass[11pt]{article}
tiny sample text
large sample text
Huge sample text

LATEX: Cross referencing
documentclass{article}
begin{document}
section{Section1}label{sec1}
Here is the Section 1 body.
section{Section2}
As mentioned in Section ref{sec1}.
subsection{Subsection1}
$beta$ is calculated as in Equation ref{eq1}.
begin{equation} label{eq1}
beta leftarrow frac{5 (pi - 1)}{lambda^2}
end{equation}
end{document}

LATEX: Environments
begin{environment}
text
end{environment}
 List Environment
 Unnumbered list:
 Numbered list:
Unordered list
begin{itemize}
item An item.
item another item.
end{itemize}
Numbered list
begin{enumerate}
item first item.
item second item.
end{enumerate}

LATEX: Environments
 Text Justification
 Flushleft
 Flushright
 Center
begin{flushleft}
This text is left-aligned.
force LaTeX{} not to make
each line the same length.
end{flushleft}
begin{flushright}
This text is right-aligned.
The second line is a also right-aligned
end{flushright}
begin{center}
This text centered.
The second line is a also centered
end{center}

LATEX: Environments
 Tables
Table
Tabular
begin{table}[placement]
body of the table
caption{table title}
end{table}
begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
entry 1 & entry 2... & entry n
...
end{tabular}
Placement Description
h here
t at the top of the page
b at the bottom of the page
p on a dedicated page of floats
! override the default float
restrictions
pos Description
t align on top row
b align on bottom row
c align to the centre
cols Description
l a column of left-aligned items
r a column of right-aligned items
c a column of centered items
p{wd} a column with specific width
| A vertical line

Tables
 Example
begin{table}[h]
centering
caption {Simulation Parameters}
begin{tabular}[width=linewidth]{p{5cm}p{2.2cm}} hline
Parameter & Value hline
Simulation time & 500 sec
MAC layer & IEEE 802.11e
Preamble length & 144 bits
PLCP header length & 48 bits hline
end{tabular}
label{tab:SimPars}
end{table}
Table
Tabular
begin{table}[placement]
body of the table
caption{table title}
end{table}
begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
entry 1 & entry 2... & entry n
...
end{tabular}

Tables (multirows and multicoulmns)
 Add usepackage{multirow} to the preamble
begin{table}
centering
begin{tabular}{ |l|l|l| } hline
multicolumn{3}{ |c| }{Something} hline
entity 1 & entity 2 & entity 3 hline
multirow{4}{*}{Anything}
& entity 4 & entity 5
& entity 10 & entity 11 hline
end{tabular}
caption{Example of Multirow and Multicolumn}
label{tab:label}
end{table}

Including graphics
 You can include any type of graphs (jpg, png, bmp, pdf, eps, ps, etc.)
 But the most preferable graph types is Encapsulated PostScript (EPS)
 Usable by any vector graphic application
 Supports transparency
 Editable file since it contains a description of the graphic objects using
the PostScript page description language.
 Can be enlarged indefinitely without losing quality.
 Steps to include graphics to LaTeX document:
1. prepare the .eps graphic
2. Load the graphics or graphicx package
3. Include the graphic in the .tex file

Including graphics
 Load the graphicx package
 Put the following command in the preamble
usepackage{graphicx}
 Include the graph
 The options of Includegraphics
begin{figure}[h]
centering
includegraphics[width=0.7linewidth]{plot}
caption{Figure Caption Here}
label{fig:plot}
end{figure}
option Description
width change the graphic width
height change the graphic hight
angle rotate graphic counterclockwise with a specific degree
scale scale graphic (% from the original size)
option Description

Is there any wizard?
 Yes there are several wizards in TeXstudio.
 Wizards can help you quickly to do:
 Quick starting.
 Quick beamer presentation.
 Quick letter.
 Quick tabular.
 Quick tabbing.
 Quick array.
 Insert graphics (but drag and drop is much easier).
 Math assistant.

Algorithms: Predefined keywords
Command Description
; End of line
tcp*{} Comment on the line
tcp{} Comment as a separate line
BlankLine for new blank line
KwIn{input} KwOut{output}
KwData{input} KwResult{output}
Input, output keywords
KwRet{value} Return{value} Return keywords
If(then comment){condition} {then block} If statement with end keyword
uIf(then comment){condition}{ then block without end} If statement without end keyword
ElseIf(else comment){elseif block} elseIf statement with end keyword
uElseIf( else comment){elseif block} elseIf statement without end keyword
Switch(switch comment){condition}{Switch block} Switch keyword
Case(case comment){a case}{case block} case keyword with end keyword
uCase(case comment){a case}{case block without end} case keyword without end keyword
Other(other comment){otherwise block} otherwise keyword
For(for comment){condition}{text loop} for loop with end keyword
lFor(for comment){condition}{text loop} for loop without end keyword
While(while comment){condition}{text loop} while loop with end keyword
ForEach(foreach comment){condition}{text loop} for each loop with end keyword
ForAll(forall comment){condition}{text loop} forall loop with end keyword

Algorithms
 Redefine the keywords
SetKwInput{KwData}{Data}
SetKwInput{KwResult}{Result}
SetKwInput{KwIn}{Input}
SetKwInput{KwOut}{Output}
SetKw{KwTo}{to}
SetKw{KwRet}{return}
SetKw{Return}{return}
SetKwBlock{Begin}{begin}{end}
SetKwComment{tcc{/*}{*/}
SetKwComment{tcp}{//}{}
SetKwIF{If}{ElseIf}{Else}{if}{then}{else if}{else}{endif}
…
 Example
SetKwFor{For}{for}{do}{done}
Default definition New definition
For condition do for comment
| text loop
end
For condition do for comment
| text loop
done

Algorithms
 usepackage[linesnumbered, ruled]{algorithm2e}
For more information about algorithm2e refer to: http://ctan.mirrorcatalogs.com/macros/latex/contrib/algorithm2e/doc/algorithm2e.pdf
SetKwProg{Initialize}{Initialize}{ }{end}
SetKwProg{Function}{Function}{ }{end}
SetKwProg{Event}{Event}{ do}{event-end}
SetKwInOut{Input}{input}
begin{algorithm}
caption{Agile-SD Congestion Avoidance.}label{algo01}
Input{$tcp_status$}
Initialize{Variables}
{
$lambda_{min} leftarrow 1, lambda_{max} leftarrow 3,$
$beta_1 leftarrow 0.90, beta_2 leftarrow 0.95,$
$cwnd leftarrow 2$
}
Function{On ACK Receiption}
{
calculate $gap_{current}$
calculate $gap_{total}$
calculate $lambda$
$alpha = frac{lambda}{cwnd}$
$cwnd leftarrow cwnd + alpha$
}
Event{On Loss Detection}
{
$cwnd_{loss} leftarrow cwnd$
uIf {$tcp_status = SlowStart$} {
$cwnd leftarrow cwnd times beta_1$ }
Else {
$cwnd leftarrow cwnd times beta_2$ }
$ssthresh leftarrow cwnd - 1$
$cwnd_{degraded} leftarrow cwnd$
}
end{algorithm}

Theorems
(theorems, definitions, propositions, remarks, corollaries, lemmas, etc.)
 usepackage{amsthm}
 Define the environment in the preamble
newtheorem{name}{display word}
 Examples
newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
newtheorem{lemma} {Lemma}
newtheorem{prop}{Proposition}
 Numbering rules
newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[theorem]
newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}

Theorems
newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[theorem]
newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
section{Introduction}
Introduction to use $setminus newtheorem$ command.
begin{theorem}[anyoption] label{theo1}
Place the theorem definition here.
end{theorem}
begin{proof}
Place the proof of Theorem ref{theo1} here.
end{proof}
begin{corollary} label{cor1}
Place the corollary definition here.
end{corollary}
Refer to your theorem ref{theo1} or corollary ref{cor1}
begin{prop} label{prop1}
Place the proposition definition here.
end{prop}
begin{proof}
Place the proof of Proposition ref{prop1} here.
end{proof}

Mathematical Formulas
 usepackage{amsmath}
 in-line mathematical formula
$ inline formula here $
 Example
$c$ squared is calculated as the summation of $a$
squared and $b$ squared. Or, using more
mathematical approach: $c^2 = a^2 + b^2$

 equation environment
begin{equation}
your formulas here
end{equation}
o Numbered equation
o Unnumbered equation
Add $a$ squared and $b$ squared
to get $c$ squared. Or, using
a more mathematical approach
begin{equation}
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
end{equation}
Add $a$ squared and $b$ squared
to get $c$ squared. Or, using
a more mathematical approach
begin{equation*}
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
end{equation*}

 multiline
 align
begin{multline*}
a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + I
= j + k + l + m + n
end{multline*}
begin{align}
a & = b + c
& = d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l nonumber
& + m + n + o
& = p + q + r + s
end{align}

 IEEEeqnarray
 Requires IEEEtrantools.sty which can be obtained from
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/tools
 usepackage[retainorgcmds]{IEEEtrantools}
 Example:
 Fine whitespaces can be added by using “:” to fix the unaligned entities
begin{IEEEeqnarray}{rCl}
a & = & b + c
& = & d + e + f + g + h nonumber
& + & l + m + n + o
& = & p + q + r + s
end{IEEEeqnarray}

 Arrays
Example1
Example2
begin{equation*}
mathbf{X} = left(
begin{array}{ccc}
x_1 & x_2 & ldots
x_3 & x_4 & ldots
vdots & vdots & ddots
end{array} right)
end{equation*}
begin{equation*}
|x| = left{
begin{array}{rl}
-x & text{if } x < 0,
0 & text{if } x = 0,
x & text{if } x > 0.
end{array} right.
end{equation*}

 Matrices
Example
practice TeXstudio>Wizards>Quick Array… for more matrix types
begin{equation}
mathbf{P}=
begin{bmatrix}
p_{11} & p_{12} & ldots
& p_{1n}
p_{21} & p_{22} & ldots
& p_{2n}
vdots & vdots & ddots
& vdots
p_{m1} & p_{m2} & ldots
& p_{mn}end{bmatrix}
end{equation}

 Spacing
, : quad qquad
 Delimiter sizes
Without left and right macros
With left and right macros
begin{equation*}
1 + (frac{1}{1-x^{2}})^3
end{equation*}
begin{equation*}
1 + left(frac{1}{1-x^{2}}
right)^3
end{equation*}

Bibliography
 Bibliography database (.bib)
…
@ARTICLE{ruscelli2012,
author = {{A}nna {L}ina {R}uscelli and {G}abriele {C}ecchetti and {A}ngelo
{A}lifano and {G}iuseppe {L}ipari},
title = {{E}nhancement of {Q}o{S} support of {HCCA} schedulers using {EDCA}
function in {IEEE} 802.11e networks},
journal = {{A}d {H}oc {N}etworks},
year = {2012},
volume = {10},
pages = {147 - 161},
number = {2},
doi = {10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.09.014},
issn = {1570-8705},
opturl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157087051000154X}
}
…

Bibliography
 Steps to deal with citation
1. Prepare the bibliography file (.bib), perhaps using jabRef
2. Add the following command in the end of the (.tex) document file,
where the references section is:
Example:
4. Cite the reference in you text using the following command
bibliographystyle{bibliography style}
bibliography{bibliograpy database file}
bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
bibliography{your-bib-database}
… cite{ruscelli2012} …

Bibliography
 List of bibliography styles
Style Name Author Name Format Sorting
unsrt Homer Jay Simpson as referenced
plain Homer Jay Simpson by author
named Homer Jay Simpson
authordate1 Simpson, Homer Jay
apa Simpson, H. J. (1995)
alpha Homer Jay Simpson by author
acm Simpson, H. J.
abstract Homer Jay Simpson
abbrv H. J. Simpson by author

Bibliography
 Multiple citation
Several approaches such as cite{Lee2009, Jansang2011,
Cecchetti2012, cecchettielAL2012, ruscelli2012} have been
presented in the literature attempting to remedy the deficiency of
the HCCA reference scheduler in supporting QoS for VBR traffics.

Getting things together
 applying latex template
1. Get the IEEEtrans template from https://www.ctan.org/ or
https://www.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/publishin
g/templates.html
2. Extract the template file (which includes IEEEtran.cls)into a folder
3. Copy images files
4. Copy reference.bib
5. add your material in the given template’s places
6. Compile
7. Done!

References
 https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX
 LaTeX Tutorial, Je Clark, Revised February 26, 2002
 Learning LATEX by Doing, Andr’e Heck, March 2005, AMSTEL Institute
 The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX2E, Tobias Oetiker,Hubert Partl,
Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl, Version 5.05, July 18, 2015
 Latex Workshop, Mohammed A. Al-maqri, April 2015, UPM.

Introduction to Latex

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