1.
EVOLUTION AND PRINCIPLE OF SYSTEMATICS
COURSE CODE:ZOOL-3116
PRACTICAL: STUDY OF PRESERVED INVERTEBRATE SPECIES AND THEIR
CLASSIFICATION UPTO CLASS LEVEL.
Main Teacher: Dr. Muhammad Mudassar Shehzad
TOWNSHIP CAMPUS UE LAHORE.
Co-Teacher: Ms Fatima Nasir
LOWER MALL CAMPUS UE LAHORE.

2.
Zoological Specimen
 A zoological specimen is an animal or part of an animal preserved for scientific use.
 Various uses are: to verify the identity of a (species), to allow study, increase public
knowledge of zoology.
 Examples are bird and mammal study skins, mounted specimens, skeletal material,
casts, pinned insects, dried material, animals preserved in liquid preservatives, and
microscope slides.
 Zoological specimens are extremely diverse.
 Natural history museums are repositories of zoological specimens.

3.
INVERTEBRATE
 Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral
column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.
 Familiar examples of invertebrates include arthropods (insects, arachnids, crustaceans,
and myriapods), mollusks (chitons, snail, bivalves, squids,
and octopuses), annelid (earthworms and leeches),
and cnidarians (hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals).
 The majority of animal species are invertebrates; one estimate puts the figure at 97%.
 Many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire
subphylum of Vertebrata.
 Invertebrates vary widely in size, from 50 μm (0.002 in) rotifers to the 9–10 m (30–33
ft) colossal squid.

4.
INVERTEBRATE PRESERVATION METHOD
 Both vertebrates and invertebrates can be preserved in fluid or as dry
specimens.
 The archival preservation fluid that has been used the longest and is generally
preferred is alcohol.
 The standard is 70-75% ethyl alcohol or ethanol, 40-50% isopropyl alcohol is
used on some animal taxa.

5.
WET SPECIMENS
 "Wet" specimen collections are stored in different solutions.
 A very old method is to store the specimen in 70% ethanol with various
additives after fixing with formalin or in these days sometimes with a salt-
solution.
 Modern specimens are stored in borosilicate glass due to its chemical and
thermal resistance and good optical clarity.

6.
INSECTS AND SIMILAR INVERTEBRATES
 Most hard-bodied insect specimens and some other hard-bodied invertebrates such
as certain Arachnida, are preserved as pinned specimens.
 Either while still fresh, or after rehydrating them if necessary because they had dried
out, specimens are transfixed by special stainless steel entomological pins.
 As the insect dries the internal tissues solidify and, possibly aided to some extent by the
integument, they grip the pin and secure the specimen in place on the pin.
 Very small, delicate specimens may instead be secured by fine steel points driven into
slips of card, or glued to card points or similar attachments that in turn are pinned in
the same way as entire mounted insects. The pins offer a means of handling the
specimens without damage, and they also bear labels for descriptive and reference
data.
 Once dried, the specimens may be kept in conveniently sized open trays. The bottoms
of the trays are lined with a material suited to receiving and holding entomological
pins securely and conveniently.

7.
 However, open trays are very vulnerable to attack by museum beetle and similar
pests, so such open trays are stored in turn inside glass-topped, insect-proof
drawers, commonly protected by suitable pesticides or repellents or barriers.
 Alternatively, some museums store the pinned specimens directly in larger trays or
drawers that are glass-topped and stored in cabinets.
 In contrast to such dried specimens, soft-bodied specimens most commonly are
kept in "wet collections", meaning that they are stored in alcohol or similar
preservative or fixative liquids, according to the intended function.
Small specimens, whether hard or soft bodied, and whether entire, dissected,
or sectioned, may be stored as microscope slide preparations.

8.
CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATES
Invertebrates are classified in to nine major phyla.
 Sponges (Porifera)
 Amoeba (Protozoa)
 Hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals (Cnidaria)
 Starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers (Echinodermata)
 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
 Round or threadworms (Nematoda)
 Earthworms and leeches (Annelida)
 Insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods (Arthropoda)
 Chitons, snails, bivalves, squids, and octopuses (Mollusca)

9.
PHYLUM PROTOZOA

10.
1. PROTOZOA
 Almost 50,000 known species of phylum protozoa.
 Protozoan animals exhibit protoplasmic grade of organization. There is division of labor
among various organelles of the cell.
 Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Plasmodium, Entamoeba etc are some of free living protozoa.
CHARACTERISTICS
 They may be solitary, colonial or free living aquatic parasites.
 Most of them live in water, but some live in damp soil or inside other animal (parasitic).
 They reproduce primarily by asexual means, although in some groups sexual modes also occur.
 They have heterotrophic mode of nutrition, whereby the free-living forms ingest particulates, such
as bacteria, yeast and algae, while the parasitic forms derive nutrients from the body fluids of their
hosts.
 Locomotion takes place by pseudopodia, flagella or cilia.
 They constantly change the body shape.

11.
CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM PROTOZOA
 Phylum Protozoa is a large and varied group. This phylum has a number of
problems in its classification. As per one of the classification given out by
Hyman, Hickman and Storer, this phylum is divided into two subphyla on the
basis of organs of locomotion. These two subphyla are further divided into 5
classes.
 Most accepted classification of protozoa is given by BM Honigberg and
others based on the scheme given by the committee on Taxonomy and
Taxonomic problems of the society of Protozoologists divides this phyla into
4 subphyla.

12.
.

13.
 Phylum protozoa is classified into four classes on the basis of locomotary organs
Class 1 Rhizopoda
 Locomotary organ: Pseudopodia
 Mostly free living, some are parasitic
 Reproduction: asexually by binary fission and sexually by syngamy.
 No conjugation.
 Examples: Amoeba, Entamoeba
Class 2 Mastigophora/ Flagellata
 Locomotory organ: Flagella
 Free living or parasite.
 Body covered with cellulose, chitin or silica.
 Reproduction: A sexual reproduction by longitudinal fission.
 No conjugation.
 Examples: Giardia, Euglena, Trypanosoma

14.
Class 3 Sporozoa
 Locomotory organ: Absent
 Exclusively endoparasites
 Contractile vacuoles is absent
 Body covered with pellicle.
 Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by fission and Sexual reproduction by spores
 Examples: Plasmodium, Monocystis
Class 4 Ciliata
 locomotary organ: Cillia
 Body covered by pellicle.
 Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission. Sexual reproduction by
conjugation.
 Nuclei two types i.e. macronucleus and micronucleus.
 Examples: Paramecium, Voricella, Blantidium

15.
a. AMOEBA (PROTOZOA)

16.
b. TRYPANOSOMA (PROTOZOA)

17.
c. PARAMECIUM (PROTOZOA)

18.
d. Blantidium (PROTOZOA)

19.
PHYLUM PORIFERA

20.
2. PHYLUM PORIFERA
 They live mainly in salty water. About 5000 species are known today
commonly known as sponges.
CHARACTERICTICS
 Found in salty water.
 Multicellular animals.
 They have cylindrical shape body.
 Germinal layers are ill developed.
 Inner surface has flagellate collar cells or choanocytes.
 Reproduction is both sexual and asexual.
 E.g., Sycon, Bath Sponge, Euplectella, Glass-rope sponge etc.

21.
CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM PORIFERA

22.
a. SYCON (PORIFERA)

23.
b. BARREL SPONGE (PORIFERA)

24.
c. GLASS SPONGE (PORIFERA)
Class Hexactinellida
•Subclass Amphidiscophora
•Order Amphidiscosida
•Subclass Hexasterophora
•Incertae sedis
•Dactylocalycidae
•Order Lychniscosida
•Order Lyssacinosida
•Order Sceptrulophora

25.
d. EAR SPONGE (PORIFERA)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
Order: Agelasida
Family: Agelasidae
Genus: Agelas
Species: A. clathrodes

26.
PHYLUM
COELENTERATA

27.
3. PHYLUM COELENTERATA
 About 10,000 species are known.
CHARACTERISTICS
 These are marine animals which may be solitary or colonial.
 These have a hollow body like a bag.
 The body is two layered.
 The mouth is surrounded by tentacles which are usually thread like outgrowths.
 Stinging cells or nematocytes are present.
 Reproduction: Asexual: by budding; Sexual: by gamatic fusion.
 E.g., Hydra, Jelly Fish, Sea Anemone, Coral etc.

28.
CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM
COELENTERATA
The phylum coelenterate is divided into three classes on the basis of development of zooids:
Class1: Hydrozoa
Class2: Scyphozoan or Scyphomedusae
Class3: Anthozoa or Actinozoa
 Class1: Hydrozoa
 (Hydra; water; zoon: animal)
 Habitat: mostly marine, few are fresh water
 Habit: some are solitary and some are colonial
 Asexual Polyps is dominant form
 Medusa possess true velum
 Mesogloea is simple and acellular
 Examples: Hydra, Obelia, Physalia physalis (portuguese man of war), Tubularia

29.
Class 2: Scyphozoa or Scyphomedusae
 Habitat: exclusively marine
 Habit: solitary, freely swimming
 Medusa is dominant and it is Large bell or umbrella shaped.
 Polyps is short lived or absent
 Mesogloea is usually cellular
 Examples: Aurelia aurita (Jelly fishe), Rhizostoma
Class 3: Anthozoa or Actinozoa
 (Anthos: flower; zoios: animal “flower like animals”)
 Habitat: exclusively marine
 Habit: Solitary or colonial
 Medusa stage is absent
 Mesogloea contains fibrous connective tissue and amoeboid cells.
 Examples: Metridium (sea anemone), Telesto, Tubipora, Xenia

30.
a. Sea Anemone (COELENTERATA)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Subclass: Hexacorallia
Order: Actiniaria

31.
b. JELLY FISH (COELENTERATA)

32.
c. HYDRA (COELENTERATA)

33.
d. CORAL (COELENTERATA)

34.
PHYLUM
PLATYHELMINTHES

35.
4. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
 About 6500 species are known. Common forms are Flukes and Tapeworms.
CHARACTERITICS
 They are commonly flateworms.
 They are bisexual.
 The body is bilaterally symmetrical.
 Nervous system is simple.
 Digestive system: incomplete or absent.
 Reproduction: Sexual: by gametic fusion in hermaphrodite species.
 Asexual : by regeneration and fission.
 E.g., Liver Fluke, Planaria, Tapeworm, Blood Fluke etc.

36.
CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM
PALTYHELMINTHES
 Phylum Platyhelminthes is divided into three classes on the basis of body
shape, mouth position and habitat.
Class 1 Turbellaria
 Mostly Free-living fresh water organism
 Body: dorsoventrally flattened
 Hooks and sucker usually absent
 Examples: Planaria, Bipalium, Otoplana, Notoplana

37.
 Class 2 Trematoda
 Mostly parasitic
 Body: dorso-ventrally flattened leaf like
 Hooks and sucker are present
 Examples; Fasciola hepatica (Liverfluke), Diplozoon,
 Class 3 Cestoda
 Exclusive parasitic
 Body: dorso-ventrally flattened tape like
 Hooks and sucker are present
 Digestive system-absent
 Excretion: Protonephridia with flame cell
 Examples: Taenia spp ( tapeworm), Convoluta, Echinobothrium

38.
a. LIVER FLUKE (PLATYHELMINTHES)

39.
b. PLANARIA (PLATYHELMINTHES)

40.
c. TAPEWORM (PLATYHELMINTHES)

41.
PHYLUM
ASCHELMINTHES

42.
5. PHYLUM ASCTHELMINTHES
 About 10,000 species are known. Examples are Ascaris(Roundworm),
Oxyuris(Pinworm), Ancylostoma(hookworm) etc.
CHARACTERISTICS
 Commonly known as roundworms.
 Body is bilaterally symmetrical.
 Sexes are separate. Reproductive system is simple.
 Nervous system is in the form of ring.
 Respiratory organs and blood vascular system are absent.
 Usually parasites.
 E.g., Ascaris, Oxyuris etc.

43.
CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM
ASCHELMINTHES
 Aschelminthes is classified into two classes: Aphasmidia and Phasmidia.
Class 1. Aphasmidia
 Phasmids are absent,
 Amphids are of various types. Examples: Trichinella, (Trichina worm), Trichuris
(Whip worm), etc
Class 2. Phasmidia
 Phasmids are present near hind end of body.
 Amphids are present near anterior end.

44.
a. ASCARIS (ASCTHELMINTHES)

45.
b. PIN WORM (ASCTHELMINTHES)

46.
c. PIN WORM (ASCTHELMINTHES)

47.
d. FLIRALIAL WORM (ASCTHELMINTHES)

48.
PHYLUM ANNELIDA

49.
6. PHYLUM ANNELIDA
 Almost 13,500 species are known.
CHARACTERISTICS
 Body is metamerically segmented.
 Shows bilateral symmetry.
 Excretory organs are nephirida.
 Sexes are either separate or the organisms are hermaphrodite.
 The body has longitudinal or circular muscles.
 E.g., Earthworm, Leech, Polygordius etc.

50.
CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM ANNELIDA
 Phylum Annelida is divided into four main classes, primarly on the basis of setae,
parapodia, metameres and other morphological features.
Class 1 Polychaeta
 Habitat: They are marine, terrestrial, and freshwater.
 Archetypical protosome development (schizocoely).
 True coelomates (schizocoelomates).
 Bilaterally symmetry, segmented worms.
 Complete digestive system.
 Closed circulatory system.
 Well-developed nervous system.
 Excretory system: Both metanephridia and protonephridia.
 Lateral epidermal setae with each segment.
 Dioecious or hermaphroditic.
 Fertilization: external
 Examples: Nereis (sandworm), Syllis.

51.
Class 2 Oligochaeta
 Habitat: mostly terrestrial and few are freshwater
 Body metamerically segmented
 Clitellum present
 Hermaphrodite but cross fertilization occur
 Fertilization: external
 Cocoon formation occur
 Examples: Pheretima posthuma (Earthworm), Lumbricus, Stlaria, Tubifex
Class 3 Hiradinea
 Habitat: primarily freshwater annelids but some are marine, terrestrial and parasitic
 The body has definite number or segments.
 The tentacles, parapodia and setae are totally absent.
 They are hermaphrodite.
 Fertilization: internal and a larval stage is absent.
 Examples: .Hirudinaria (Leech

52.
Class 4 Archiannelida
 Habitat: They are strictly marine.
 The body is long and worm like.
 The setae and parapodia normally absent.
 They may be unisexual or hermaphrodite.
 The development: indirect forming trochophore larva.
 Examples: .Protodrillus. Dinophilus.

53.
a. EARTHWORM (ANNELIDA)

54.
b. SAND WORM (ANNELIDA)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Polychaeta
Scientific name: Alitta virens

55.
c. LEECH (ANNELIDA)

56.
PHYLUM
ARTHROPODA

57.
7. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
 The word arthropoda means jointed foot. It is the largest group of animals comprising
about 700000 species. Animals of this phyla are found all over the world in all climates and
conditions.
CHARACTERITICS
 Body is metamerically segmented.
 Body is jointed outwardly and bilaterally symmetrical.
 A hard, non living exoskeleton is present.
 Sexes are usually separated.
 E.g., Spider, Crab, Grasshopper, Butterfly etc.

58.
CLASSIFICATION O FPHYLUM
ARTHROPODA
Four classes of Arthropoda.
 Crustaceans
 Myriapoda
 Arachnida
 Insecta

59.
a. SPIDER (ARTHROPODA)

60.
b. CRAB (ARTHROPODA)

61.
c. GRASSHOPPER (ARTHROPODA)

62.
d. BUTTERFLY (ARTHROPODA)

63.
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

64.
8. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
 About 90000 species are known.
CHARACTERISTICS
 The animal are aquatic, some terrestrial forms are also known.
 Body is soft, unsegmented.
 Coelomate animals. True coelom is present.
 Body consist of a head, foot and dorsal visceral mass.
 Respiration is done by part of gills.
 E,g., Snail, Octopus, Cuttlefish, Squid etc.

65.
CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM
MOLLUSCA
 Phylum Mollusca are divided into six classes.
Class 1. Monoplacophora (Gk. monas- one, plax- plate, pherein- bearing):
 The shell is spoon or cup shaped. They have die characters of both the phylum
Annelida and phylum Mollusca.
 Example: Neopilina.
Class 2. Amphineura (Gk. amphi- both + two neuron = nerve):
 There is a present non-ganglionated nerve ring around mouth with two pairs of
interconnected nerve cord.
 Examples: Chaetopleura (Chiton).
Class 3. Scaphopoda (Gk. scapha- boat, podos-foot):
 Shell is tubular and open at both ends.
 Example: Dentalium.

66.
Class 4. Gastropoda (Gk. gaster- belly, podos- foot):
 Shell is made up of one piece.
 The early embryo is symmetrical but during development the body twists showing
torsion so that the body becomes asymmetrical. It includes the largest number of
molluscs e.g., Pila, Umax, Cypraea (Cowrie), Helix (garden snail), Aplysia (sea hare),
Doris (sea lemon), Limnaea, (pond snail), Planorbis, Patella (true limpet), Turbinella
(Shankh), Creseis (Sea butterfly).
Class 5. Pelecypoda or Lamellibranchiate or Bivalvia (Gk. pelekus- hatchet Podos foot):
 Shells is made up of two halves.
 Examples: Unio, Mytilus (Sea mussel), Teredo SpwoS EnZ (razor shell or razor clam),
Solen (razor fish or razor shell), Ostrea (edible oyster), Pecten (scallop), Pinctada
(Pearl oyster).
Class 6. Cephalopoda (Gk. kephale- head, podos- foot):
 Head and foot region combined and modified into a structure which has eyes and
eight tentacles, hence the name cephalopod or ‘head foot’. Cephalopods are
regarded at the top of invertebrates evolution in terms of learned behavior they
exihibit. Shell is external (Nautilus), internal (sepia) or absent (octopus).
 Examples: Sepia, Loligo, octopus, nautilus, (pearly nautilus). Some cephalopods are
the largest invertebrates.

67.
a. SNAIL (MOLLUSCA)

68.
b. OCTOPUS (MOLLUSCA)

69.
c. CUTTLE FISH (MOLLUSCA)

70.
d. SQUID (MOLLUSCA)

71.
PHYLUM
ECHINODERMATA

72.
9. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
 These are marine animals. Almost 5000 species are known.
 CHARACTERISTICS
 The skin forms a hard spiny protective skeletal covering.
 The alimentary canal is simple and usually complete.
 They have a coelom and water vascular system.
 Sexes are separate.
 Nervous system is well developed consisting of circular rings and radical nerves.
 E.g., Starfish, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber,
sea lilly etc.

73.
CLASSIFICATION OF ECHINODERMATA
It is divided into five classes.
 Asteroidea
 Ophiuroidea
 Echinoidea
 Holothuroidea
 Crinoidea
Class 1 Asteroidea
 Body is flattened star shaped with five arms
 They possesses tube feet with a sucker
 Presence of calcareous plates and movable spines.
 Respiratory organ: papulae
 Examples: Asterias (Star fish), Astropecten, Zoraster, Oreaster

74.
Class 2 Ophiuroidea
 Body is flat with pentamerous disc
 They possess a long arm which is sharply demarcated from the central disc.
 They possesses tube feet without sucker
 Anus and intestine are absent
 Respiratory organ: Bursae
 Examples: Ophiderma, ophiothrix, Astrophyton, Amphuria, etc
Class 3 Echinoidea
 Body is disc-like hemi-spherical
 They are devoid of arms or free-rays.
 They possesses tube feet with a sucker.
 They possess compact skeleton and movable spines.
 Examples: Echinus (Sea urchin), Cidaris, Arbacia, Echinocardium. Diadema

75.
Class 4 Holothuroidea
 Body is elongated in the oral-aboral axis and it is like cucumber.
 They have no arms, spines and pedicellariae.
 The tube feet are sucking type which is modified into tentacles and form a
circle around mouth.
 Respiratory organ: cloacal respiratory tree
 Examples: Cucumaria (Sea cucumber), Holothuria, Mesothuria, etc
Class 5 Crinoidea
 Body is star shaped
 Some of the forms were extinct and living forms.
 Arms bifurcated, with two pinnules.
 They have tube feet without suckers
 Examples: Neometra, Antedon, Rhizocrinus, etc

76.
a. STAR FISH (ECHINODERMATA)

77.
b. SEA URCHIN (ECHINODERMATA)

78.
c. SEA CUCUMBER(ECHINODERMATA)

79.
d. SEA LILY (ECHINODERMATA)

80.
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