2. TESTS FOR
HAEMOSTASIS
AND
COAGULATION
1. TESTS FOR VASCULAR COMPONENET
a) Capillary fragility test
b) Bleeding Time (BT)
2. TESTS FOR PLATELET COMPONENET
a) Platelet count
b) Platelet adhesion test
c) Platelet aggregation test
d) Clot retraction test
2
3. 3. TESTS FOR COAGULATION FACTORS
a) Clotting Time (CT)
b) Prothrombin Time (PT)
c) Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
d) Thrombin Time (TT)
e) Factor XIII screening
f) Specific tests- factor assays, mixing studies
4. TESTS FOR FIBRINOLYSIS
a) Whole blood clot lysis test
b) Euglobulin lysis test
c) FDP and D-Dimer
3
TESTS FOR
HAEMOSTASIS
AND
COAGULATION
4. BLEEDING
TIME
First functional platelet evaluation test.
Introduced by duke in 1900.
Used to detect defects in primary hemostasis.
Used as a screening test for vascular disorders as
well as platelet disorders.
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5. Bleeding time is defined as the time taken for a
standard skin wound to stop bleeding ,upon vessel
injury , platelets adhere and form a haemostatic
platelet plug.
Bleeding time measures the ability of the platelets
to arrest bleeding and therefore measures platelet
number and function.
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BLEEDING
TIME
6. PRINCIPLE
A standardised incision is made on the volar surface of
the forearm.
The time the incision bleeds is recorded.
Cessation of bleeding indicate the formation of
hemostatic plug.
Depends on the adequate number of platelets and on
the ability of the platelets to adhere to the
subendothelium.
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9. PROCEDURE
Clean the inner aspect of the fore arm.
Place a BP cuff on the upper arm , inflate to 40 mm of
mercury.
Select an area on the volar surface which is devoid of
veins.
Should be performed at room temperature.
A disposable lancet with a point of about 3mm /No.11
bard parker surgical blade is used.
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10. PROCEDURE
Two skin punctures 3mm deep is made.
Stopwatch is started as soon as the bleeding starts in
each wound.
Using the edge of a filter paper (Whatman No:1) , blot
the blood accumulated over the wound without
touching the wound.
The time from which incision was made to the time at
which the bleeding stops to stain the filter paper is
taken.
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11. PROCEDURE
The average of the 2 bleeding time is taken.
The BP cuff is removed.
The puncture wounds are cleaned.
Sterile bandage is applied.
Longer bleeding time-puncture of superficial veins.
11
12. PROCEDURE
If bleeding continues more than 15 min-apply pressure
Repeat the bleeding time on other arm.
Report-greater than 15 min.
Reports correlated with platelet count.
Reference range: 2-7 minutes.
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21. PROCEDURE
Clean the finger tip with alcohol sponge.
Infants-heel of foot.
Make a deep puncture with sterile lancet.
Start the stop watch.
Using filter paper blot the drop of blood coming out
from incision.
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22. PROCEDURE
When bleeding ceases stop the stop watch.
Count the number of drop on the filter paper.
Multiply by 30 sec.
Report the closest minute.
If the cut bleeds more than 10 minutes, discontinue
the test.
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23. ADVANTAGE
&
DISADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE:
The ear lobule contain abundant
subcutaneous tissue and is
vascular.
Flow of the blood is quite good.
Normal bleeding time-3-5
minute.
DISADVANTAGE:
Difficult to get a standardized
wound.
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28. CLOTTING
TIME
The time taken for whole blood, drawn from a vein
and immediately placed in a container to clot.
It measures all stages of intrinsic coagulation.
It is not a very sensitive method.
Avoid contamination with tissue fluid.
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31. TWO SYRINGETECHNIQUE-avoid interference of
tissue fluid.
Draw 1 ml of blood into first syringe.
Without disturbing the position of the needle 2nd
syringe is attached and 5ml of blood is drawn.
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SAMPLE
COLLECTION
32. Draw 3 ml of venous blood with aseptic
precautions.
Label 3 test tubes as No. 1, 2, 3 and keep in a water
bath at 37oc .
Deliver 1 ml of blood into each of the above 3 test
tubes and start the stop watch.
After 3 min, take out tube No 1 , tilt it every 30
seconds till a clot develops.
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PROCEDURE
33. PROCEDURE
Note the time when the tube can be inverted
completely.
Next examine the No 2 every 30 seconds , exactly
the same way as tube No 1, till the clot forms and
note the time.
Finally, invert the third test tube as above till the
blood clots. Stop the watch.
Record the time from the moment blood is
delivered in to the test tube to the complete
clotting in the third tube.
The clotting time of the third tube is reported as
the clotting time.
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37. SOURCES
OF ERROR
Faulty technique
Inappropriate volume of blood
Faulty venipuncture
Air bubble entering the syringe
Diameter of the glass tube should be uniform
Always use clean glass wares and plastic syringe
Vigorous agitation should be avoided.
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39. CAPILLARY
METHOD
PRINCIPLE:
Puncture the skin, blood is taken to a plain capillary
tube and stop watch started.
Formation of fibrin strings is noted by breaking the
capillary tube at regular intervals.
The time taken for the first appearance of the fibrin
string is noted.
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40. PROCEDURE
Warm up the finger for skin puncture.
Make an incision with a sterile disposable lancet to
depth of 3mm.
As soon as blood is visible- start the stop watch.
Wipe off the first drop of blood.
Allow 2nd drop of blood to flow to capillary tube.
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41. After 2’ break off the capillary tubing,1-2 cm from
the end.
When a thin string of fibrin can be seen in between
the broken end of the capillary tube, stop the watch
and note the time.
Report the time.
41
PROCEDURE
43. ADVANTAGE
&
DISADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE:
This method is insensitive
This method is unreliable
Capillary blood always contaminated with tissue
fluid
ADVANTAGE:
Can be performed when venous blood cannot be
obtained
NORMAL VALUE: 1-5 min
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44. CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
Prolonged clotting time seen in deficiency states
involving ,Plasma thromboplastin component,
plasma thromboplastin activator.
Also prolonged in pt with bone marrow depression
and thrombocytopenia.
Deficiency of FV,VII, and X, fibrinogen, Liver
diseases.
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Arm should be supine on a firm support ,preferably closee to the level of heart.,site-lateral 1/3rd of the forearm 2-3 cm below the anticubital crease.A locatioin on the median aspect of the calf abt 6-8 cm below the knee can also be taken.
Either parallel or perpendicular to the anticubital crease.
Care should be taken not to touch the developing platelet plug.Rounded to the nearest 30 sec is taken as the BT.
Than taking theb average of the 2 .
Stop the bleeding.Criitical values which needs urgent clinical notification are values above 15’.
It is a standardised spring loaded razor device that produces a deftinite incision.eg 1mm deep 3mm long incision.
Do not rub.allow to dry completely.
Apply pressure on the bleeding spot.
/
b/c of the ease of doing.Not affected by the deficiecy of plts since not very many plts are required to get a normal result in this test.Small amt of thrombin isb required so mild to modereate defiency of plasma factor will be missed.
Which rinse out the tissue fliud as it has passed thru the needle.
Syringe-tissue fliud.tube-ca
Vol less than 1ml –give shorter time.CT accelarated by narrow tube