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chapter 1-Principle Of Animal Nutrition.ppt
1. DEMBI DOLLO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
Lecture Notes On
Principle Of Animal Nutrition (AnSc 222)
(Contact/week Hr.: 3)
To: Animal Science, 2nd Year, 2nd semester
Instructor By:
Melkamu Tilahun (Msc, Animal Nutrition)
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2. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL NUTRITION
• CONTENT OF THE CHAPTER
1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS NUTRITION
1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
1.3. ANIMAL AND ITS FEED
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3. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• The word “animal” is derived from the Latin word animalis,
• Meaning “having breath and “living being”
• All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, and motile organisms
• Of the kingdom Animalia
• Based on the types of feed they consume, animals are classified as:
Carnivores: whose diets consist mainly of non-plant materials;
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4. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
Herbivores : whose diets are composed primarily of plant materials, herbal feeders
Omnivores : whose diets include both plant and animal materials, Omni feeder
• Feed: it is an edible material that contains nutrients,
Nourishing animals either for maintenance or production
• Feedstuff: is any material used for feed
• Feed Ingredient: is interchangeable term of feedstuff
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5. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Nutrient: is defined as a substance in a feedstuff
Needed for maintenance, production and health of animals
• Nutrition is the process by which living matter acquires,
Substances called nutrients for growth, reproduction, repair and energy
• Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of
Nutrients and other substances in animal’s body
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6. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Thus, nutrition includes:
Food intake
Digestion,
Absorption,
Assimilation,
Biosynthesis (Anabolism)
Catabolism of nutrients (vs Anabolism)
Excretion of metabolites 6
7. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Nutritional science is a cluster of scientific disciplines related to
Biology
Biochemistry
Immunology
Molecular biology
Pharmacology
Physiology
Toxicology
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8. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Thus, Animal Nutrition is essentially every biological science
Applied to nutrient utilization and nutritional problems in animal
• There are two reasonably distinct areas of Animal Nutrition studies:-
Principle Of Animal Nutrition; the basic biochemistry and physiology
Of the discipline (Animal Nutrition)
Applied Animal Nutrition; the application of these concepts
To the design of feeding systems
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9. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• The General subject matter of Animal Nutrition
Is the phenomenal studies to:-
The chemical structure of the different nutrients
Understand how animal system actually functions,
How the animal transforms feed into body tissues and activities
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10. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Therefore, nutrition involves the following process
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption of nutrients
Nutrients Transportation to all body cells
The removal of unusable elements & waste products of metabolism
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11. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Nutrition is also concerned with:-
The nature of the feed and its nutrients,
Requirement of animals of different regions and purposes for nutrients
Transformation of feed elements to animal products
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12. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
• FOR MAINTENANCE
An animal is in a state of maintenance when its body composition remains constant,
When it does not give rise to any production purpose
The animal is then in a state of negative energy balance
Animal experiences neither net gain nor net loss of that nutrient
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13. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
• FOR GROWTH
It is normal process before, and after birth
Until the animal reaches its full mature size
During the foetal period and from birth to puberty,
The rate of growth accelerates;
After puberty, it decelerates and reach a very low value
As the mature weight is approached
An animal’s growth pattern of an animal determines nutrition requirements
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14. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
By altering its nutrition, an animal’s growth can be modified
When feeding animals for meat production,
The farmer is often aiming to produce carcass
For weight and its composition
Also used for other purposes,
Such as reproduction or milk production
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15. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
• FOR PRODUCTION
The amount of feed offered to any animal`s
Growth, milk production, reproduction, work purpose,
Over and above maintenance is known as nutrient for production purpose
For Wool production: sheep needs more protein for wool growth
The lack of protein in sheep ration
Makes the wool rough and coarse quality
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16. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
For milk production: The composition and quality of milk
Varies with breed and species of animals
All nutrients of milk come from blood,
Which should be replaced by feed ingredients
Therefore cow needs additional nutrients for milk production of energy
3 kg of milk, additional 1 kg concentrate is needed to be given to the cow
For every 1 kg of milk of 4% fat, a cow requires 45g DCP and 316g TDN
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17. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
FOR EGG AND MEAT PRODUCTION IN POULTRY: Egg contains
67% water,
13% protein,
9% fat and 11% minerals
All these nutrients are supplied by blood for egg formation
Egg is more nutritive, therefore,
All essential minerals, vitamins and amino acids
Should be present along with enough energy in the feed 17
18. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
FOR FATTENING PURPOSES: pigs, goats and sheep and calve for beef
Raised for meat production
The maximum fat in body is stored from carbohydrates,fat and protein
Animal’s nutrient requirement varies with stage of fattening whether
But on average animal needs 1.5 to 2 kg additional carbohydrates
Per each days of production
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19. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• Feed stuff is a compact of different composition, categorized largely into
Dry Matter and water
Dry matter consists of organic and inorganic compound
Organic compound includes all carbon containing molecule
Carbohydrate, protein, vitamin and lipid and
Inorganic (ash) contain all molecules which lack carbohydrate (Mineral)
• Foods consist of plant- and animal-source materials
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20. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• All animal are heterotrophic
Requiring both inorganic and organic form of nutrients
To renew old tissue and build new tissue (compare with autotroph)
• The major precursors for the formation of biomolecules are
Water, carbon dioxide, and three inorganic nitrogen compounds
→Ammonium(NH4+)
→Nitrate (NO3-)
→Nitrogen (N2)
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21. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The aim of animal production is to transform humanly inedible products
To highly desirable and nutritious human food
• Thus, to produce optimally, Animals need to be supplied with
Necessary nutrients in APPROPRIATE PROPORTIONS and QUANTITY
• Nutrition contributes to wellness and productivity of animals
• Many common health problems can be
Prevented or alleviated with good nutrition
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22. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• Poor nutrition results in poor production output, and
Higher feed costs, because of over feeding
• The primary source of organic material is totally of the various feeds,
Those feeds used in livestock feeding are broadly classified as:
Roughages
Concentrates
Feed supplements and Feed additives
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23. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• ROUGHAGES
Feedstuffs containing >18% crude fiber and < 60% Total Digestible Nutrients
More bulky and low digestibility, compared to concentrates
Classified into two major groups
Green / succulent roughages – About 60-90 % moisture content
→silage, green fodders ( legumes and grass)
Dry roughages – About 10-15 % moisture content
→straws, and hay
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24. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• CONCENTRATES
Contain <18 % crude fiber and <60% TDN
Less bulkiness with higher digestibility
Concentrated source of nutrients
They have higher nutritive value than roughages
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25. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The concentrates are classified as:
Energy Rich Concentrates –
Protein Rich Concentrates –
Plant origin
Contain <47% crude protein
Animal origin
Contain >47% crude protein
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26. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The Dry Matter of feed is divided into
Organic material:
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Vitamin
II. Inorganic material:
Minerals
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27. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The main component of DM of pasture grass is carbohydrate,
And this is true of all plants and many seeds
• Carbohydrate content of the animal body is very low
• Oilseeds are exceptional in containing
Large amounts of protein and lipid material
• The lipid content of the animal body is variable,
Older animal contain greater proportion of lipid than young animal
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28. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• In plants, most of the protein is present as enzymes,
Concentration is high in young growing plant
As plant goes to maturity, concentration is decreased
• Animal body consists mainly of protein
Carrying genetic information of living cell
• Vitamins are present in plants and animals in minute amounts,
And many of them are important as components of enzyme systems
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29. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• Inorganic matter contains all those elements in plants and animals
Other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
• Calcium and phosphorus are the major inorganic components of animals,
• Whereas potassium and silicon
Are the main inorganic elements in plants
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