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- 1. Defining Social Problems Dr. Michelle Read CULF 2321 American Dilemmas St. Edward’s University Fall 2014
- 3. “I have a dream… ~ Martin Luther King, Jr. • that one day this nation will rise up, live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. • that one day on the red hills of Georgia sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.” • that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” March on Washington, 1963
- 4. “Many of the personal troubles people face are really social issues with their roots in the operation of the larger society.” ~C. Wright Mills US Sociologist
- 5. The four sociological theory approaches to understanding social problems The structural-functional approach The social-conflict approach The feminist approach The symbolic-interaction approach
- 6. 8 Assertions Regarding Social Problems 1. Social problems result from the way in which society operates. 2. Social problems are not caused by bad people. 3. Problems are socially constructed as people define a condition as harmful and in need of change. 4. People see problems differently. 5. Definitions of problems change over time. 6. Problems involve subjective values as well as objective facts. 7. Many-but not all- social problems can be solved. 8. Various social problems are related.
- 7. “I’m proud to be a woman. I’m proud to be a black woman, and I’m proud to be gay." ~Wanda Sykes
- 9. The Drunkard’s Progress by Nathaniel Currier who suppoted the temperance movement. January , 1846.
- 12. In the beginning Social movements are at the heart of American history. In fact, without one, we wouldn’t exist as a country.
- 14. Faces of Social Concern
- 17. Blowin’ in the Wind How many roads must a man walk down Before you call him a man? Yes, ’n’ how many seas must a white dove sail Before she sleeps in the sand? Yes, ’n’ how many times must the cannonballs fly Before they’re forever banned? The answer, my friend, is blowin’ in the wind The answer is blowin’ in the wind How many years must a mountain exist Before it is washed to the sea? Yes, ’n’ how many years can some people exist Before they’re allowed to be free? Yes, ’n’ how many times must a man turn his head and pretend that he just doesn’t see? The answer, my friend, is blowin’ in the wind The answer is blowin’ in the wind How many times must a man look up Before he can really see the sky? Yes, ’n’ how many years must one man have Before he can a hear a people cry? Yes, ’n’ how many deaths will it take till he knows That too many people have died? The answer, my friend, is blowin’ in the wind The answer is blowin’ in the wind
- 18. Blowin in the Wind How many roads must a man walk down Before you call him a man? Yes, ’n’ how many seas must a white dove sail Before she sleeps in the sand? Yes, ’n’ how many times must the cannonballs fly Before they’re forever banned? The answer, my friend, is blowin’ in the wind The answer is blowin’ in the wind How many years must a mountain exist Before it is washed to the sea? Yes, ’n’ how many years can some people exist Before they’re allowed to be free? Yes, ’n’ how many times must a man turn his head and pretend that he just doesn’t see? The answer, my friend, is blowin’ in the wind The answer is blowin’ in the wind How many times must a man look up Before he can really see the sky? Yes, ’n’ how many years must one man have Before he can a hear a people cry? Yes, ’n’ how many deaths will it take till he knows That too many people have died? The answer, my friend, is blowin’ in the wind The answer is blowin’ in the wind http://youtu.be/vWwgrjjIMXA
- 21. Emergence • Initial claims are made as groups reject the status quo. Coalescence • The group becomes more organized and social movements are supported with protests, rallies, speeches, picketing, demonstrations…. Formalization • Becomes a part of political agenda. Decline • Interest is lost. Either change is made or not.
- 23. Left Winged Liberals Right Winged Conservatives Radical Conservatives Radical Liberals
- 24. Left-winged Liberals The Issues Right-winged Conservatives It’s a woman’s body; she should do as she wants or needs to. Abortion Pro-live only. Thou shall not kill. Everyone has the right to marry who they choose. Marriage ensures that partner in same-sex marriages have the same rights as partners in traditional marriages. Same sex marriage Marriage is between a man and woman only. (The bible says so.) Anyone should enjoy the benefits of living here especially when their own homes are seemingly unbearable whether they are in the US legally or not. Immigration This is our country. You want to be here, follow the rules for getting here. But what if it turns out they are innocent? Thou shalt not kill. Death penalty Eye for an eye. Life for a life.
- 25. “It is impossible to rightly govern a nation without God and the bible.” ~George Washington
- 27. “Most people are other people. Their thoughts are someone else’s opinions, their lives mimicry, their passions a quotation.” ~Oscar Wilde
Hinweis der Redaktion
- A Social dilemma or problem according to Maciones, is “a condition that undermines the well-being of some or all members of a society and is usually a matter of public controversy.” They can arise from public concerns over issues such as oppression and safety and can be local, state, national and international in scope. Social dilemmas occur all over the world. In this picture, the victim is being weighed down by oppression such as prejudice or out and out unjust laws that isolate him as a member of some group from others in our society. Meanwhile others who are unable to relate simply go on about him. Initially the others may scoff or laugh at his proclaimed problem, and even” kick him while he is down” so to speak, contributing to the oppression. As bad, though, some simply ignore him, exhibiting their indifference to his plight.
- Every movement starts with a hope for change, such as in the case of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. Listen to this man’s passion in his movement speech.
- Social problems often begin as personal issues, but as US Sociologist C. Wright Mills, who was btw, born nearby in Waco, Texas in 1916, said “Many of the personal troubles people face are really social issues with their roots in the operation of the larger society.” Mills brought us the idea of sociological imagination, "the vivid awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society.”
- Sociological research is often conducted both experimentally and using existing data from other sources through surveys and ethnography—or living in the situation. There are four sociological theory approaches, or basic images of society that guide theory and research, that are most often used as building blocks to understanding social problems. These include the structural-functional approach, the social conflict approach, the feminist approach, and the symbolic-interaction approach. The structural-functional approach sees society as a system of many interrelated parts. The main parts are called social institutions. The institution of marriage and family, the institution of school, religion, science. The social-conflict approach puts forth that society is made entirely of inequality and conflict. The have’s and the have nots. Think Marxism. The feminist approach is one example of the social-conflict approach that often is thought of as it’s own lens on society unique from others within the social-conflict realm. The structural-functional and social-conflict, including the feminist, approaches view society from macro-level, while the last theory views society at a more micro-level. The symbolic-interaction approach sees societal issues as ones created by the individuals of the society as they interact with each other.
- In his book, Social Problems, Macionis describes 8 assertions sociologists use in considering social problems. Social problems result form the way in which society operates. As Maciones puts it, “Society shapes the lives of each and every one of us. Because US culture stresses individualism, we tend to think that people are responsible for their own lives.” C. Wright Mills contends, however, that social problems are not caused by a number of related personal failures, but rather the increased number of personal failures are caused by societal operations. Social problems are not caused by bad people. Individual people cannot create social problems. Even if their actions are harmful to millions. However, how society operates may have allowed that persons’ actions. Problems are socially constructed as people define a condition as harmful and in need of change. As claims against injustice are made more and more of the public begin to empathize and sympathize with the issue. People see problems differently. There are always 2 sides to every story, or debate. Definitions of problems change over time. They adjust to changing conditions, changing societal norms and values. Problems involve subjective values as well as objective facts. To be a social problem, we have to consider the question, Is it really an issue, or just a newly developed and accepted way of life? Examples of these types of controversies include increased practice of getting tattoos, increased divorce rates, growing acceptance of teenage pregnancy. Many-but not all-social problems can be solved. Sometimes the opposition to change wins because they are more powerful, have more money, etc. Think pharmaceuticals. Finallly, various social problems are related. Therefore, solving one issues could solve another. Or, it could make another worse.
- As individuals, we are often impacted by more than one social issue. In this quote, comedienne and actress Wanda Sykes speaks to three issues which directly impact her—being a woman, being a black woman, and being a lesbian.
- Not all social controversies are social dilemmas. Not all social dilemmas advance to resultant movements leading to change. Some very strong movements haven’t gotten very far. Consider the recent Occupy Wall Street movement. “We are the 99%.”
- The prohibition movement is considered by some as another failure. It is often spoken as an American issue, but it was a global societal issue. In America, the roots of the movement began long before change occurred with the creation of the American Temperance group in 1826.
- In the picture above, those men are ACTUALLY pouring out the beer! The 18th amendment in 1919, which was enacted in 1920, finally banned the sales and transportation of alcohol but was overturned in 1933 with the 21st amendment which once again allowed the sale of beer in the US (albeit with limitation on percentage of alcohol content.) Why was it considered a failure? Because the ban didn’t last. Why didn’t the ban last. It was darn difficult to enforce! Ever hear of bootleggers and rum-running? Al Capone?
- In many countries, it takes outright rebellion and war to change things. It has in America’s history such as during our fight for freedom from England, and the war of states rights and slavery during the Civil War. Luckily, in America, we live in a democracy. And for the most part, our social beliefs and desires can directly impact our laws without resorting to acts of extreme, militant acts, like the activities we often hear about in the Middle East for example.
- Social movements are the heart of American history. In fact, without one, we wouldn’t exist. Here is a drawing of John Wilkes, Esq. showing his support for liberty (or freedom) from English rule. He wasn’t a colonist, but he was a fellow Brit. Social movements often begin with the public outcry against the experience of one which is publically deemed particularly bad, unlawful, etc., violating his/her human rights. In this case John Wilkes, the editor of a newspaper from the day, The North Briton, wrote an editorial critiquing the newly appointed prime minister Lord Bute and the peace terms accepted by the British government without input from its people at the end of the Seven Years’ War. Remember it was illegal in England (which of course included it’s territories) for subjects to speak out against the government and monarchy. Wilkes was charged with seditious libel and arrested. So, how did Wilkes’ experience from England affect the majority of Americans? How did this ultimately qualify as a social problem?
- Wilkes is hardly the only British subject from the time to speak out against the monarchy and suffer consequences as a result. However, his experience was well-publicized and particularly upsetting particularly since many colonists agreed with him. He became a “poster boy” or figuredhead for the movement, particularly for those who would become our country’s forefathers, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and other members of the Sons of Liberty. While he lived in England, he became an idol for the colonists. The colonists did not appreciate increased taxation and the decision making processes of British government without representation.
- We often have “faces” that represent social concerns whether they be our own or global. Here is a picture of a young child that appeared on the cover of National Geographic in 1985. The photo was taken in Pakistan by journalist Steve McCurry the year before. He didn’t get her name. She represented the group of people most devastated by ongoing civil war. She became the face of why we Americans should care about the innocents of the country, particularly children, and why we should support our military presence there. We took her haunting image, changed it, applied it to political agendas, and thought of her when one spoke of the trials going on in that part of the world.
- Sometimes slogan’s become the “face” that drives perseverance, such as the “Come and take it” saying often spouted by Texans during their battles from Mexico to gain their independence. And, often just as the members of the movement grow tired, a new event triggers a final push so strong…
- That a newer, more emotionally charged one replaces the original one. When all the Texans at the Alamo were killed by Mexican soldiers, it created a rage so deep in the remaining Texans that they fought strong, they fought smart, and they won mere weeks later. As they fought, they shouted, “Remember the Alamo.”
- And, sometimes it is a song. This song, Blowin’ in the Wind is one written by Bob Dylan. It’s a song about change and social unrest. It was written in the ‘60’s when a great deal of social issues were mounting into full fledged movements: Civil Rights, Women’s Rights, anti-Vietnam, to name a few. The words, as lyric analyst point out can be applied to any movement. He was still singing this song 20+ years later at a Live Aid concert in 1985 with Keith Richards and Ronnie Wood. Listen.
- Listen.
- Just like not all social problems lead to social movements or change, not all social problems go away. Even when the exact issues are changed the overall problem remains the same. Maciones pointed out the top American concerns from 1935 and 2012 are largely the same. Appearing on both lists are the economy, unemployment, unhappiness with government, the wealth/poverty issues…
- Remember the Afghan girl? Her name is Sharbat Gula. By the time journalist Steve McCurry found her again in 2002, she was 28 years old. She’d married with a year or two of the first picture. While she’d been able to leave Pakistan and return to her mountainous home in Afghanistan, her life continued just as it had before. When asked as an adult if she’d ever felt safe, she replied, “No. But life under the Taliban was better. At least there was peace and order.” She hoped that her younger girls would learn to read, but stated she felt it was too late for she and her 13 year old daughter to learn. For her, the problems still exist years later.
- As noted, social movements for change often begins with individual stories. In the first stage of of social movements, those stories are shared and synthesized and as a group with similar stories they begin to reject the status quo. The group then begins to organize and share those stories and their dissatisfaction with larger audiences, many of whom do not share the same experiences. When those who do not share those problem begin to grow concerned about those who are experiencing the problems, the movement becomes formalized and the issues often become parts of public debate among politician either in support of change or not. Finally, interest in the movement dies down because change has occurred, or money and interest has waned to support it.
- In every debate or social situation, there are two voices to be heard. In politics, this is usually defined as left-winged and right-winged, or liberals and conservatives. As a society, we tend to shift along a political spectrum from left to right back to left again. If you look at trends though American history you’ll see this pendulum swing through presidential elections often republican then democrat, then republican and then democrat, over and over. Obama—democrat; Bush—republican; Clinton—democrat; Papa Bush—republican; Reagan—republican; Carter democrat; and so on. Today, Democrats tend to be more aligned with left-winged principles, while republicans are more often associated with conservatism. Note that that hasn’t always been the case.
- A third group with a more extreme political view are the radicals, who believe in change at the very core, or root, of our society and government. They don’t lie in the middle of the political spectrum, but rather on either side of conservatives and liberals.
- In the chart above you can see the opposing view points often shared by left winged and right winged groups. Right-winged conservatives tend to stick to traditional values and are less tolerant of individual choice; while left-winged liberals are more interested in individualized freedom of choice and tend to be much more tolerant of people’s choices.
- Our founding fathers relied on the bible in helping to form our constitution. Many traditional conservatives believe and uphold the original thoughts put forth in our constitution.
- So, where do you align yourself?
- Your opinions may change as you gather new information, encounter new experiences, etc., but your opinion should always be your own. Not your parents’, not your professor’s, not your buddy’s. Your own. As Oscar Wilde once said, “Most people are other people. Their thoughts are someone else’s opinions, their lives mimicry, their passions a quotation.” Be yourself. Have your own opinion. Have your own dreams.