Bs Physics 4th Semester {Phy-203} Basics of electronics By: MhaPhyscs (Govt. Post Graduate College,Skp.)

1. Clipper & Clampers
Notes
Bs Physcis Students
Bs Physics 4th Semester {Phy-203} Basics of electronics
By: MhaPhyscs (Govt. Post Graduate College,Skp.)

2. Clippers
INDEX:
1.WHAT ARE CLIPPER CIRCUITS?
2.CATEGORIES OF CLIPPERS CKTS?
3. TYPES OF CLIPPER CIRCUITS. ?
4. UNBIASED POSITIVE CLIPPER CIRCUITS?
5. UNBIASED NEGATIVE CLIPPER CIRCUITS?
6. BIASED SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER CIRCUITS?
7. BIASED SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER CIRCUITS?
8. COMBINED CLIPPER CIRUIT ?
9. APPLICATIONS OF CLIPPER CIRCUIT?
Bs Physics 4th Semester {Phy-203} Basics of electronics
By: MhaPhyscs (Govt. Post Graduate College,Skp.)

3. Clippers:
DEFINE:
• CLIPPING CIRCUITS ARE USED TO REMOVE THE PART OF A SIGNAL THAT IS ABOVE OR BELOW SOME
DEFINED REFERENCE LEVEL.
• CLIPPERS OR DIODE LIMITING IS A DIODE NETWORK THAT HAVE THE ABILITY TO “CLIP” OFF A PORTION
ON THE INPUT SIGNAL WITHOUT DISTORTING THE REMAINING PART OF THE ALTERNATING WAVEFORM.
• IN SOME CASES, A CLIPPER REMOVES A SMALL PORTION OF THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE OR NEGATIVE
HALF CYCLE OR BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE HALF CYCLES
• CLIPPERS ARE USED TO ELIMINATE AMPLITUDE NOISE OR TO FABRICATE NEW WAVEFORMS FROM AN
EXISTING SIGNAL.
• CLIPPING CIRCUITS (ALSO KNOWN AS LIMITERS, AMPLITUDE SELECTORS, OR SLICERS)
• DEPENDING ON THE FEATURES OF THE DIODE, THE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE REGION OF THE INPUT
SIGNAL IS “CLIPPED” OFF AND ACCORDINGLY THE DIODE CLIPPERS MAY BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
CLIPPERS.
• ONE OF THE SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF A CLIPPER IS THE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER THAT CIRCUIT BASICALLY CUT
OFF EVERYTHING AT THE REFERENCE LEVEL OF ZERO AND LET ONLY THE POSITIVE-GOING (OR NEGATIVE-
GOING) PORTION OF THE INPUT WAVEFORM THROUGH.

4. 2.Resistor
The clipper circuit does not contain energy storage elements such as capacitor but contains
Both linear and non-linear components (i.e Diodes or Transistor and Resistor).
Often Dc Battery is also used to fix the clipping level.
1.Diode

5. Categories of Clippers:
:
There are two general types of clipper circuits

6. Dc
Battery
use
No Dc
Battery
use

7. Series Clippers
EXPLANATION:
• THE SERIES CONFIGURATION IS DEFINED AS ONE WHERE THE DIODE IS IN SERIES
WITH THE LOAD.
• A HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER IS THE SIMPLEST FORM OF DIODE CLIPPER-ONE
RESISTOR AND DIODE.
• THE SERIES CLIPPERS ARE AGAIN CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR TYPES:
1. UNBIASED SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER (CLIP +VE PORTION WITHOUT BATTERY)
2. UNBIASED SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER (CLIP -VE PORTION WITHOUT BATTERY)
3. BIASED SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER {+VE BIASED OR –VE BIASED}
4. BIASED SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER {+VE BIASED OR –VE BIASED}

8. Classification of Series Clipper:
SERIES CLIPPER
Series Positive
Clipper
Series Negative
Clipper

9. Unbiased Series positive clipper
EXPLANATION:
• IN UNBIASED SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER, THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLES OF THE INPUT AC SIGNAL IS
REMOVED.
• IF THE DIODE IS ARRANGED IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE ARROWHEAD OF THE DIODE POINTS TOWARDS
THE INPUT AND THE DIODE IS IN SERIES WITH THE OUTPUT LOAD RESISTANCE, THEN THE CLIPPER IS
SAID TO BE A SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER.
• IN THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM, THE DIODE D IS CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE OUTPUT LOAD RESISTANCE
RL AND THE ARROWHEAD OF THE DIODE IS POINTING TOWARDS THE INPUT.
SO THE CIRCUIT IS SAID TO BE A SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER :
THE VERTICAL LINE IN THE DIODE SYMBOL REPRESENTS THE CATHODE (N-SIDE) AND THE OPPOSITE END
REPRESENTS THE ANODE (P-SIDE)

10. During the positive half cycle,
terminal A is positive and terminal B is negative.
That means the positive terminal A is connected to n-
side and the negative terminal B is connected to p-side
of the diode. Therefore, the diode D is reverse biased
during the positive half cycle.
During reverse biased condition, no current flows
through the diode. So the positive half cycle is
blocked or removed at the output
CIRCUIT OPERATION UNBIASED SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER:
During the negative half cycle,
terminal A is negative and terminal B is positive.
That means the negative terminal A is connected to n-
side and the positive terminal B is connected to p-side
of the diode. Therefore, the diode D is forward
biased during the negative half cycle.
During forward biased condition, electric current
flows through the diode. So the negative half cycle is
allowed at the output

11. Unbiased Series Negative clipper
EXPLANATION:
• IN UNBIASED SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER, THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLES OF THE INPUT AC SIGNAL IS
REMOVED.
• IF THE DIODE IS ARRANGED IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE ARROWHEAD OF THE DIODE POINTS TOWARDS
THE OUTPUT AND THE DIODE IS IN SERIES WITH THE OUTPUT LOAD RESISTANCE, THEN THE CLIPPER IS
SAID TO BE A SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER.
• IN THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM, THE DIODE D IS CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE OUTPUT LOAD RESISTANCE
RL AND THE ARROWHEAD OF THE DIODE IS POINTING TOWARDS THE OUTPUT. (OPPOSITE TO POSITIVE CLIPPER)
SO THE CIRCUIT IS SAID TO BE A SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER :
THE VERTICAL LINE IN THE DIODE SYMBOL REPRESENTS THE CATHODE (N-SIDE) AND THE OPPOSITE END
REPRESENTS THE ANODE (P-SIDE)

12. During the positive half cycle,
terminal A is positive and terminal B is negative.
That means the positive terminal A is connected to p-
side and the negative terminal B is connected to n-side
of the diode. Therefore, the diode D is forward
biased during the positive half cycle.
During forward biased condition, electric current
flows through the diode. So the positive half cycle is
allowed at the output
CIRCUIT OPERATION UNBIASED SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER:
During the negative half cycle,
terminal A is negative and terminal B is positive.
That means the negative terminal A is connected to p-
side and the positive terminal B is connected to n-side
of the diode. Therefore, the diode D is reverse biased
during the negative half cycle.
During reverse biased condition, no current flows
through the diode. So the negative half cycle is
blocked or removed at the output

13. Series positive clipper with positive bias
EXPLANATION:
• SOMETIMES IT IS DESIRED TO REMOVE A SMALL PORTION OF POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE HALF CYCLES.
• IN SUCH CASES, THE BIASED CLIPPERS ARE USED.
• THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BIASED SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER IS ALMOST SIMILAR TO THE SERIES POSITIVE
CLIPPER.
• THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS AN EXTRA ELEMENT CALLED BATTERY IS USED IN BIASED SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER.
•

14. During the positive half cycle,
terminal A is positive and terminal B is negative.
That means the positive terminal A is connected to n-side and the negative terminal B is connected to p-side of the diode.
Therefore, the diode D is reverse biased. However, we are supplying the voltage from another source called
battery. As shown in the figure, the positive terminal of the battery is connected to p-side and the negative
terminal of the battery is connected to n-side of the diode. Therefore, the diode is forward biased by the
battery voltage VB.
That means the diode is reverse biased by the input supply voltage (Vi) and forward biased by the battery
voltage (VB) .
Case (1)
Initially, the input supply voltage Vi is less than the battery voltage VB (Vi < VB). So the battery voltage
dominates the input supply voltage. Hence, the diode is forward biased by the battery voltage and allows
electric current through it. As a result, the signal appears at the output.
Case(2)
When the input supply voltage Vi becomes greater than the battery voltage VB (Vi > VB). , the diode D is
reverse biased. So no current flows through the diode. As a result, input signal does not appear at the
output
CIRCUIT OPERATION SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER WITH POSITIVE BIAS :

15. During the negative half cycle,
terminal A is negative and terminal B is positive.
That means the negative terminal A is connected to n-side and the positive terminal B is connected
to p-side of the diode. Therefore, the diode D is forward biased due to input supply.
Furthermore,
the battery is also connected in such a way that the positive terminal is connected
to p-side and the negative terminal is connected to n-side. So the diode is forward
biased by both battery voltage “Vb” and input supply voltage “Vi”
That means, during the negative half cycle, it doesn’t matter whether the input
supply voltage is greater or less than the battery voltage, the diode always
remains forward biased.
During forward biased condition, electric current flows through the diode. So the negative half
cycle is allowed at the output
Note:
Thus, the series positive clipper with positive bias removes a small portion of
positive half cycles.
CIRCUIT OPERATION SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER WITH POSITIVE BIAS :

16. Series positive clipper with Negative bias
EXPLANATION:
• SOMETIMES IT IS DESIRED TO REMOVE A SMALL PORTION OF POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE HALF CYCLES.
• IN SUCH CASES, THE BIASED CLIPPERS ARE USED.
• THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BIASED SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER IS ALMOST SIMILAR TO THE SERIES POSITIVE
CLIPPER.
• THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS AN EXTRA ELEMENT CALLED BATTERY IS USED IN BIASED SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER.
•

17. During the positive half cycle,
terminal A is positive and terminal B is negative.
That means the positive terminal A is connected to n-side and the negative terminal B is
connected to p-side of the diode. Therefore, the diode D is reverse biased. However, we
are supplying the voltage from another source called
battery. As shown in the figure, the positive terminal of the battery is
connected to n-side and the negative terminal of the battery is connected to
p-side of the diode. Therefore, the diode is reverse biased by the battery
voltage VB.
That means the diode is reverse biased for both the input supply voltage (Vi)
and the battery voltage (VB) .
So no signal appears at the output during the positive half cycle. Therefore,
the complete positive half cycle is removed.
CIRCUIT OPERATION SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER WITH NEGATIVE BIAS
:

18. During the negative half cycle,
terminal A is negative and terminal B is positive.
That means the negative terminal A is connected to n-side and the positive terminal B is connected to p-
side of the diode. Therefore, the diode D is forward biased by input supply(Vi).
Furthermore,
the battery is also connected in such a way that the positive terminal is connected to
n-side and the negative terminal is connected to p-side. So the diode is reverse
biased biased by battery voltage “Vb”.
Case (1)
If the input supply voltage Vi is less than the battery voltage VB (Vi < VB). So the battery voltage
dominates the input supply voltage. Hence, the diode is reverse biased by the battery voltage and no
current through it. As a result, the no signal appears at the output.
Case(2)
When the input supply voltage Vi becomes greater than the battery voltage VB (Vi > VB). , then diode
D is forward biased by input supply voltage. So electric current flows through the diode. As a
result,input signal appear at the output during negative half cycle.
CIRCUIT OPERATION SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER WITH NEGATIVE BIAS:

19. Series negative clipper with positive bias
EXPLANATION:
• SOMETIMES IT IS DESIRED TO REMOVE A SMALL PORTION OF POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE HALF CYCLES.
• IN SUCH CASES, THE BIASED CLIPPERS ARE USED.
• THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BIASED SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER IS ALMOST SIMILAR TO THE SERIES NEGATIVE
CLIPPER.
• THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS AN EXTRA ELEMENT CALLED BATTERY IS USED IN BIASED SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER.
•

20. CIRCUIT OPERATION SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER WITH POSITIVE BIAS:
During the positive half cycle,
terminal A is positive and terminal B is negative.
That means the positive terminal A is connected to p-side and the negative terminal B is connected to n-
side of the diode. Therefore, the diode D is forward biased during the positive half cycle.
However,
we are also supplying the voltage from another source called battery. As shown in the
figure, the positive terminal of the battery is connected to n-side and the negative
terminal of the battery is connected to p-side of the diode
So the diode is forward biased by input supply Voltage (Vi) and reverse biased biased by battery
voltage “Vb”
Case (1)
If the input supply voltage Vi is less than the battery voltage VB (Vi < VB). So the battery voltage
dominates the input supply voltage. Hence, the diode is reverse biased by the battery voltage and no
current through it. As a result, the no signal appears at the output.
Case(2)
When the input supply voltage Vi becomes greater than the battery voltage VB (Vi > VB). , then diode
D is forward biased by input supply voltage. So electric current flows through the diode. As a
result,input signal appear at the output during negative half cycle.

21. CIRCUIT OPERATION SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER WITH POSITIVE BIAS:
During the negative half cycle,
terminal A is negative and terminal B is positive.
That means the negative terminal A is connected to p-side and the positive terminal B is connected to n-
side of the diode. Therefore, the diode D is reverse biased by input supply(Vi).
Furthermore,
the battery is also connected in such a way that the positive terminal is connected to n-
side and the negative terminal is connected to p-side. So the diode is reverse biased
biased by battery voltage “Vb”.
So it doesn’t matter whether the input supply voltage Vi is greater or less than the
battery voltage VB, the diode always remains reverse biased during negative half
cycle.
Hence, the diode is reverse biased by both supply and no current through it.
As a result, the no signal appears at the output.

22. Series negative clipper with negative bias
EXPLANATION:
• SOMETIMES IT IS DESIRED TO REMOVE A SMALL PORTION OF POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE HALF CYCLES.
• IN SUCH CASES, THE BIASED CLIPPERS ARE USED.
• THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BIASED SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER IS ALMOST SIMILAR TO THE SERIES NEGATIVE
CLIPPER.
• THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS AN EXTRA ELEMENT CALLED BATTERY IS USED IN BIASED SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER.
•

23. CIRCUIT OPERATION SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER WITH NEGATIVE BIAS:
During the positive half cycle,
terminal A is positive and terminal B is negative.
That means the positive terminal A is connected to p-side and the negative terminal B is connected to n-
side of the diode. Therefore, the diode D is forward biased during the positive half cycle.
However,
we are also supplying the voltage from another source called battery. As shown in the
figure, the positive terminal of the battery is connected to p-side and the negative
terminal of the battery is connected to n-side of the diode
So the diode is forward biased by both input supply Voltage (Vi) and battery voltage “Vb”.
So,
it doesn’t matter whether the input supply voltage “Vi” is greater or less than battery voltage “VB”,
the diode always remains forward biased
Therefore.
diode D is forward biased by both supply. The signal appears at the output.

24. CIRCUIT OPERATION SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER WITH NEGATIVE BIAS:
During the negative half cycle,
terminal A is negative and terminal B is positive.
That means the negative terminal A is connected to p-side and the positive terminal B is connected to
n-side of the diode. Therefore, the diode D is reverse biased by input supply(Vi).
Furthermore,
the battery is also connected in such a way that the positive terminal is connected to
p-side and the negative terminal is connected to n-side. So the diode is forward
biased biased by battery voltage “Vb”.
There is 2 case occur
Case (1)
Initially, the input supply voltage Vi is less than the battery voltage VB (Vi<VB). So the diode is
forward biased by the battery voltage VB. As a result, the signal appears at the output.
Case(2)
When the input supply voltage Vi becomes greater than the battery voltage
VB (Vi > VB).
When the input supply voltage Vi becomes greater than the battery voltage VB(Vi>Vb), the diode will
become reverse biased. As a result, no signal appears at the output

25. Parallel (or Shunt) Clippers
EXPLANATION:
• THE PARALLEL (SHUNT) CONFIGURATION IS DEFINED AS ONE WHERE THE DIODE
IS IN PARALLEL WITH THE LOAD.
THE SHUNT (OR PARALLEL) CLIPPERS ARE AGAIN CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR TYPES:
1. UNBIASED PARALLEL POSITIVE CLIPPER (CLIP +VE PORTION WITHOUT BATTERY)
2. UNBIASED PARALLEL NEGATIVE CLIPPER (CLIP -VE PORTION WITHOUT BATTERY)
3. BIASED PARALLEL NEGATIVE CLIPPER {+VE BIASED OR –VE BIASED}
4. BIASED PARALLEL POSITIVE CLIPPER {+VE BIASED OR –VE BIASED}

26. Classification of Shunt Clipper:
SHUNT CLIPPER
Shunt Positive
Clipper
Shunt Negative
Clipper

27. Shunt Clipper
In shunt clipper, the
diode is connected in
parallel with the output
load resistance.
The operating
principles of the shunt
clipper are nearly
opposite to the series
clipper
The series clipper passes the
input signal to the output
load when the diode is
forward biased and blocks
the input signal when the
diode is reverse biased.
The shunt clipper on the other hand passes the input signal to the
output load when the diode is reverse biased and “blocks” the input
signal when the diode is “forward biased”

28. Unbiased Shunt Positive Clipper
IN SHUNT POSITIVE CLIPPER,
DURING THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE THE DIODE IS FORWARD BIASED AND
HENCE NO OUTPUT IS GENERATED .
ON THE OTHER HAND, DURING THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE THE DIODE IS
REVERSE BIASED AND HENCE THE ENTIRE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE APPEARS
AT THE OUTPUT.

29. Shunt Positive Clipper with positive bias
DURING THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE,
THE DIODE IS FORWARD BIASED BY THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VI) AND REVERSE BIASED BY THE BATTERY VOLTAGE
(VB).HOWEVER,
CASE(1)
INITIALLY, THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VI IS LESS THAN THE BATTERY VOLTAGE (VB). (VI<VB)
HENCE, THE BATTERY VOLTAGE VB MAKES THE DIODE TO BE REVERSE BIASED. THEREFORE,
THE SIGNAL APPEARS AT THE OUTPUT.
CASE(2)
HOWEVER, WHEN THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VI BECOMES GREATER THAN THE BATTERY VOLTAGE VB. (VI>VB)
THE DIODE D IS FORWARD BIASED BY THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VI. AS A RESULT, NO SIGNAL APPEARS AT THE OUTPUT

30. Shunt Positive Clipper with positive bias
DURING THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE,
THE DIODE IS REVERSE BIASED BY BOTH INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE AND BATTERY VOLTAGE. SO
IT DOESN’T MATTER WHETHER THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE IS GREATER OR LESSER THAN
THE BATTERY VOLTAGE.
THE DIODE ALWAYS REMAINS REVERSE BIASED.
AS A RESULT,
A COMPLETE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE APPEARS AT THE OUTPUT.

31. Shunt Positive Clipper with negative bias
DURING THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE.
THE DIODE IS FORWARD BIASED BY BOTH INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VI AND BATTERY VOLTAGE VB. THEREFORE,
NO SIGNAL APPEARS AT THE OUTPUT DURING THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE.
DURING THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE.
THE DIODE IS REVERSE BIASED BY THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE AND FORWARD BIASED BY THE BATTERY
VOLTAGE. HOWEVER, INITIALLY, THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VI IS LESS THAN THE BATTERY VOLTAGE VB
(VI<VB). SO THE BATTERY VOLTAGE MAKES THE DIODE TO BE FORWARD BIASED. AS A RESULT, NO SIGNAL
APPEARS AT THE OUTPUT. HOWEVER, WHEN THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VI BECOMES GREATER THAN THE
BATTERY VOLTAGE VB (VB<VI),THE DIODE IS REVERSE BIASED BY THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VI. AS A RESULT,
THE SIGNAL APPEARS AT THE OUTPUT AS SHOWN IN FIGURE BELOW.

32. Unbiased Shunt Negative Clipper
IN SHUNT NEGATIVE CLIPPER,
DURING THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE THE DIODE IS REVERSE BIASED AND
HENCE THE ENTIRE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE APPEARS AT OUTPUT.
ON THE OTHER HAND, DURING THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE THE DIODE IS
FORWARD BIASED AND HENCE NO OUTPUT GENERATEDDURING
NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE

33. Shunt negative Clipper with positive bias
DURING THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE,
THE DIODE IS REVERSE BIASED BY THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VI) AND FORWARD BIASED BY THE BATTERY VOLTAGE
(VB).HOWEVER,
CASE(1)
INITIALLY, THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VI IS LESS THAN THE BATTERY VOLTAGE (VB). (VI<VB)
HENCE, THE BATTERY VOLTAGE VB MAKES THE DIODE TO BE FORWARD BIASED. THEREFORE,
NO SIGNAL APPEARS AT THE OUTPUT.
CASE(2)
HOWEVER, WHEN THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VI BECOMES GREATER THAN THE BATTERY VOLTAGE VB. (VI>VB)
THE DIODE D IS REVERSE BIASED BY THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VI. AS A RESULT, SIGNAL APPEARS AT THE OUTPUT

34. Shunt negative Clipper with positive bias
DURING THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE,
THE DIODE IS FORWARD BIASED BY BOTH INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VI AND BATTERY VOLTAGE
VB.
SO,
THE COMPLETE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE IS REMOVED AT THE OUTPUT

35. Shunt negative Clipper with negative bias
DURING THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE,
THE DIODE IS REVERSE BIASED BY BOTH THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VI) AND REVERSE
BIASED BIASED BY THE BATTERY VOLTAGE (VB).
HOWEVER,
AS A RESULT, THE
COMPLETE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE APPEARS AT THE OUTPUT

36. Shunt negative Clipper with negative bias
DURING THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE,
THE DIODE IS FORWARD BIASED BY THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VI) AND REVERSE BIASED BIASED BY THE
BATTERY VOLTAGE (VB).
HOWEVER,
INITIALLY, THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VI) IS LESS THAN THE BATTERY VOLTAGE (VB) I.E (VI<VB).
SO THE DIODE IS REVERSE BIASED BY THE BATTERY VOLTAGE.
AS A RESULT, THE SIGNAL APPEARS AT THE OUTPUT.
HOWEVER, WHEN THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE BECOMES GREATER THAN THE BATTERY VOLTAGE (VI>VB), THE DIODE IS
FORWARD BIASED BY THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE.
AS A RESULT, THE SIGNAL DOES NOT APPEAR AT THE OUTPUT.

37. Dual (combination) clipper :
Sometimes it is desired to remove a
small portion of both positive and
negative half cycles.
In such cases, the dual clippers are
used. The dual clippers are made by
combining the biased shunt positive
clipper and biased shunt negative
clipper

38. Dual (combination) clipper :
 Let us consider a dual clipper circuit:
in which a sinusoidal ac voltage is applied to the input terminals of the circuit.
During positive half cycle:
 The diode D1 is forward biased by the input supply voltage Vi and reverse
biased by the battery voltage VB1.
 On the other hand, the diode D2 is reverse biased by both input supply
voltage Vi and battery voltage VB2.
 Case(1)
Initially, the input supply voltage is less than the battery voltage.
So the diode D1 is reverse biased by the battery voltage VB1.
Similarly, the diode D2 is reverse biased by the battery voltage
VB2. As a result, the signal appears at the output.
 However, when the input supply voltage Vi becomes greater than the
battery voltage VB1, the diode D1 is forward biased by the input supply
voltage. As a result, no signal appears at the output.
 See Circuit Below

39. Circuit Diagram and Waveform
Dual (combination) clipper

40. Dual (combination) clipper :
During negative half cycle:
 The diode D1 is reverse biased by the input supply voltage Vi
and forward biased and battery voltage VB1.
 On the other hand, the diode D2 is forward biased by the input
supply voltage Vi and reverse biased battery voltage VB2.
 Case(1)
Initially, the battery voltage is less than the input supply voltage
.
So the diode D1 & D2 are reverse biased by the battery voltage.
Similarly, the diode D2 is reverse biased by the battery voltage.
As a result, the signal appears at the output.
 However, when the input supply voltage Vi becomes greater
than the battery voltage VB2, the diode D2 is forward biased.
 As a result, no signal appears at the output.

41. Applications of clippers :
Clippers are commonly used in power supplies.
They are employed for different wave generation such as
square, rectangular, or trapezoidal waves
Series clippers are used as noise limiters in FM transmitters.
Used in TV transmitters and Receivers

46. Clamper
INDEX:
1.WHAT ARE CLAMPER CIRCUITS?
2. TYPES OF CLAMPER CIRCUITS. ?
3. POSITIVE CLAMPER ?
4. NEGATIVE CLAMPER?
5. BIASED +VE & -VE CLAMPER?
6. APPLICATION OF CLAMPER?
Bs Physics 4th Semester {Phy-203} Basics of electronics
By: MhaPhyscs (Govt. Post Graduate College,Skp.)

47. Clamper :
DEFINE:
• CLAMPING IS A PROCESS OF INTRODUCING A DC LEVEL INTO A SIGNAL.
• THE CLAMPING NETWORK IS TO “CLAMP” A SIGNAL TO A DIFFERENT DC LEVEL.
• IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS DC RESTORERS.
• THE CLAMPING CKT IS OFTEN USED IN TV RECEIVERS AS A DC RESTORER
• CLAMPER CIRCUIT CONSIST OF DIODE AND CAPACITOR THAT SHIFTS THE INPUT WAVEFORM TO DIFFERENT DC
LEVEL WITHOUT CHANGING THE APPEARANCE OF THE APPLIED WAVEFORM .
• THE DC COMPONENT IS SIMPLY ADDED TO THE INPUT SIGNAL OR SUBTRACTED FROM THE INPUT SIGNAL. A
CLAMPER CIRCUIT ADDS THE POSITIVE DC COMPONENT TO THE INPUT SIGNAL TO PUSH IT TO THE POSITIVE SIDE.
SIMILARLY, A CLAMPER CIRCUIT ADDS THE NEGATIVE DC COMPONENT TO THE INPUT SIGNAL TO PUSH IT TO THE
NEGATIVE SIDE
• THE MAGNITUDE OF “R” AND “C” MUST BE CHOSEN
SUCH THAT :
THE TIME CONSTANT Τ = RC IS LARGE ENOUGH TO ENSURE THAT THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE CAPACITOR DOES
NOT DISCHARGE SIGNIFICANTLY DURING THE INTERVAL THE DIODE IS NON CONDUCTING.
NOTE:
OUR ANALYSIS BASIS THAT ALL CAPACITOR IS FULLY CHARGE AND DISCHARGE IN 5 TIME CONSTANT

49. 3.capacitor
The Clamper circuit contain energy storage elements such as capacitor & contains
Both linear and non-linear components (i.e Diodes or Transistor and Resistor).
Often Dc Battery is also used to fix the clipping level.
1.Diode 2.Resistor

50. Types of Clamper Ckt :
:
There are two general types of Clamper circuits
If the circuit pushes the signal
upwards then the circuit is said
to be a “positive clamper”
When the signal is pushed
upwards, the negative peak of
the signal meets the zero level
If the circuit pushes the signal
downwards then the circuit is
said to be a “negative clamper”
When the signal is pushed
downwards, the positive peak of
the signal meets the zero level
Biased
Clamper
(Use Dc
Battery)

52. Unbiased Positive Clampers
The positive clamper is made up of a voltage source Vi, capacitor C, diode D, and load resistor RL. In the
below circuit diagram, the diode is connected in parallel with the output load. So the positive
clamper passes the input signal to the output load when the diode is reverse biased and blocks the
input signal when the diode is forward biased. (The Direction of the Diode is upward in this case)

53. Unbiased positive Clamper
Explanation:
During negative half cycle: (t/2 to t)
During the negative half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is forward biased and hence no signal appears at
the output. In forward biased condition, the diode allows electric current through it. This current will flows to
the capacitor and charges it to the peak value of input voltage Vm. The capacitor charged in inverse polarity
(positive) with the input voltage. As input current or voltage decreases after attaining its maximum value -Vm,
the capacitor holds the charge until the diode remains forward biased
During positive half cycle: (0 to t/2)
During the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is reverse biased and hence the signal appears at
the output. In reverse biased condition, the diode does not allow electric current through it. So the input current
directly flows towards the output .
When the positive half cycle begins, the diode is in the non-conducting state and the charge stored in the
capacitor is discharged (released) , Therefore, the voltage appeared at the output is equal to the sum of the
voltage stored in the capacitor (Vm) and the input voltage (Vm) { I.e. Vo = Vm+ Vm = 2Vm} which have the same
polarity with each other. As a result, the signal shifted upwards The peak to peak amplitude of the input signal is
2Vm (both input supply and capacitor voltage ), similarly the peak to peak amplitude of the output signal is also
2Vm. Therefore,
the total swing of the output is same as the total swing of the input

54. Unbiased Negative Clampers
The negative clamper is made up of a voltage source Vi, capacitor C, diode D, and load resistor RL. In the
below circuit diagram, the diode is connected in parallel with the output load. So the negative
clamper passes the input signal to the output load when the diode is reverse biased and blocks the
input signal when the diode is forward biased. (The Direction of the Diode is downward in this case)

55. Unbiased positive Clamper
Explanation:
During positive half cycle: (0 to T/2)
During the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is forward biased and hence no signal appears at
the output. In forward biased condition, the diode allows electric current through it. This current will flows to
the capacitor and charges it to the peak value of input voltage in inverse polarity (positive) with the input voltage
- Vm. As input current or voltage decreases after attaining its maximum value Vm, the capacitor holds the charge
until the diode remains forward biased
During negative half cycle: (T/2 to T)
During the negative half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is reverse biased and hence the signal appears at
the output. In reverse biased condition, the diode does not allow electric current through it. So the input current
directly flows towards the output .
When the negative half cycle begins, the diode is in the non-conducting state and the charge stored in the
capacitor is discharged (released) , Therefore, the voltage appeared at the output is equal to the sum of the
voltage stored in the capacitor (-Vm) and the input voltage (-Vm) { I.e. Vo = -Vm-Vm = -2Vm} which have the
same polarity with each other. As a result, the signal shifted downwards The peak to peak amplitude of the
input signal is -2Vm (both input supply and capacitor voltage ), similarly the peak to peak amplitude of the
output signal is also -2Vm. Therefore,
the total swing of the output is same as the total swing of the input

56. Biased Clampers
Negative ClamperPositive Clamper
Positive Biased Negative Biased Positive Biased Negative Biased

57. Positive Clampers with
Positive Bias
If positive biasing is applied to the clamper then it is said to be a positive clamper with
positive bias. The positive clamper with positive bias is made up of an AC voltage source,
capacitor, diode, resistor, and dc battery

58. Positive Clampers with Positive Bias
Explanation:
During positive half cycle: (0 to T/2)
During the positive half cycle, the battery voltage forward biased the diode
when the input supply voltage is less than the battery voltage (Vi<Vb). This
current or voltage will flows to the capacitor and charges it. When the input
supply voltage becomes greater than the battery voltage (Vi>Vb) then the
diode stops allowing electric current through it because the diode becomes
reverse biased.
During negative half cycle: (T/2 to T)
During the negative half cycle, the diode is forward biased by both
input supply voltage and battery voltage. So the diode allows
electric current. This current will flows to the capacitor and charges
it.

59. Positive Clampers with
Negative Bias
If Negative biasing is applied to the clamper then it is said to be a Positive clamper with
Negative bias. The positive clamper with Negative bias is made up of an AC voltage
source, capacitor, diode, resistor, and dc battery

60. Positive Clampers with Negative Bias
Explanation:
During Negative half cycle: (T/2 to T);
During the Negative half cycle, the battery voltage reverse biased the diode
when the input supply voltage is less than the battery voltage (Vi<Vb). As a
result, the signal appears at the output .
When the input supply voltage becomes greater than the battery voltage
(Vi>Vb) the diode is forward biased by the input supply voltage and hence
allows electric current through it. This current will flows to the capacitor and
charges it.
During Positive half cycle: (0 to T/2);
During the Positive half cycle, the diode is Reverse biased by both
input supply voltage and battery voltage. As a result, the signal
appears at the output. The signal appeared at the output is equal to
the sum of the input voltage and capacitor voltage

61. Negative Clampers with
Positive Bias
If positive biasing is applied to the clamper then it is said to be a Negative clamper with
positive bias. The Negative clamper with positive bias is made up of an AC voltage
source, capacitor, diode, resistor, and dc battery

62. Negative Clampers with Positive Bias
Explanation:
During positive half cycle: (0 to T/2)
During the positive half cycle, the battery voltage reverse biased the diode
when the input supply voltage is less than the battery voltage (Vi<Vb).
When the input supply voltage becomes greater than the battery voltage
(Vi>Vb)
then the diode is forward biased by input voltage supply and hence allowing
electric current this current will flow to the capacitor and charged it.
During negative half cycle: (T/2 to T)
During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased by both
input supply voltage and battery voltage.
As a Result:
Signal Appears at the output.

63. Negative Clampers with
negative Bias
If negative biasing is applied to the clamper then it is said to be a Negative clamper with
negative bias. The Negative clamper with negative bias is made up of an AC voltage
source, capacitor, diode, resistor, and dc battery

64. Negative Clampers with Negative Bias
Explanation:
During positive half cycle: (0 to T/2)
During the positive half cycle, the diode is forward biased by both
input supply voltage and battery voltage.
As a result,
current flows through the capacitor and charges it .
During negative half cycle: (T/2 to T)
During the negative half cycle, the battery voltage forward biased
the diode when the input supply voltage is less than the battery
voltage. When the input supply voltage becomes greater than the
battery voltage, the diode is reverse biased by the input supply
voltage and hence signal appears at the output.

67. Comparison Chart

68. Thank You
By : Mha Physics
http://mhaphysics.blogspot.com