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Animal fat process final ppt.
1. Submitted to: DR. OP MALAV
Assistant professor
Deptt. of Livestock product
technology
Submitted by: Mehak Jandyal
2. ๏ถAnimals are mainly slaughtered for meat.
๏ถ50% of slaughtered animal is converted into animal by-products.
๏ถThey contribute to the value of the animal.
๏ถProtein rich solids include use in foods, pet food, livestock feeds,
and fertilizers.
๏ถFats have been transformed into soaps and oleo-chemicals (fatty acid
derivatives) in addition to being used in food, pet foods and feed
applications.
Introduction
3. ๏ถThe need for new outlets of products has also been realized due to
commonly encountered zoonotic diseases.
๏ถProtein meals and animal fats are used as energy sources in combustion
units.
๏ถAnimal by-products can lead to decomposition and environmental
pollution, if not properly stabilized.
๏ถThe most conventional way of stabilizing raw material is to process
the raw material with heat:
๏ผ evaporates the water content
๏ผ sterilize the material
This process is known as โRenderingโ
contd.
.
5. Animal fat
It is "obtained from the tissues of mammals and/or poultry in the commercial
processes of rendering or extractingโ. (AAFCO)
Types of
Animal fat
Lard
Caul fat
Rendered Pork fat
Chicken fat
Tallow-Dripping & Premier
Jus
Leaf Fat
Inedible Tallow and
Greases
Blubber fat
12. ๏ถ Occurs mainly by rendering.
๏ถ Fatty tissues are composed mainly of water, protein and
fat.
RENDERING OF FAT
๏ผ A thermal processing operation
๏ผ Breaks down the cellular structures (Dugan, 1987)
๏ผ Releases triacylglycerols from animal by-products and
underutilized fish
Recovery of fat
Main purpose is to obtain as
complete a
separation as feasible of these
materials (Bockisch, 1998).
13. 1) Dry
Rendering
2) Wet
rendering
3) Low
Temperature
wet
rendering
Rendering Methods
Lard and Tallow are produced
mainly by Dry and Wet
rendering (Sonntag, 1979)
14. Raw material
vapour steam
disc dryer
sieve press
liquid
Down stream processing
Protein meal
decanter
fat
separator
filterfat
15. ๏ผYield is 20% higher.
๏ผProcess requires less labor and less floor
area
๏ผRecovery of steam from cookers to
provide hot water
๏ผColor of tallow is poorer
๏ผMaterial cannot be pressurized.
๏ผDifficulty in rendering gelatinous
material such as slunk
Advantages and Disadvantages
17. ๏ผCan produce a good quality tallow
๏ผRecovery of fat is better
๏ผTime consuming
๏ผLabor intensive
๏ผUp to 25% of meal is lost in the
gravy
๏ผFor good tallow viscera, viscera
must be cut and washed
Advantages and
Disadvantages
19. esters of 3-C carboxylic trihydroxy alcohol, glycerol,
and various monocarboxylic acids known as fatty acids
Lard- considerable proportions of palmitic acid,
stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid
Tallow-contains approximately 6% of trans-oleic acid
formed by the action of rumen bacteria on vegetable
oils found in food (Sonntag, 1979)
20. Lard Fat : Rendered fat of Pig.
titre - <40ยบc
Tallow Fat : Rendered fat of cattle, sheep, and
goat.
titre - >40ยบc
Titre :
๏ง signifies the degree of softness and hardness
of the
๏ง healthy animal have more titre.
23. Settling and Degumming
๏ Settling involves storing heated fats quiescently in tanks with conical
bottoms.
๏ Degumming removes phospholipids by the addition of water at 1-3% at
60-800 C for 30-60 mts.
๏ Water and materials associated with water are denser than melted fat
and settle into the cone
๏ Coalesced โgumโ formed by phospholipid and water is removed.
This Process removes animal or plant
proteins, carbohydrates residues,
phosphatides and water.
24. Neutralization/ Refining with
alkali
๏ถ Removal of non-glyceride fatty materials by washing the oils with
strong alkaline water solutions
๏ถCaustic soda solutions are added to the heated fat and stirred
vigorously. After a short period, the mixture is allowed to settle.
๏ถThe oil can be separated from the soap by gravity.
๏ถThe settlings, called โfootsโ are collected and sold as โsoap stockโ.
๏ถIt can be applied if FFA> 0.3% or if collagenous or proteinaceus
material is present (Pietroszek, 1979)
RCO2H + NaOH โ RCO2Na + H2O
25. Advantages:
๏ผ It reduces the loss of oil due to saponification.
๏ผ Short time of reaction occurs in modern continuous centrifugal processes.
๏Disadvantages:
If this refining is allowed to occur by standing,
the time taken is lengthy.
26. ๏ถ Reduces the colour of fat and oil by adsorbing on bleaching
earth or by chemical reactions (Young, 1980)
๏ถ Chemical methods of bleaching are seldom applied to
edible fats.
๏ถ The process is also known as โ Adsorptive Cleansingโ
๏ถ Specific recommendations for bleaching lards and tallow are
reported. (Patterson, 1992)
27. Bleaching clay (bentonite) contains not less than 85% of the mineral
montmorillonite Al4Si8O20 (OH)4.n H2O.
Activated clay contains higher percentage of hydrated silica and
increased adsorptive capacity (Dugan, 1987)
Natural bleaching earth consists mainly of hydrated aluminium silicates.
Natural clay is bentonite in which some of the Al has been naturally
replaced by H.
The most important adsorbent used in bleaching fats and oils is
bleaching earth or clay.
28. How Bleaching Is Done?
๏ฑ mixing 0.2 to 1.0 percent of earth with the oil, heating to 1000C
with stirring under vacuum and then, filtering.
๏ถThe clay is added at a temperature lower than optimum
๏ถBleaching clay more effectively removes the green color
๏ถEfficiency of the bleaching process is determined by
Lovibond Colorimeter.
๏ถMost high quality lards generally do not require bleaching,
but tallow may be bleached to remove the color bodies.
๏ผAbsence of moisture is necessary
๏ผRate of bleaching increases with temperature
๏ผBleaching process is done under vacuum
29. Triglycerides have extremely low vapour pressures
Aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and free fatty acids are removed by steam
distillation.
Hydrolysis of glycerides is minimal.
Steam distillation under reduced pressure designed to remove unacceptable
odors and flavors form oils and fats.
Injecting high pressure steam into the fat at temperatures between 180-2500C
with a vacuum of about 1kPa (Norris and Mattil, 1964)
citric acid is commonly added to fats.
31. Partial crystallization of fat or oil at specific temperature.
Once partial crystallization is complete, the actual fractionation is
accomplished by effecting the liquid-solid separation.
Different melting points of the mixed triacylglycerols in a fat, such as
tallow, provide the basis for fractionation processes.
Major objective-to optimize separation of the liquid (olein) and solid
(stearin) fractions (Timms et al., 1997)
An effective early method of separating olein and stearin phases is
known as winterization.
Fractionation
33. ๏ถType of addition reactions accepting hydrogen at the double bonds of
unsaturated fatty acids
๏ถAlter the physical and chemical properties of fat
๏ถHydrogenation is usually carried out before bleaching.
๏ถDone under high pressure of hydrogen and catalyzed by finely divided
nickel (@ 0.001-0.002%) or copper and heat (Russel,1987)
๏ถGenerally, it is not taken to completion.
๏ถThe rate of hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is faster than
monounsaturated fatty acids. (Johnson, 2002)
34. Requirements for hydrogenation
(Johnson2002)
catalyst
Hydrogen
Gas Agitation
Temperature
control
Procedure for Hydrogenation
๏ถDone as a batch or continuous process (250-300 0C)
๏ถThe nickel is incorporated onto a porous support
๏ถContinuous mixing is a critical parameter.
๏ถThe reaction takes 40-60 min during which progress is monitored by change in
refractive index.
๏ถUpon completion, catalysts are removed by filtration.
35. Advantages:
๏ถ More pleasant as cooking fat.
๏ถ Digestible and utilizable as normal
animal fats and oils.
๏ถ Less liable to cause gastric or
intestinal irritation.
๏ถ Easily stored and transported and
less liable to rancidity.
Disadvantage
๏ถ Fats include lack of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E
and K) and essential fatty acids
๏Lipids are more solid at room
temperature
๏Exhibit different crystallization
behavior
๏More oxidatively stable
๏Wide range of melting points
๏Improved color
36. Metallic sodium and sodium methoxide are used as catalysts which are
low-temperature catalysts and are used at a low level, i.e. 0.02-2.0%
(Bhati, 1980)
For Interesterification to take place the reaction medium must have, low
levels of water, free fatty acids, and peroxides.
Results in significant changes in the melting profiles of lipids without
changing fatty acid composition.
Performed by acidolysis, alcoholysis, glycerolysis, and transesterification
(common) (Rousseau,2002)
Involves an interchange of an acyl groups among triacylglycerols
(Dugan, 1976).
37. Random Esterification of Lard
๏ถLard typically contains
๏ 2% saturated triacylglycerols (GS3),
๏27% disaturated triacylglycerols (GS2U),
๏47% monosaturated triacylglycerols (GSU2) and
๏ 24% triunsaturated triacylglycerols (GU3).
๏ถThe GS2U fraction is mostly composed of oleopalmitostearin (OPS), which plays major
role in consistency of lard (Lutton et al.,1962)
๏ถOPS leads to aggregation of crystals in unmodified lard โ Graininess
๏ถRandomized lard crystallizes from bโ-3 โ bโ-2 form, which is characteristic of
hydrogenated vegetable oil shortenings (Sreenivasan, 1978)
๏ถResults in improved creaming power and highly regarded ingredient for quality
shortenings
38. Direct Interesterification
๏ฑ Produces lard with increased solid content at high
temperatures, and thus results in an extended plastic range.
๏ฑ Can be used as a shortening without any addition of fully
saturated acylglycerols (Wiess,1983)
๏Interesterification can also be performed by using lipases as
catalysts. (Willis et al.,2002)
๏Enzymatic transesterification is limited by its high cost
39.
40. Fat constants or numbers are tests used for:
๏ฑ Checking the purity of fat for detection of
adulteration.
๏ฑ To quantitatively estimate certain properties of fat.
๏ฑ To identify the biological value and natural
characteristics of fat.
๏ฑ Detection of fat rancidity and presence of toxic
hydroxy fatty acids.
41. Iodine Number
โข It is the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100 grams of fat or
oil.
โข Measures the degree of unsaturation in a given amount of fat or oil
โข The iodine value is low for animal fats and high for vegetable oils.
โข The higher the iodine value, the lower becomes the melting point.
Animal
Fat
Lard Rendered pork
fat
Tallow Premier Jus
Iodine Value
(g/100g of fat)
55-65 60-72 36-47 40-53
(WHO, 1999)
42. Free fatty Acid
๏ถexpressed as percentage of free oleic acid of total sample weight.
๏ถThe fat is mixed with alcohol (in which the carboxylic acids are soluble
but the fat is insoluble)
๏ถGenerally the FFA content should not be more than 2%.
๏ถAmount of FFA in tallow indicates the degree of spoilage that has
taken place.
Peroxide value
๏Determines the rancidity of tallow
๏Fresh fats have a peroxide value of 1-2, whereas rancid fats have a
peroxide value of 15-20.
43. ๏ผ Indicates purity or identity of the substance.
Smoke Point
๏ฑTemperature to which the fat may be heated before it begins to smoke.
๏ฑIndirect relationship with FFA.
๏ฑTallow with FFA of 0.2% has smoke point of 2250C
๏ฑLard has smoke point of 121-2180C.
Refractive Index
Animal Fat Lard Rendered Pork Tallow Premier Jus
Refractive
Index
1.448-1.460 1.448-1.461 1.448-1.460 1.448-1.460
(WHO, 1999)
44. ๏ฑRepresents the number of milligrams of KOH or NaOH required
to saponify 1g of fat under the conditions specified
๏ฑmeasure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all
the fatty acids present
๏ฑThe long chain fatty acids found in fats have low saponification value
Animal fat Lard Tallow
Saponification Value
(mg KOH/g of fat)
192-203 190-202
(WHO, 1999)
45. Melting Point
The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes
state from solid to liquid.
Pork fat Back fat Leaf Fat Mixed
Fat
Melting Point
(0C)
30-40 43-48 36-45
(WHO,1999)
46. MIU
โข Moisture ,impurities, unsaponifiable.
โข Moisture- not >2%
โข Impurities โ less
โข Unsaponifiable- which cannot be converted
into soap by the use of alkali or no fatty acid is
released by alkali treatment
โข small quantity may exist like cholesterol.