1. Integrated design, production planning and construction in ship building
Maurizio M. Granata, Intergraph Process Power Marine, Milan / Italy,
maurizio.granata@intergraph.com
Igor Juricic, Intergraph Process Power Marine, Milan / Italy, igor.juricic@intergraph.com
Abstract
In today’s increasingly challenging environment, shipbuilders are seeking to secure a competitive
advantage by leveraging the power of innovative technology to streamline work processes and
achieve life cycle efficiencies.
A technology-driven data-centric multi-d integrated system ensures data integrity and cross-
discipline collaboration throughout ship design, production, build and maintenance.
Accurate digital records enable effective production planning and supply chain management for
optimum ‘on tool’ time, whilst shared project workbenches eliminate costly and time-consuming
duplicated efforts.
This paper discusses the benefits of digital execution of all shipbuilding work processes, with
particular focus on information integrity and associated life cycle efficiencies; the most advanced
approach ensuring accurate definition of physical asset at all times, and key success factor in driving
delivery to standard, schedule and budget.
1. Introduction
It seems that “Nothing is new under the sun”.
As it was since centuries ago already, shipbuilding is yet the business - sometimes the art - of bringing
heavy materials, each heavier than water, and turning them into floating manufacturing products,
often amazing in their sizes, their power, or their beauty.
In the meantime, despite technology is all around our lives, computers in the shipyard:
• are not helping a worker in increasing his productivity;
• are not relieving his supervisor from the risk of working with obsolete and superseded
versions of design information;
• are not making construction planners confident about reducing contingencies in their
estimations or validating execution plans against materials availability;
• are not providing management with accurate status information enabling fast and proactive
decision-making.
Of course, a lot of software is available in shipyard offices supporting single function, single
department work processes, and sometime supporting high-end business information.
However, as a matter of fact, despite sometimes-significant IT investment have been undertaken, a
deep and integrated coverage of all operational tasks is definitely missing.
In addition, maintenance suffers a lack of accurate and ready-to-use as-built information, which
makes operations even more challenging and potentially heavily affecting the time when ship will go
to back service and/or to market.
All that brings three important opportunities:
1. A lot of room is yet available to deploy digital execution technology at shipyards.
2. Effective benefits are achievable by addressing work processes integration and enabling
different departments and shipyard functions to share and work the same digital information
and reuse them in real time.
3. Long-term improvements come from shifting focus to embrace the whole ship life cycle while
including single production project only.
In other words, a big chance is available to shipyards of any size for taking benefits of pioneers’
experiences, and adopting proven systems that can support today’s competition.

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2. Digital data-centric execution revolution
It is about 20 years already since data-centric approach has applied in supporting all phases of asset
definition and management1
, but many benefits to design and execution practices are yet ahead of
current traditional execution.
The easiest consequence to understand is that designers can finally give up from managing CAD files,
since relevant CAD drawings are no longer main scope of design tasks, to become just automatic
output, automatic deliverables, which result from smart design execution.
In addition, designers can also relief from relevant boring and time-consuming drawings revision and
storage management.
It sounds like a revolution; however, it becomes a real everyday practise as soon as all design data,
including graphics for either 2D or 3D modelling go into reliable, leading, commercially available
database.
It then implies that both CAD file based drawings as well as proprietary CAD/3D data format and
storage technologies are actually superseded practices.
However, beyond those improvements, smart technology and digital data centric approach to ship
design and execution deploys even more benefits.
Fig.1: Benefits of Smart digital data centric technology
2.1. Objects Correlation
Object correlation is the ability to digitally recognize design objects in the system and automatically
understanding how they work together. It has two important implications, both bringing value and
efficiency to project stakeholders:
1. Multi-discipline coordinated consistency
2. Multiple objects design change implication
Multi-discipline coordinated consistency implies that as soon as all the data describing given objects
are in standard databases, the system can recognize whether a component2
in the project is the same
1
All work processes and phases in are considered here, going through engineering and design, procurement,
fabrication, construction, maintenance, and decommission.
2
Component is any physical object having a virtual representation in 3D, e.g. either a long lead equipment, a
valve, a piping line, any structural element, etc..

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among several tools, which is a key feature in maintaining and reusing consistent information across
different disciplines and functions.
Multiple objects design change implication allows automatic propagation of a change among
correlated components in 3D, so that as soon as a design change has to be executed on a given
component, the system realizes and points out which further objects are going to be impacted,
therefore supporting the 3D designer accordingly. Hence, a better, more accurate design solution can
be achieved with just a few clicks.
2.2. Global Work Sharing
True and real work sharing on a global basis allows that timely visual status updates are provided on
what other disciplines, other operating centers and eventually engineering partners or subcontractors
are doing, therefore maximizing cooperation and collaboration among all stakeholders.
It works real time, and it enables a huge productivity increase of liaison engineers and it massively
reduces coordination costs.
2.3. Automation
All project information is available in the standard databases, so it becomes possible to process it
further and apply design rules and verification checks resulting in both a quality increase as well as an
enhancement in efficiency.
With such an approach, typical deliverables of engineering design tasks are all automatic outputs of
system data processing: creating drawings, defining requisitions for purchasing materials, forecasting
construction execution upon site materials availability, planning construction men-hours, etc.
The consequences are:
• No more error prone manual executions;
• Significant increase in design quality and consistency;
• A huge decrease in verification costs.
2.4. Change Tracking and Management
Real time Change Tracking and Management is key in developing detailed design, especially with
today’s fast track projects.
Smart data centric technology becomes a key in enabling features as the following:
• The ability to record each digital version of the same document and automatically compare
them;
• The ability to highlighting differences in material requirements among various project
statuses and phases;
• Receiving system notifications about deliverables reflecting a design change, which needs to
be released with a higher revision number, which is fundamental information that needs to be
available timely to the construction crews.
2.5. Digital Materials Management and Execution
Smart digital data centric approach to materials management allows so-called Surplus and Shortages
Free execution, meaning that ‘just in time’ delivery of materials at the fabrication shop or at
construction site is possible.
The goal is to prevent shortages before a planned fabrication or installation will take place.
Adopting Surplus and Shortages Free principles, shipyards can avoid expensive last minute purchases
of missing components and prevent claims from subcontractors.
At the same time, they can also avoid surplus and excess materials delivery and save relevant costs for
purchasing, handling, and storing such excess materials.
This is driven by the digital execution of engineering and procurement work processes, including
logistics and supply chain management that goes beyond typical IT barriers of different ecosystems,
and allows any stakeholders, including sub-contractors, vendors, freight forwarders, and any third
party to provide and receive accurate and timely information dealing with the task to execute.

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2.6. Specify Check Asses
It ensures Tag Number consistency, which results from applying digital rule-based naming
conventions that can be specified at the early days of ship design.
It maximizes the reuse of equipment or instruments relevant properties and specifications across the
engineering and supply chain, and down to fabrication, construction, and completion assessments.
No more inconsistent designs and no more inefficient practices like either re-entering or re-typing the
same data will be requested; this prevents risk of introducing errors, and relevant control requirement,
and therefore reduces execution costs.
2.7. Reuse Simulate Look Ahead
Smart technology allows s all ship design data in standard databases, and maximizes reuse of data
across the whole life cycle; at the same time, it allows simulating changes by enabling “what if” and
“look ahead" analysis.
It means that both the output of engineering and design tasks, 3D model and relevant deliverables can
be immediately reused to feed constructability analysis and construction design review sessions.
Because such analysis and review are actually possible in smart data centric ship design, construction
stakeholders may join the project earlier than ever.
Furthermore, enhanced visualization triggers additional benefits like preventing potential fabrication
and construction issues in the yard, and enabling more accurate construction planning3
.
In addition, the digital acknowledgement of the so-called Engineering Construction Quantity
eliminates the need to long and costly document based engineering to construction handover process,
providing increased value and efficiency to the whole shipbuilding process.
2.8. Capturing Real Assets
Smart digital technology allows capturing real assets with real dimensions, so that a complete digital
model can be created reusing existing elements as a source for defining new virtual assets.
At the same time, it enables new digitally based certifications and quality control / quality assurance
work processes for comparing fabricated assemblies, manufacturing parts, modules, etc.
Shipyards can use a relevant digital view from the 3D model to digitally determined deviations and
matching tolerances.
2.9. Retrieve and Operate
Last but not least, smart technology based on a standard database allows an easy handover of this
huge and valuable set of engineering and design data to the Owners, which therefore ensures that
plant lifecycle management is based on accurate information.
Smart technology is the main mean to improve efficiency and eliminate waste in any discipline and
relevant crossfunctional collaboration.
The use of smart technology advances lean construction in any organization.
3. Lean work process integration
However, beyond being “Smart™”, digital data-centric execution has actually more to deliver to
shipbuilding.
That deals with the ability of implementing so-called “Lean” approach to both fabrication and
construction.
The word “Lean” has many meanings and uses; the first is to minimize and eliminate waste, which is
a common definition of the word.
Another use of the word “Lean” is to sway towards an opinion; so that this definition may be the most
applicable for the industry use of “Lean”, as a common factor in all “lean thinking”, “lean ideas”, or
principles, is that it requires adopters to embrace a new direction, and change their mindset, execution
approach, or philosophy.
At this purpose, “Lean construction” is a “way to design production systems to minimize waste of
materials, time, and effort in order to generate the maximum possible amount of value”.
3
Animation can simulate different approaches to construction execution before they would actually be adopted.

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Value in fabrication or construction is like value in any business: it is a return on your investment.
Therefore, adopting lean principles is an investment in the future of the project, which will reap
benefits and give a solid return on investment.
In other words, Lean Construction is a new paradigm in fabrication and construction planning that
uses lean concepts to approach value rather than cost, and efficiency rather than schedule.
Fig.2: Lean Construction Principles
Lean Construction, as defined by the non-profit Lean Construction Institute (LCI), is a production
management-based project delivery system, emphasizing the reliable and speedy delivery of value.
The goal is to build the project while maximizing value, minimizing waste, and pursuing perfection –
for the benefit of all project stakeholders.
Lauren Pinch, Construction Executive, November 2005

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Lean construction actually implies what follows:
• Improve communication planning among stakeholders with visualization and open display of
schedule, design, and workflow.
• Eliminate waste of materials, duplication of efforts, and design errors.
• Improve work planning by early planning, with a focus on improved workflow, achievable
tasks, distribution of workload, and a clearly defined work scope.
• Look-ahead scheduling with just-in-time deliveries, engagement of all parties, availability of
resources, access to site, and coordination of other dependencies
• Plan and coordinate off-site fabrication and modular construction activities to reduce site
congestion, distribute workload, minimize field work force, and improve just-in-time delivery
• Create a clean, safe, and efficient working environment, and communicate safety
So that, it is not only what has eliminated – the waste – that matters, but also what has added, that is
the most defining denominator: value.
And new value has such, definitely incorporates two contributions from data-centric / technology
based execution:
The first comes from digital execution of existing work processes; which is important aspect as
technology allows data reuse, collaboration, and powerful work processes integration.
The second comes from continuous improvements in business work processes re-engineering, which
actually brings new digitally executed work processes into the evolving picture of Traditional Vs.
Optimized industry execution.
4. Digital Planning and Manufacturing
Prior to the existence of parallel or concurrent engineering concepts, the shipbuilding industry formed
unique processes which execute design, production planning, and production for hundreds of
thousands of parts simultaneously.
4.1.Design for construction productivity
The basic unit for design, fabrication, and assembling tasks is the ship block, and these tasks and
processes should be executed concurrently, to optimize total production time.
Productivity of the shipyard depends on design and production data to be efficiently generated and
properly utilized, to deliver data to the production department in a short period.
Production planning aims to bridge design and production using 3D model data, production
scheduling, and production-related knowledge after contracting.
Optimizing the whole the production process actually implies assessing both: block and assembly
management based on work location, and size, weight, and orientation.
In today’s globalized scenario, design and building of ship might take place in different part of the
globe.
It is also possible fabricating blocks of the same ship at different shipyards, and those shipyards most
likely have different production capabilities and schedules.
It implies that advance definition of block and assembly size, and relevant weight is not possible, and
therefore, rapid design revision must be easy.
Available technology allows for large-scale modification, so that ship design and modeling may begin
very early in the engineering process.
Among other physical properties that can affect the way an assembly moves through the shipyard,
size, weight, and orientation have the biggest impact on cost.
For example, orienting a block to minimize the number of overhead welds will reduce the difficulty of
welding, thereby reducing welding men-hours and optimizing cost.
Rules based Smart™3D system allows implementing the shipyard’s knowledge and construction best
practices into the system, and enables automatic selection of the best orientation and sequence for
each assembly.
4.2. Controlling execution
Main goals of production process control are on-time delivery of the contracted ship, optimized
resource allocation for the ship construction process, and maximized throughout shipyard facilities.

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The ship construction process faces ever-changing factors such as design changes, design errors, delay
of upstream processes, late arrival of materials, and delay of current processes.
The quality process control system has to cope with these kinds of challenges.
To achieve an effective process control system, the work package definition, design delivery
planning, BOM activity, and material acquisition date should be frozen.
The execution of materials supply chain management process will ensure as much as possible just in
time materials availability.
Based on the BOM’s material information, detailed material amounts and unit costs of production can
be used to make cost estimations.
Finally, efficiency and productivity of the ship construction can be measured by the executed data per
work package.
4.3. Work packaging
A work package is an optimized management unit for ship construction based on a Work Breakdown
Structure (WBS) and is usually decomposed to zone, discipline, stage, and skill for ship construction
workers.
The work package contains not only the work amount, target men-hours, and work schedule
information, but also drawings, material, machine, and workers in order to apply scheduling, design,
material, and process monitoring tasks.
A work package may roughly cover one month of work and can be divided into sub-packages of
several work steps.
5. Maximizing “Time on tools”
Enhancing construction productivity and maximizing so-called “Time on tools” implies effective
planning of both fabrication and construction operations.
It starts with the ability to smoothly integrate all disparate data that construction planners and
supervisors require in one single platform, like:
• Construction master schedule
• Intelligent drawings and documents
• 3D models
• Materials requirements and supply chain data
so that all information will be available from inside the construction planning package.
Among others, innovation brings several benefits in supporting both planning construction or
fabrication operational tasks, as described here below:
1. Automation in detail work face planning or work package planning, which allows automatic
identification of involved work steps, relevant man-hour estimation, validating construction
planning against real time materials availability, and track progress
2. Animation facilitating planning review and “What if analysis”, which means enabling so-
called 4D simulations, reviewing work package scheduling to modify sequences, and share
animation, after has been recorded
3. Stay in synch with engineering, by means of accessing 3D models, reviewing all properties of
components shown in the 3D, review list of available engineering data and smart drawing,
including the ability to track changes and get notified when engineering information
addressing a given construction work package has revised.
4. Digitalizing manufacturing process by means of linking digital spool drawings management
to cutting machine software, first, so that the same digital information from smart drawing
will drive the machine, implying that errors will go down to Zero, and at the same time
Fabricators with have huge savings and a great improve in the quality of fabrication process
All that implies that construction or fabrication planners will have the ability to take informative and
therefore appropriate decision addressing the job that will be executed next, and, last but not least,
will be able to provide the team who will do the real job with accurate information on the scope to
execute.

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6. Conclusion
The challenging time that shipbuilders are facing today, suggest that organizations of all sizes shall
adopt innovative technology to streamline work processes and achieve life cycle efficiencies.
Clients in any business are more and more looking for value, which implies the ability for
shipbuilders to demonstrate that waste has reduced to minimum achievable, and relevant costs are not
part of their bill.
Today, smart technology-driven ‘integrated system’ concept deploys digital support to the whole
shipbuilding process, spanning across design, through production planning and down to construction,
providing information integrity and associated life cycle efficiencies.
This approach ensures an accurate virtual record of the physical asset at all times, plays a key role in
driving delivery to standard, schedule, and budget, and secure a competitive advantage to shipbuilders
who adopt it.
Acknowledgements
7. References
HOWELL, G.A. (1999). What is Lean Construction? Lean Construction Institute.
KOSKELA, L., HOWELL, G., GALLARD, G., AND TOMMELEIN, I. (2002). The
Foundations of Lean Construction. In R. Best & G. de Valence (Eds.), Design and Construction:
Building in Value. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
PINCH, L. (2005, November) Lean Construction, Construction Executive