1. Helping Verbs – English
TO BE
TO HAVE
TO DO
M. van Eijk MA

2. Short explanation of the 3 types
of verbs:

3. 1. There are different kinds of verbs.
Some show action, and some don’t.
An action verb shows action. It tells
what the subject of the sentence
does.

4. 1. There are different kinds of verbs:
Action Verbs
Harko hit the ball.
The cat purred softly.
Lala walks to school.
Melania spoke to me.

5. 2. There are different types of verbs.
Some connect, and some don’t.
•A linking verb links, or connects,
the subject to the predicate. It
does not show action.

6. 2. There are different types of verbs.
Some connect, and some don’t.
Common Linking Verbs
•am is are was
•were be been
•seems feels tastes

7. 2. There are different types of verbs.
Some connect, and some don’t.
Linking Verbs
We are thirsty.
Selma was late to school.
The winner is Donald!
The flower smells good.

8. 3. There are different types of verbs.
Some help to, for instance, form a
negative or a question, and some don’t.
A helping verb helps a main verb.
The helping verb comes before
the main verb.

9. 3. There are different types of verbs.
Some help to form a negative or a
question, a perfect or a progressive (-
ing) tense and some don’t.
Helping/Main Verbs
I am washing my hair.
Louisa has taken the test.
They were talking.

10. Action Verbs
Linking Verbs
Helping/Main Verbs

11. An auxiliary verb helps the main (full) verb and is
also called a "helping verb." With auxiliary verbs,
you can write sentences in different tenses,
moods, or voices. Auxiliary verbs are: be, do, have,
will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might,
must, ought, etc.
Main auxiliary Verbs:
"Be," , “Have“, "Do"

15. 1. Write four
sentences containing
‘am’.
2. Write three sentences
containing ‘are’.
3. Write three sentences
containing ‘was’.

19. Fill in the blanks with the right form of to
be ( am, are or is):
1. ……… you the new student?
2.Yes, I .………
3. ……… Selma and Florence students.
4. Selma ……… Australian .
5.My sister and I ……… students.

20. Fill in the blanks with the right form of to
be ( am, are or is):
6.The girls ……… tired.
7.These women ……… beautiful.
8.The tea ……… delicious.
9. Marge and Lala ……… friends.
10.The newspaper ……… cheap.

21. Answers:
1. Are you the new student?
2.Yes, I am.
3. Are Selma and Florence students.
4. Selma is Australian .
5.My sister and I are students.
6.The girls are tired.
7.These women are beautiful.
8.The tea is delicious.
9. Marge and Lala are friends.
10.The newspaper is cheap.

22. The Verb To Be
•Normally we use the verb to be to show the status or
characteristics of something or someone (as a stative
verb). It says what I am, what you are or what
something is.
•The verb to be is used to create simple yes/no questions
by simply inverting the order of subject and the “To be”
verb.
For example:-
I am a teacher. (Statement)
Am I a teacher? (Question)

23. Exercise
Example:I ..happy > I am happy (positive)

24. Exercise
Example:I .. .. rich >I am not rich (negative)
• 1. I am busy. > I .. .. Busy. (make a negative sentence)
• 2. They are always arguing. (make a negative sentence)
• 3. They are students.> .. .. students? (make a question).
• 4. She is a friend. > .. she a friend? (make a question).
• 5. Are they good friends of him? (make a positive sentence).
• 6. I am not here. (make a positive sentence).
• 7. We like to drive a car. (make a negative sentence)
• 8. She likes to sing. (make a question).

26. Progressive forms with to be
Examples: She is working./He was eating.
The verb to be is used as an auxiliary to
denote the progressive or continuous
aspect of an action; it is thus used to form
the "present progressive" and "past
progressive" and other progressive tenses.

27. "Be" as an auxiliary verb
1.Used in progressive sentences:
-I am taking a bath.
-She is preparing dinner for us.
-They have been studying all night.
have been studying = predicate (meaning all the verbs together)

28. Progressive forms with to be
The verb to be used as an auxiliary for
the progressive or continuous tense
(action) is also called the present continuous
and past continuous tenses, etc.). In this
case, be is followed by the present
participle of a verb ( –ing).

29. Model "stand"
Present
progresive
Future progressive
Preterit
progresive
Present perfect
progressive
Past perfect pro-
gressive
1st sing I am standing I will be standing I was standing
I have been stand-
ing
I had been stand-
ing
2nd sing you are standing
You will be stand-
ing
You were standing
You have been
standing
You had been
standing
3rd sing
he / she... is stand-
ing
He / she ... will be
standing
He/ she ... was
standing
He / she... have
been standing
he / she ... had
been standing
1st plural we are standing We will be standing We were standing
We have been
standing
We had been
standing
2nd plural you are standing
You will be stand-
ing
You were standing
You have been
standing
You had been
standing
3rd plural they are standing
They will be stand-
ing
They were standing
They have been
standing
They had been
standing

30. "Be" as an auxiliary verb
•
2.Used in passive sentences:
-I was given a free meal.
-He was seen by fans at the airport.
-This song has been sung by all nations.

31. "Be" as an auxiliary verb
2.Used in passive sentences:
The verb to be is also used as an auxiliary to
form passive tenses. In this case, the auxiliary be is followed
by the past participle of a verb. With regular verbs usually –ed.
For irregular verbs: the whole list is at the end of this
presentation (you must look at the third row)

32. "Be" as an auxiliary verb
2.Used in passive sentences:
Sample verb
"Take"
Present
simple passive
Future passive Preterit passive
Present perfect
passive
Past perfect
passive
1st sing I am taken I will be taken I was taken I have been taken I had been taken
3rd sing It... is taken
He / she ... will be
taken
He / she ... was
taken
He / she ... has
been taken
He / she ... had
been taken
Etc.

34. Below the verb ‘to have’ is used as a main verb.
So, not as a helping (auxilary) verb. Here, you can leave out ‘got’.

37. “Have" as an auxiliary verb
a. Used in perfect sentences:
I have been following you for a mile.
• We have done a lot so far.
• She had been queen of the town.
• If you would like to learn more about the perfect tense:
• http://www.slideshare.net/MatthijsVanEijk/verb-tenses-english-m-van-eijk

41. Asking questions by using a helping verb (be, do, have,
will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought)
The basic rule for asking questions in English is straightforward: Invert
the order of the subject and the first auxiliary verb.
• It is snowing. = Is it snowing?
• He can speak German. = Can he speak German?
• They have lived here a long time. = Have they lived here a long time?
• She will arrive at ten o'clock. = Will she arrive at ten o'clock?
• He was driving fast. = Was he driving fast?
• You have been smoking. = Have you been smoking?

42. Asking questions by using a helping verb (be, do, have,
will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought)
If there is no auxiliary, use part of the verb 'to do'.
• You speak fluent French. = Do you speak fluent French?
• She lives in Brussels. = Does she live in Brussels?
• They lived in Manchester. = Did they live in Manchester?
• He had an accident. = Did he have an accident?

44. "Do" as an auxiliary verb
a.Used in questions:
•Do you want to have another one?
•Did he finish his homework?
•Do we need to keep going straight?

47. "Do" as an auxiliary verb
b. Used in negative sentences:
- She doesn’t agree with me.
- I do not know the truth.
- They didn’t arrive here yet.

49. The verb to do is another common verb in English. It can be used as an
auxiliary and a main verb. It is often used in questions.
The Verb To Do

50. Emphatic 'do'
The use of a form of the verb do (do, does, or did) to add emphasis to
an affirmative sentence. The emphatic do is far more common
in speech than in formal written English.
Unlike ordinary auxiliary verbs, which are typically unstressed in
speech, emphatic do is almost always stressed.
(See Examples below.)

51. Emphatic 'do'
• "Now, I don't speak Chinese, but I do speak a little Polish, a little
Korean, and a few words in half a dozen other languages. This comes
from my living in New York City where I encountered people from
every nationality on a regular basis."
(Damon Vickers, The Day After the Dollar Crashes. Wiley, 2011)
• "'Do be quiet, Larry!' she said impatiently. 'Don't you hear me talking
to Daddy?'"
(Frank O'Connor, "My Oedipus Complex," 1952)

52. Do / does: emphatic use
As you can see, do and does are used to make questions and negatives.
They are not normally used in affirmative sentences. However, we can
use them for emotive emphasis when we feel strongly about something.
•I do love her. (More emphatic than 'I love her.')
•She does look beautiful in that dress. Quiet stunning!
(More emphatic than 'She looks beautiful in that dress.')
•You do look nice today!

53. Do / does: emphatic use
As you can see, do and does are used to make questions and negatives.
They are not normally used in affirmative sentences. However, we can
use them for emotive emphasis when we feel strongly about something.
•He thinks I don't love him, but I do love him. I
really do!
•I don't see my old friends often, but I do call them
every now and then.
•Were you joking? I do believe you were pulling my leg.

54. Complete the following sentences by using the
correct form of do (do, don't, does, doesn't).
• My mother likes chocolate, but she ………. ………. like
biscuits.
• What ………. the children wear at your school?
• Lynn's father watches badminton on TV, but
he …………. watch judo.
• Where ………. the Masons buy their fruit?
• ………. the cat like to sleep on the sofa?

55. Answers:
• My mother likes chocolate, but she doesn't like biscuits.
• What do the children wear at your school?
• Lynn's father watches badminton on TV, but he doesn't watch judo.
• Where do the Masons buy their fruit?
• Does the cat like to sleep on the sofa?

56. Complete the following sentences by using the
correct form of do (do, don't, does, doesn't).
• Dogs love bones, but they ………. love peppers.
• Where ………. Donald and Melania hide their CDs?
• We eat pizza, but we ………. ………. eat hamburgers.
• ………. Mrs Heineken read magazines?
• ………. the boys play basketball outside?

57. Answers:
• Dogs love bones, but they don't love peppers.
• Where do Donald and Melania hide their CDs?
• We eat pizza, but we don't eat hamburgers.
• Does Mrs Heineken read magazines?
• Do the boys play basketball outside?

58. LIST IRREGULAR VERBS
If you don’t know wat they mean:
This will help you to remember
them!

59. Past Tense Irregular Verbs List
Verb Past Simple Past Participle
ar ise ar ose ar isen
babysit babysat babysat
be was / wer e been
beat beat beaten
become became become
bend bent bent
begin began begun
bet bet bet
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
br eak br oke br oken
br eed br ed br ed
br ing br ought br ought
br oadcast br oadcast br oadcast

60. build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
dr aw dr ew dr awn
dr ink dr ank dr unk
dr ive dr ove dr iven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
for bid for bade for bidden
for get for got for gotten

61. for give for gave for given
fr eeze fr oze fr ozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
gr ow gr ew gr own
hang* hung hung
have had had
hear hear d hear d
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hur t hur t hur t
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let

62. lie ** lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
quit quit quit
r ead *** r ead r ead
r ide r ode r idden
r ing r ang r ung
r ise r ose r isen
r un r an r un
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone

63. shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spin spun spun
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung

64. strike struck struck
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
write wrote written

65. If you don’t know wat they
mean:
This will really help you to
remember them!!