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1. Mati Ullah Marwat 1
❖Define Terrorism 2
▪ Evaluate History of Terrorism 2
▪ Different Methods of Terrorism 4
▪ Domestic Terrorism vs International Terrorism 5
▪ How we can eradicate the problems of terror 6
▪ What Causes Terrorism 6
▪ Who are the Actual Terrorists. 7
❖Define Diplomacy 8
▪ How Diplomacy Functions 8
▪ Historical Developments of Diplomacy 9
▪ Traditional Diplomacy vs Modern Diplomacy 10
▪ Different Kinds of Diplomacy 12
▪ Foreign Policy vs Diplomacy 14
▪ Open Diplomacy 14
▪ Personal Diplomacy 15
▪ Cash Based Diplomacy 15
▪ Totalitarian Diplomacy 15
❖What are Human Rights 16
▪ What’re Dominant Theories of Human Rights 16
▪ Universal Declaration of Human Rights 17
▪ Development of Human Rights 18
▪ Human Rights Violations in Various Countries 19
▪ Three Generations of Human Rights 20

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TERRORISM
Define Terrorism:
1.Terrorism is when a group or individual uses violence
or threats to create fear and panic among ordinary
people.
2.Terrorism is the act of causing harm to innocent
civilians, often with the aim of promoting a specific
political or ideological agenda.
3.Terrorism refers to violent actions or threats that are
intended to intimidate or coerce a population or
government.
4.Terrorism is the use of violence or intimidation by
individuals or groups to achieve their goals, often
targeting non-combatants or innocent people.
5.Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence or force
against civilians in order to achieve a specific goal,
often involving acts of terror or fear-inducing tactics.
Evaluate History of Terrorism:

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Throughout history, acts of terrorism have occurred in
different parts of the world, driven by a range of causes.
While terrorism is not a new phenomenon, its methods
and motivations have evolved over time. Here are some
significant points in the history of terrorism:
• Ancient Times: Acts of terrorism can be traced back
to ancient times, where groups and individuals
would use violence to create fear and achieve their
goals. For example, the Sicarii, a Jewish extremist
group in the 1st
century CE, targeted both Roman
officials and fellow Jews to further their agenda.
• Colonial Era: During the era of colonialism, some
nationalist movements employed terrorism to resist
foreign rule. Examples include the actions of the Irish
Republican Brotherhood in Ireland and the activities
of nationalist groups in India.
• Late 20th
Century: The latter half of the 20th
century
saw a rise in ethnonationalist terrorism. Groups like
the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Basque
separatist group ETA, and the Tamil Tigers in Sri
Lanka resorted to terrorism to pursue their political
goals.

4. Mati Ullah Marwat 4
• 21st
Century: The 21st
century has witnessed a
significant shift in the nature of terrorism,
particularly with the emergence of global jihadist
movements. Terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda
and the Islamic State (ISIS) have used violence,
propaganda, and suicide attacks to further their
extremist ideologies.
Different Methods of Terrorism:
• Terrorism involves a wide range of method, there are
some common methods employed by terrorists.
• Bombings: The use of explosive devices, such as car
bombs or suicide bombings, is one of the most
widely recognized methods of terrorism. Bombs can
cause significant destruction, loss of life, and instill
fear within a targeted population.
• Armed Attacks: Terrorists may carry out armed
assaults using firearms, grenades, or other weapons.
These attacks can occur in public spaces, such as
shopping centers, schools, or transportation hubs,
aiming to maximize casualties and create panic.
• Kidnapping and Hostage-Taking: Terrorist groups
sometimes resort to kidnapping individuals,

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including civilians, government officials, or
journalists, with the intention of using them as
bargaining chips, making demands, or exerting
pressure on governments or organizations.
• Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear
(CBRN) Attacks: Although relatively rare, terrorist
groups may attempt to acquire or use chemical,
biological, radiological, or nuclear materials to cause
mass casualties and widespread panic.
Domestic Terrorism vs International Terrorism:
• Domestic Terrorism: Domestic terrorism refers to
acts of terrorism committed by individuals or groups
within their own country. These terrorists are
typically motivated by ideological, political, religious,
or social beliefs and aim to bring about change or
advance their agenda within their own country’s
borders.
• International Terrorism: International terrorism, on
the other hand, involves acts of terrorism that cross
national borders. In this case, the terrorists operate
in one country but target individuals, groups, or
governments in another country or multiple

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countries. International terrorists often have
transnational networks, seeking to spread their
ideology, disrupt global stability, or target specific
nations or regions.
How we can eradicate the problems of terrorism?
To eradicate the problems of terrorism, we need a
comprehensive approach. Firstly, countries must work
together and share information to disrupt terrorist
networks and prevent their movement across borders.
Secondly, addressing the root causes is crucial, including
socio-economic inequalities, political grievances, and
marginalization. Promoting education, economic
opportunities, and good governance can help prevent
individuals from turning to terrorism. Finally, effective
law enforcement, countering terrorist financing, and
building resilient communities that reject violence are
essential in the fight against terrorism. By employing
these strategies, we can strive towards a world free from
the threats of terrorism.
What Causes Terrorism?

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Terrorism is caused by a combination of different factors.
Some common causes include political grievances, where
people feel they are being treated unfairly or oppressed.
Poverty and lack of opportunities can also contribute, as
desperate individuals may turn to terrorism as a way to
gain power or support. Radical ideologies, based on
extreme beliefs, can motivate people to commit acts of
terrorism.
Who are the Actual Terrorists?
Actual terrorists are individuals or groups who engage in
acts of violence or use terror as a means to achieve their
goals. They can come from various backgrounds, hold
different ideologies, and operate at different scales.
Terrorists may be motivated by political, religious, social,
or ideological beliefs. They intentionally target innocent
civilians or specific individuals, aiming to instill fear,
create chaos, and advance their agenda. It is important to
distinguish between terrorists and any particular religion,
nationality, or ethnic group, as terrorism is not
representative of any entire community.

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DIPLOMACY
Define Diplomacy?
1.Diplomacy is the art of communication and
negotiation between countries to peacefully resolve
conflicts and promote understanding.
2.Diplomacy is the practice of building and maintaining
relationships between nations through dialogue,
compromise, and cooperation.
3.Diplomacy is the skillful use of tact, persuasion, and
negotiation to foster peaceful relations and achieve
mutual goals between countries.
How Diplomacy Functions?
• Negotiation: Diplomacy involves talking and finding
solutions to problems between countries.
• Communication: Diplomacy helps countries talk to
each other in a good way to avoid
misunderstandings.
• Representation: Diplomats represent their countries
and explain what their government wants.

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• Cultural Exchange: Diplomacy promotes sharing and
understanding of different cultures between
countries.
• Diplomatic Missions: Diplomats work in other
countries to make sure their citizens are safe, help
with problems, and keep the countries connected.
Historical Developments of Diplomacy:
• Diplomacy has ancient roots, but organized
diplomacy started to develop in Ancient Greece
around the 5th
century BC. However, the
establishment of permanent diplomatic agents
began in the 17th
century.
• In the Middle Ages (6th
to 18th
century), diplomacy
didn’t expand much, and diplomats were mainly
responsible for maintaining records rather than
engaging in negotiations.
• In the late Middle Ages, the Duke of Milan
established the first foreign mission in Geneva.
However, this diplomacy was more about the court’s
interactions rather than involving the general
population.

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• After the American and French revolutions,
diplomacy became more democratic and less
focused on the aristocracy.
• The Congress of Vienna in 1815 introduced
diplomatic immunities and defined hierarchical
structures within diplomacy.
• Diplomacy has existed since the beginning of
civilization, adapting to the changing international
society to fulfill its purpose and facilitate interactions
among nations.
Traditional Diplomacy vs Modern Diplomacy:
Traditional Diplomacy:
• Traditional diplomacy refers to the historical
practices of conducting diplomacy between nations
before the modern era.
• It involved the exchange of messages and official
envoys between rulers or heads of states.
• Diplomatic interactions were mainly conducted
through handwritten letters, emissaries, and face-to-
face meetings.

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• Diplomats focused on maintaining alliances,
negotiating treaties, and resolving conflicts through
diplomatic channels.
• Diplomatic activities were often limited to a small
circle of elites and aristocrats.
• Traditional diplomacy relied heavily on secrecy,
personal relationships, and hierarchical structures.
Modern Diplomacy:
• Modern diplomacy refers to the contemporary
practices and methods of conducting diplomacy in
the present era.
• It involves a wide range of diplomatic activities
beyond the interactions between heads of states,
including multilateral negotiations, public diplomacy,
and citizen diplomacy.
• Modern diplomats utilize advanced communication
technologies, such as teleconferences, emails, and
social media, to facilitate international dialogue and
cooperation.
• Diplomatic efforts extend beyond government
officials and involve various stakeholders, including

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non-governmental organizations, businesses, and
civil society.
• Modern diplomacy emphasizes transparency,
inclusivity, and the active engagement of citizens in
international affairs.
• Diplomats in the modern era also deal with emerging
global challenges, such as climate change,
cybersecurity, and humanitarian crises, requiring
innovative approaches and cooperation among
multiple actors.
Different Kinds of Diplomacy:
There are different kinds of diplomacy that serve specific
purposes in international relations. Here are some of the
most common types of diplomacy:
• Bilateral Diplomacy: Direct communication and
negotiations between two countries to resolve issues
and advance shared interests.
• Multilateral Diplomacy: Interactions among multiple
countries or international organizations to find

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consensus, coordinate actions, and address global
challenges together.
• Public Diplomacy: Shaping perceptions and
relationships between countries through cultural
exchanges, educational programs, and media
outreach.
• Economic Diplomacy: Promoting and protecting a
country’s economic interests through trade
agreements, negotiations, and attracting foreign
investments.
• Track II Diplomacy: Unofficial initiatives bringing
together individuals or organizations from different
countries to engage in dialogue and find solutions to
conflicts or complex issues.
• Digital Diplomacy: Utilizing social media, online
campaigns, and digital tools to engage with foreign
audiences, share information, and influence public
opinion.
• Cultural Diplomacy: Promoting cultural exchanges,
artistic collaborations, and showcasing a country’s
heritage to foster understanding and strengthen
relationships between nations.
These different types of diplomacy serve as tools for
countries to interact, negotiate, and cooperate with each

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other in various aspects of international relations,
contributing to peace, stability, and global cooperation.
Foreign Policy vs Diplomacy:
• Foreign policy is the broader framework and strategy
that guides a country’s interactions with other
nations, while diplomacy is the specific practice of
conducting negotiations and maintaining
relationships within that framework.
• Foreign policy encompasses various aspects,
including economic, political, and security
considerations, while diplomacy focuses on the
peaceful methods used to achieve foreign policy
objectives.
• Foreign policy is often formulated by government
leaders and policymakers, while diplomacy is
implemented by diplomats and diplomatic corps who
engage in direct communication and negotiation on
behalf of their countries.
• Open Diplomacy Open diplomacy emphasizes
transparency and the sharing of information, promoting a

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more inclusive and accountable approach to international
relations.
• Personal Diplomacy Personal diplomacy refers to direct
engagement between leaders or high-level officials of
different countries to build trust, address sensitive issues,
and find common ground.
• Cash Based Diplomacy Cash-based diplomacy involves
the use of financial resources, economic incentives, or aid
as a tool for influencing foreign policy decisions and
gaining diplomatic support.
• Totalitarian Diplomacy Totalitarian diplomacy refers to
diplomatic practices employed by authoritarian regimes,
where diplomatic efforts are often used to assert control,
suppress dissent, and further the regime’s ideological
agenda.

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Human Rights
What are Human Rights?
Human rights are basic rights and freedoms that all
people have simply because they are human. They
cannot be taken away or denied. These rights include the
right to life, freedom, and safety, the right to be treated
fairly and equally, and the right to express our thoughts
and beliefs. Human rights are protected by international
laws and are important for creating a fair and equal
society where everyone is respected and has the
freedom to live a good life.
What are the Dominant Theories of Human Rights:
Some dominant theories of human rights,
• Natural Law Theory: This theory says that human
rights come from moral principles that are naturally
present or given by a higher power.
• Legal Positivism: According to this theory, human
rights are created and protected by laws and legal
systems.

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• Utilitarianism: This theory believes that human
rights are based on the idea of making people as
happy and satisfied as possible.
• Social Contract Theory: This theory suggests that
human rights come from an unspoken agreement or
contract among people in a society.
• Feminist Theory: Feminist perspectives see gender
equality as an important part of human rights.
• Cultural Relativism: This theory says that human
rights can vary depending on the culture and context
in which they are applied.
• Critical Theory: Critical theorists study power
dynamics and social structures that might block the
achievement of human rights.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a
document adopted by the United Nations in 1948 to set
out the basic rights and freedoms that all individuals
should enjoy, regardless of their nationality, race, gender,
or other characteristics. It consists of 30 articles that
cover a wide range of human rights, such as the right to
life, liberty, and security, the right to freedom of speech

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and expression, the right to education, and the right to a
fair trial. The UDHR is considered a milestone in the
history of human rights, serving as a common standard
for all nations and a guide for promoting dignity, equality,
and justice worldwide. It continues to be relevant today
as a reminder of the importance of upholding and
respecting the rights of every person.
Development of Human Rights
Over time, societies have come to realize the importance
of treating people with fairness and respect, leading to
the development of the idea of human rights. Even in
ancient civilizations, some codes and laws recognized
basic rights. However,
➢the concept of human rights gained significant
attention after World War II, which was marked by
terrible atrocities. The global consensus emerged
that individuals have inherent rights that should be
protected. As a result,
➢the United Nations adopted the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. This document
established a common set of rights for everyone.
Since then, human rights have continued to evolve

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and gain recognition worldwide, serving as a
foundation for promoting justice, equality, and
freedom for all individuals.
➢Enlightenment English Declaration of the Rights: In
1689, the English Bill of Rights was enacted, which
established principles of individual freedoms, such as
freedom of speech and fair trial, and limited the
powers of the monarchy.
➢French Declaration of the Rights: The French
Revolution in 1789 led to the adoption of the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
This document proclaimed the rights of liberty,
equality, and fraternity, laying the foundation for
modern human rights principles.
➢United States Constitution and Bill of Rights: The
United States Constitution, ratified in 1788, provided
a framework for a democratic government and the
protection of individual rights. The Bill of Rights,
added in 1791, included key freedoms such as
freedom of religion, speech, and assembly.
Human Rights Violations in Various Countries

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Human rights violations happen in different countries and
regions worldwide. Some examples include North Korea
with restrictions on freedom, Syria’s conflict leading to
abuses, Myanmar’s Rohingya crisis, concerns in Israel-
Palestine, issues in the United States like racial
discrimination and police brutality, human rights
concerns in Russia and China, and violations in Iran
related to freedom of speech and religious persecution.
Three Generations of Human Rights
• First Generation Rights: First-generation human
rights, also known as civil and political rights,
emerged during the late 18th
and early 19th
centuries. They include fundamental rights such as
the right to life, liberty, and security, freedom of
speech, religion, and assembly, and the right to a fair
trial. These rights are aimed at protecting individuals
from governmental interference and ensuring their
personal freedoms.
• Second Generation Rights: Second-generation
human rights, also known as economic, social, and
cultural rights, emerged during the 20th
century.
They include rights such as the right to education,

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healthcare, housing, employment, and social
security. These rights focus on ensuring social and
economic well-being and addressing issues of
inequality and social justice.
• Third Generation Rights: Third-generation human
rights, also known as collective or solidarity rights,
emerged in the mid-20th
century and beyond. These
rights include the right to self-determination, the
right to a clean environment, the right to peace, and
the right to development. They emphasize the
collective rights of communities, groups, and peoples
and highlight the importance of cooperation and
international solidarity.