19. 平均性(客観的な典型性)
• Sir Francis Galtonによる先駆的な研究
• ダーウィンのいとこ
• 平均的な顔が魅力的であることを発見
• 犯罪者の顔を重ね焼きすれば,犯罪者の顔の
特徴を明らかにできると考えた
• またベジタリアンの顔を重ね焼きしたら典型的
ベジタリアンの顔がわかると考えた
• 結果は失敗.魅力的な顔ができてしまう
19Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Developement
Francis Galton (1883)
47. 参考文献
47
処理流暢性の原理
Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Personality and social psychology review, 13(3),
and social psychology review, 13(3), 219-235.
Amemiya, T., & Mizutani, S. (2006). On the basic affective dimensions of Japanese onomatopoeia and the basic level of Japanese phonesthemes. Bulletin
of Japanese phonesthemes. Bulletin of the Faculty of Sociology, Kansai University, 37(2), 139-166.
Barton, D. N., & Halberstadt, J. (2018). A social Bouba/Kiki effect: A bias for people whose names match their faces. Psychonomic bulletin &
faces. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 25(3), 1013-1020.
Belke, B., Leder, H., Strobach, T., & Carbon, C. C. (2010). Cognitive fluency: High-level processing dynamics in art appreciation. Psychology of
appreciation. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(4), 214.
Carbon, C. C., & Leder, H. (2005). The repeated evaluation technique (RET). A method to capture dynamic effects of innovativeness and
innovativeness and attractiveness. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and
Research in Memory and Cognition, 19(5), 587-601.
Farkas, A. (2002). Prototypicality-effect in surrealist paintings. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 20(2), 127-136.
48. Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into human faculty and its development. Macmillan and Company.
Gangestad, S. W., Merriman, L. A., & Thompson, M. E. (2010). Men’s oxidative stress, fluctuating asymmetry and physical
attractiveness. Animal Behaviour, 80(6), 1005-1013.
Grammer, K., & Thornhill, R. (1994). Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and
averageness. Journal of comparative psychology, 108(3), 233.
Hekkert, P., & van Wieringen, P. C. (1990). Complexity and prototypicality as determinants of the appraisal of cubist
paintings. British journal of psychology, 81(4), 483-495.
Komori, M., Kawamura, S., & Ishihara, S. (2009). Averageness or symmetry: which is more important for facial
attractiveness?. Acta psychologica, 131(2), 136-142.
Kuchinke, L., Trapp, S., Jacobs, A. M., & Leder, H. (2009). Pupillary responses in art appreciation: Effects of aesthetic
emotions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3(3), 156.
Landwehr, J. R. (2016). Processing fluency of product design: cognitive and affective routes to aesthetic preferences. The
psychology of design: Creating consumer appeal, 218-233.
Landwehr, J. R., Labroo, A. A., & Herrmann, A. (2011). Gut liking for the ordinary: Incorporating design fluency improves
automobile sales forecasts. Marketing Science, 30(3), 416-429.
Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (1990). Attractive faces are only average. Psychological science, 1(2), 115-121.
長町三生, 石原茂和, 西野達男, 松原行宏, 土屋敏夫, 神田太樹, 井上勝雄. (2005). 商品開発と感性. 海文堂
中村聡史, 鈴木正明, 小松孝徳. (2014). 平均文字は美しい. エンタテインメントコンピューティングシンポジウム 2014 論文集, 2014, 32-39
Perrett, D. I., May, K. A., & Yoshikawa, S. (1994). Facial shape and judgements of female attractiveness. Nature, 368(6468),
239.
Ramachandran, V. S., & Hubbard, E. M. (2001). Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language. Journal of
consciousness studies, 8(12), 3-34.
Reber, R., & Schwarz, N. (2006). Perceptual fluency, preference, and evolution. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 37(1), 16.
Reber, R., Schwarz, N., & Winkielman, P. (2004). Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver's
processing experience?. Personality and social psychology review, 8(4), 364-382.
Reber, R., Winkielman, P., & Schwarz, N. (1998). Effects of perceptual fluency on affective judgments. Psychological
science, 9(1), 45-48.
Repp, B. H. (1997). The aesthetic quality of a quantitatively average music performance: Two preliminary experiments. Music
Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 419-444.
Roulston, K. (2006). Qualitative Investigation of Young Children's Music Preferences. International journal of education & the
arts, 7(9), 1-24.
Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. In E. T. Higgins & R.
M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, Vol. 2, pp. 527-561).
Shortess, G. K., Clarke, J. C., Richter, M. L., & Seay, M. (2000). Abstract or realistic? Prototypicality of paintings. Visual Arts
Research, 70-79.
Stephens-Davidowitz, S., (2018) The Songs That Bind, NY Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/10/opinion/sunday/favorite-songs.html
Taigman, Y., Yang, M., Ranzato, M. A., & Wolf, L. (2014). Deepface: Closing the gap to human-level performance in face
verification. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 1701-1708).
Whitfield, T. W., & Slatter, P. E. (1979). The effects of categorization and prototypicality on aesthetic choice in a furniture
selection task. British Journal of Psychology, 70(1), 65-75.
Winkielman, P., Halberstadt, J., Fazendeiro, T., & Catty, S. (2006). Prototypes are attractive because they are easy on the
mind. Psychological science, 17(9), 799-806.
Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of personality and social psychology, 9, 1-27.
48
Editor's Notes
Reber, R., Schwarz, N., & Winkielman, P. (2004). Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver's processing experience?. Personality and social psychology review, 8(4), 364-382.
Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Personality and social psychology review, 13(3), 219-235.
Reber, R., Winkielman, P., & Schwarz, N. (1998). Effects of perceptual fluency on affective judgments. Psychological science, 9(1), 45-48.
Landwehr, J. R. (2016). Processing fluency of product design: cognitive and affective routes to aesthetic preferences. The psychology of design: Creating consumer appeal, 218-233.
Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of personality and social psychology, 9(2p2), 1.
Carbon, C. C., & Leder, H. (2005). The repeated evaluation technique (RET). A method to capture dynamic effects of innovativeness and attractiveness. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 19(5), 587-601.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/10/opinion/sunday/favorite-songs.html
Roulston, K. (2006). Qualitative Investigation of Young Children's Music Preferences. International journal of education & the arts, 7(9), 1-24.
Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into human faculty and its development. Macmillan and Company.
Perrett, D. I., May, K. A., & Yoshikawa, S. (1994). Facial shape and judgements of female attractiveness. Nature, 368(6468), 239.Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (1990). Attractive faces are only average. Psychological science, 1(2), 115-121.Komori, M., Kawamura, S., & Ishihara, S. (2009). Averageness or symmetry: which is more important for facial attractiveness?. Acta psychologica, 131(2), 136-142.
中村聡史, 鈴木正明, & 小松孝徳. (2014). 平均文字は美しい. エンタテインメントコンピューティングシンポジウム 2014 論文集, 2014, 32-39.
Repp, B. H. (1997). The aesthetic quality of a quantitatively average music performance: Two preliminary experiments. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 419-444.
Whitfield, T. W., & Slatter, P. E. (1979). The effects of categorization and prototypicality on aesthetic choice in a furniture selection task. British Journal of Psychology, 70(1), 65-75.
モダン,ジョージアン,アールヌーボーという3 つの様式の異なる家具のセットを用いて,呈示された様式と同じ様式の家具を選択するよう実験参加者に求めたところ,モダンとジョージアンの弁別性が高かった。さらに,先の実験とは異なる参加者に対して好きな家具を選ぶよう求めたところ,弁別性の高かったモダンとジョージアン様式の家具に対する好ましさはアールヌーボーより高かった。
Shortess, G. K., Clarke, J. C., Richter, M. L., & Seay, M. (2000). Abstract or realistic? Prototypicality of paintings. Visual Arts Research, 70-79.
Shortess, Clarke, Richter, & Seay(2000)は,標準的な美術史の教科書から選んだ絵画110 点を大学生に呈示し,写実性および(絵画としての)典型性の評定を求めた。その結果,典型性と写実性の間に正の相関がみられた。また,同一の絵画に対する複雑性,好ましさ,親和性の評定値(Shortess & Clarke, 1988)と照合すると,写実性および典型性と好ましさ・親和性の間に正の相関がみられた。これよりShortess et al.(2000)は,典型的な絵画の特徴とは相対的な写実性にあり,典型性が高いために写実的絵画は好まれると述べている。
Farkas, A. (2002). Prototypicality-effect in surrealist paintings. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 20(2), 127-136.
Farkas(2002) は,シュルレアリズム絵画を用いて,プロトティピカリティと好みの
関係を検証した。40 点の作品のうち最もよく知られている作品10 点を選び,まず,残り
30 点を4 回呈示した。その後,5 回目の呈示で先に選んだ10 点を呈示したところ,前に
呈示された30 点と比べて好ましさの評定値が高かった。一方,ほとんど知られていない
作品10 点を選び,同様の手続きで実験を行ったところ,前に呈示された30 点と比べて好
ましさの評定値は低かった。この結果からFarkas(2002)は,よく知られている作品が
好まれたのは,新奇性ではなくプロトティピカリティの効果だとしている。
Hekkert, P., & van Wieringen, P. C. (1990). Complexity and prototypicality as determinants of the appraisal of cubist paintings. British journal of psychology, 81(4), 483-495.
Hekkert & van Wieringen (1990)は,プロトティピカリティを絵画の写実性と定義し,美的選好との関連を実験的に検討した。人物を題材にしたキュビズム絵画について,人の
姿が描かれていることが確認できるまでの時間によって3 つのカテゴリに分類した。その
結果,反応時間が長かった,つまり人の姿が描かれていることが確認しにくかった絵画で
は,美しさと複雑性の間に逆U 字関係が見られた。一方,人の姿が容易に確認できた絵画
では,美しさとプロトティピカリティの間に逆U 字関係が見られた。この結果より,
Hekkert & van Wieringen(1990)は,馴染みの深い現実世界の物体に対する美的評価は
まず刺激のプロトティピカリティによって決定されるが,カテゴリ判断が難しくプロトテ
ィピカリティが役割を果たせない時には複雑性が美的評価に強い影響を及ぼすと考察して
いる。
Winkielman, P., Halberstadt, J., Fazendeiro, T., & Catty, S. (2006). Prototypes are attractive because they are easy on the mind. Psychological science, 17(9), 799-806.
Landwehr, J. R., Labroo, A. A., & Herrmann, A. (2011). Gut liking for the ordinary: Incorporating design fluency improves automobile sales forecasts. Marketing Science, 30(3), 416-429.
Kuchinke, L., Trapp, S., Jacobs, A. M., & Leder, H. (2009). Pupillary responses in art appreciation: Effects of aesthetic emotions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3(3), 156.
Belke, B., Leder, H., Strobach, T., & Carbon, C. C. (2010). Cognitive fluency: High-level processing dynamics in art appreciation. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(4), 214.
Grammer, K., & Thornhill, R. (1994). Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of comparative psychology, 108(3), 233.
Komori, M., Kawamura, S., & Ishihara, S. (2009). Averageness or symmetry: which is more important for facial attractiveness?. Acta psychologica, 131(2), 136-142.
Gangestad, S. W., Merriman, L. A., & Thompson, M. E. (2010). Men’s oxidative stress, fluctuating asymmetry and physical attractiveness. Animal Behaviour, 80(6), 1005-1013.
Reber, R., & Schwarz, N. (2006). Perceptual fluency, preference, and evolution. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 37(1), 16.
Ramachandran, V. S., & Hubbard, E. M. (2001). Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language. Journal of consciousness studies, 8(12), 3-34.
Barton, D. N., & Halberstadt, J. (2018). A social Bouba/Kiki effect: A bias for people whose names match their faces. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 25(3), 1013-1020.
Amemiya, T., & Mizutani, S. (2006). On the basic affective dimensions of Japanese onomatopoeia and the basic level of Japanese phonesthemes. Bulletin of the Faculty of Sociology, Kansai University, 37(2), 139-166.
Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, Vol. 2, pp. 527-561).
Winkielman, P., Halberstadt, J., Fazendeiro, T., & Catty, S. (2006). Prototypes are attractive because they are easy on the mind. Psychological science, 17(9), 799-806.