1) The document summarizes research on evaluating the non-market welfare and social values of forest stakeholders in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania to inform sustainable forest management. 2) Survey results found that household consumption is strongly influenced by environmental entitlements and household size, and current consumption levels predict perceptions of well-being. 3) Stakeholders generally prefer non-use and indirect forest values over direct use values and favor collaborative forest management regimes involving multiple stakeholders.

2. Forests are critical in sustaining human and environmental well-being

6. Study Area: Mt. Kilimanjaro

7. Kilimanjaro is ideal for this study: great variation in bio-physical and socio-economic features + multi-stakeholder forest regime

9. Well-being evaluation: want parameter, welfare sensitivity & determinants of welfare parameters σ Verbal qualifications as stimuli: Highest satisfaction Absolute deprivation Individual’s graph of welfare function of wood fuels

12. RESULTS & IMPLICATIONS

13. Current household per-capita consumptions are strongly explained by environmental entitlements and household size . Current consumptions and environmental amenity entitlements are the strongest predictors of well-being parameters Household size Environmental entitlements Coefficient -1.0026 0.0107 P>|t 0.01 0.01 R 2 = 0.65 Current consumption Environmental entitlements Coefficient 1.4934 0.0044 P>|t 0.01 0.05 R 2 = 0.79

14. ‘ Just a little bit more’ ‘ I want more’ Amenity preference drift: (=Psychological adaptation; endowment effect) Communal energy conservation: i.e. smaller per capita consumptions in larger households. Implications: Static & Malthusian approaches are inadequate and unfair in forest resource analysis; Resource consumption forecasts must consider changing demographic structure (e.g. due to urbanization and globalization) , as well as institutional-legal entitlements CLUSTERED = CONSERVING ATOMISTIC = GUZZLING

17. Collaborative regime is accorded highest Social Acceptability by different stakeholder groups Use MaxMin Criteria: decision made to maximize well-being of the most disadvantaged Stakeholder groups Overall acceptability for Alternative forest management regimes State - Policing Participatory/Community based Collaborative ENGO 0.42 0.52 0.75 Forest Authority 0.46 0.80 0.73 Park Authority 0.66 0.41 0.58 Coffee Estate 0.91 0.83 0.83 Local Community 0.62 0.70 0.51 Inter-group aggregation ( Min operator ) 0.42 0.41 0.51 'Optimum' decision ( Max Operator ) 0.51

18. Considering formal institutions, there exists a bureaucrat vs. agrarian population divide regarding logging of native forests Park Authority Forest Authority ENGO Agrarian Private estate Plantation forests on Mount Kilimanjaro should be used as main source of timber instead of harvesting native forests The logging of high quality native forest tree species on Mount Kilimanjaro is acceptable provided it is done legally, in a sustainable manner, using environmentally sound technologies

19. Considering informal institutions, there exists pro-environment and pro-development Advocacy Coalitions regarding logging of native forests Park Authority Forest Authority Social justice activist Agrarian Private estate Plantation forests on Mount Kilimanjaro should be used as main source of timber instead of harvesting native forests Environmental activist Development activist The logging of high quality native forest tree species on Mount Kilimanjaro is acceptable provided it is done legally, in a sustainable manner, using environmentally sound technologies