22. No player has anything to gain
by changing his strategy.
23.
24.
25.
26. A logician vacationing in the South Seas
finds himself on an island inhabited by
the two proverbial tribes of liars and
truth-tellers. Members of one tribe always
tell the truth, members of the other
always lie.
“
”
27. He comes to a fork in a road and has to
ask a native bystander which branch he
should take to reach a village.
“
”
28. He has no way of telling whether the
native is a truth-teller or a liar. The
logician thinks a moment, then asks one
question only. From the reply he knows
which road to take.
What question does he ask?
“
”
29. The logician points to one of the roads
and says to the native,
“If I were to ask you if this road leads to
the village, would you say ‘yes’ ?”
“
”
30. The native is forced to give the right
answer, even if he is a liar. If the road
does lead to the village, the liar would
say “no” to the direct question, but as
the question is put, he lies and says he
would respond “yes.”
“
”
31. More complicated forms of the question
to the native can be devised, but they
all hinge on the same logical principle:
namely, that a double negative is
equivalent to an afirrmative.
“
”
42. You are faced by an opponent holding
two identical cups containing identical
looking liquids.
“
”
43. He tells you that the liquid in one cup is
poison and in the other is water. He tells
you that you must drink from one of the
cups or face certain death by other
means, however you are allowed to
decide who drinks from which cup.
“
”
44. Before you choose he hands you one of
the cups. What does this initial action
mean?
“
”
46. (1) The poison is not in the cup, it is in his.
Expecting you to believe (0), you will
swap and end up drinking the poison
yourself.
“
”
47. (2) The poison is in the cup, because he
believes that you will know (1) and will
thus not swap, to avoid drinking the
poison, but the poison will remain there
anyway.
“
”