Important lessons in economics

Some contemporary OPINION’S become FACTS in future.
When we form an opinion we all hope it will become a fact,
which is why we invest based on our OPINION.
Why do some people achieve a higher degree
of success when it comes to OPINIONS?
Important Lessons in
Economics
- By Sana Securities

© Sana Securities Page 2
Table of Contents
1. Evolution of Money - Use of Gold 3
2. Bretton Woods System – End of the Gold Standard 5
3. US Debt Ceiling 8
4. Currency Trading Basics 10
5. Explanation of Basic Economic Terms Used in India 14
6. BSE Sensex 30 vs. Economy - Wealth effect? 17
7. Economic Cycle and Stock Investing 19
8. Sector Rotation in Stock Market 23
9. Future Prospects of Indian Economy 26
10. Instruments of Monetary Policy in India 28
11. Sensex Target for 2020: Are 40,000 – 60,000 levels achievable? 31
12. Hope, Government and The Next Bull Market Rally 36

Chapter – 1
Evolution of Money - Use of Gold
Imagine a world without cash. That is, without paper money. How would transactions work? Buying
books, coffee, travel or anything you spend on … difficult? How did this work a few hundred years ago?
As mankind evolved, we started exploiting the resources of our planet and produced a variety of things.
Some were essential, others not quite so. We then found ways to share these things with each other, of
course, for a price. For the lack of a developed system we started bartering – you give me some of what
you make and take what I make. As the process of our evolution matured, we realized the difficulty of
this system. Some things take years to make while others take very little effort. Both essential (think of a
house and food – now try to set a swap ratio, i.e. how much food for a house?).
An even bigger problem with the barter system– what if I
don’t accept what you make? Let’s say, I don’t eat fish and I
grow rice. The fisherman then is never getting any rice from
me, at least not directly. So his option is to swap fish for
something I accept and then come to me. Finally, let’s assume
that there was no problem with barter system. Imagine how
this may work in the modern day. A lady with a basket full of
fish standing at a supermarket’s cash counter to pay for a dress
may not be ideal.
Evolution of Money
Rightly so then, we felt the need to put a value to things. This value made market transactions easier. We
developed ways to quantify this value in terms of standard amounts. If you go back on the path
of evolution, you will find that many commodities were used to serve as money and gradually the use
of metals in the form of coins became prominent mainly because they are easy to quantify and carry
around and also because, metals are the same all over the world. Many metals like silver, bronze and even
iron were used as money at different times. Over time, use of gold coins proved to be the standard means
of exchange. Why gold? There are many reasons for why gold became the most popular form or money.
Mostly it was because of its rarity and the ease with which you can identify the yellow metal.
Use of Gold - Drawbacks
As you would imagine, use of gold or for that matter, any metal or commodity as currency has some
drawbacks. For starters, it is inconvenient to store. Would you want to carry big chunks of gold in your
pocket all the time? Also, the value of gold is fixed to the value of the underlying metal so for a larger
transaction size, you may have to carry a very large amount of gold. The solution came in the form of
paper or fiat currency. The idea was to denominate paper to represent a certain value of gold as its
underlying asset or its backing. So for example:

Rs. 1000 Note = 1 unit of gold
Rs. 500 Note = ½ unit of gold and so on.
Countries started issuing currency notes of various denominations and started tying the value of these
notes in terms of units of gold. People deposited their gold coins with the banks and got paper currency
i.e. notes of different denominations. The Governments in turn promised the depositors that the value of
the paper they hold at any point of time would be equal to its proportionate value of the underlying gold.
This concept which guaranteed that any amount of paper money could be redeemed by the issuing
currency's government for its value in gold was called The Gold Standard. As countries around the world
embraced the gold standard, each national currency (the dollar, pound, franc, etc.) was merely a name for
a certain definite weight of gold.
This had two important outcomes. First, a country would print paper currency based on its gold reserves.
So if a country needs to print more money, it needs to mine more gold. Second, countries could now trade
across borders given that they could redeem the foreign currency in gold from the issuing countries bank.
The Problem with the Gold Standard
As population grew, economies expanded. As more and more people started exploiting the natural
resources of the world, both production and consumption increased rapidly. Problem? Not enough gold to
support this growth. How do governments increase the money supply to pay off for these new goods and
services?
The only way was to mine more gold or to revalue gold. How would revaluation work? By revaluing, the
government could make the gold more expensive thus allowing itself to print more money. So for
example: you deposited 10 grams for Rs. 100, now the government prints and gives out more money to
you and increases the value of your gold to Rs. 200 for the same 10 grams. This would mean constant
revaluation of gold as the population (and effectively the production and consumption patterns) of the
world increased. However, this is exactly what happened for some time in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.
Think about it, if the government can print as much money as it wants by revaluing the gold to any price,
then why have gold as a backing? Why not just use paper (i.e. fiat money) so that the Government can
print as much as it wants without revaluing anything.

Chapter – 2
Bretton Woods System – End of the Gold Standard
So how did a shift from the gold standard to pure fiat or paper currency happen?
The problem with the gold standard was that if the
government wanted to print more money than its gold
reserves, it was difficult and so it was difficult to increase
the supply of money with increasing population and rising
levels of production and consumption. Moreover,
governments just like individuals have patterns of
unexpected needs. The only difference is that there is little
that individuals can do to check the acts of governments.
This, in fact, is a lesson which history has taught us far too
many times.
During the two World Wars, governments around the world needed more and more money to support
their militaries. They simply began printing more money than the amount of gold that was available.
Eventually, it came to a point that so much money got printed that it could not be redeemed for gold.
There wasn’t enough gold to do that. What remedy did the governments come up with, across the world?
► End the gold standard (i.e. no more currency conversion to gold).
Further, the war inflicted devastation. After all, all of this money was being printed to support wars in
order to inflict devastation. To that extent governments collectively succeeded. They printed a lot of
money and caused a lot of devastation. After the Second World War, the world embarked on a lengthy
period of reconstruction and economic development to recover from this devastation.
What then started was a period of competitive trade policies which resulted in a world which slowly
started retreating. Why did that happen?
Beggar thy neighbour
The name as it suggests comes from the resulting impact of the policy which is making a beggar out of
neighboring nations. The goal of such a strategy is to increase the demand for your nation's exports, while
reducing your reliance on imports. This is often executed by devaluing the nation's currency, which will
make exports to other nations cheaper. How exactly this is done is as relevant today as it was back then.
Let’s say, it takes Rs. 1,000 to produce a pair of jeans in India and it takes the same amount which is US$
20 (assuming 1 USD = 50 RS) to produce the same in the United States. Now if you artificially reduce the
value of your currency (in our case the Rs), in that 1 US$ converts to Rs. 62 instead of Rs. 50, you will be
able to attract more business from the U.S. as Americans would get that jeans for US$ 16 from India,

making India more attractive. So you kill the foreign market to improve your domestic exports. I am sure
that like me, many of you at this point wonder, “What’s so wrong with that?”
Remember, the prices of goods are not reducing. The workers are not able to produce it for any less. It is
the host nation’s government which is devaluing its currency and keeping it at artificially low levels to
condition demand in its market. This leads to currency wars.
Currency Wars
“Currency war, also known as competitive devaluation, is a condition in international affairs where
countries compete against each other to achieve a relatively low exchange rate for their own currency. As
the price to buy a particular currency falls so too does the real price of exports from the country. Imports
become more expensive. So domestic industry, and thus employment, receives a boost in demand from
both domestic and foreign markets. However, the price increase for imports can harm citizens'
purchasing power. The policy can also trigger retaliatory action by other countries which in turn can
lead to a general decline in international trade, harming all countries.”
Now think about this. When international trade declines, aren’t we going back in time? Instead of
exploiting the resources of the world and getting the best things from wherever they are available, we are
closing our economies. Let’s not discuss any other repercussion of such protectionism and think in lay
man terms. Did we not start trading with our neighbours because they could make certain things better
and cheaper? Aren’t we hindering progress of the world by closing ourselves to foreign ideas? Further,
not all countries produce all the goods. Aren’t we starving each other of goods which we don’t produce?
To solve the problems created by the devastation and excessive protectionism which resulted from the
two World Wars, the fighting nations now felt the need to come together in order to devise some
measures to rebuild most of what they had destroyed.
The Bretton Woods System – A return to the Gold Standard?
In an effort to free international trade and fund post-war reconstruction, delegates from 44 countries met
in 1944 at a place called Bretton Woods in the United States in order to device a system to regulate the
international monetary and financial order and signed agreements to set up the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which was
designed to monitor exchange rates (i.e. an international basis for currency trading) and lend money to
nations with trade deficits.
American politicians, meanwhile, assured the rest of the world that its currency was reliable by linking
the US Dollar to gold; $1 equalled 35 oz. of bullion. In effect, this arrangement replaced gold with US$.
In other words, the Bretton Woods system made US$ as good as gold. Keep in mind that the United
States was mostly unscathed by the world wars and by the end of the Second World War had the biggest
gold reserves in the world. Even till date, the U.S. remains the country with the highest gold reserves with
almost 55% more gold reserves than Germany which has the second highest reserves of gold.
US Dollar as reserve currency meant that now instead of the governments printing money based on their
gold reserves, the U.S. would print the (reserve) money for the world based on its gold reserves. In case

there was another reckless money printing exercise (like it happened during the world wars), will the U.S.
not suspend the gold standard like most nations did during the wars?
Also, in hindsight don’t you think that the Bretton Woods system was bound to fail given the same logic
we discussed earlier? - As population of the world and effectively the production and consumption would
increase, there would be need to print more paper money and there wouldn’t be enough gold to back this
new paper or there would be a need for constant revaluation of gold.
Bretton Woods System - Collapse
The Bretton Woods system collapsed in 1971, when U.S. President Richard Nixon closed the gold
convertibility window (i.e. disallowed any conversion of US$ into gold). Why? Because, countries had by
now prospered since the signing of this agreement in 1945 and had accumulated enough US dollar
reserves. They started demanding gold for their dollar reserves. The U.S. by then had only a third of the
gold reserve necessary to cover the amount of dollars in foreign hands.
So the inevitable collapse of the Gold Standard came on 15th August 1971 when President Nixon
withdrew it in order to avoid a run on American Gold (if you are interested in hearing about it… watch
this video of Mr. Nixon's speech).
Since then all reserve currencies have been fiat currencies and nothing is backed by gold or anything else.
However one thing which the Bretton Woods system achieved was that it established the supremacy of
the US$ as reserve currency or as I like to think of it, as ‘global money’. Central Banks around the world
came to hold large quantities of US$ to transact with the world at large. Today, even though the U.S.
accounts for only about 20% of the combined output of countries engaged in international transactions,
US$ as a currency reigns supreme. The world trades in it. We buy gold, Oil and other imported items
using the US$. Our conversion rates to other currencies are based on USD/INR quotes……
[i] A reserve currency, or anchor currency, is a currency that is held in significant quantities by many
governments and institutions as part of their foreign exchange reserves.

Chapter – 3
US Debt Ceiling
The US Dollar is the most widely used currency in the world. In addition to central banks, public and
private entities around the world hold the US Dollar in their reserves. In fact, it is true that most US
Dollar banknotes are in reality held outside the United States.
In India we buy our biggest imports namely, crude and gold in US$, a legacy of the Bretton Woods
System.While it is true that the Bretton Woods system had put the US$ in a supreme position, there is a
lot of buzz about changing the reserve currency to something other than the US$ mostly because of 2
reasons.
First, given that the current US Debt Ceiling is getting close to US $17 trillion, questions are being raised
about the ability of the United States to honour its debt.
Second, and more importantly why should countries
continue to hold their US Dollar reserves if the share of the
United States in global trade is constantly reducing? The
world today is dealing more and more with the European
Union and China. The EU nations contribute 12.2 % of total
international trade followed by the United States (10.6 %)
and China (10.6 %). All estimates suggest that the United
States will soon slip below China in this regard (unless that
may have already happened) - See here.
For a more elaborate statistical data you can visit here. It is indeed interesting that despite these trends,
central banks continue to hold US$ reserves more than any other currency. The biggest reason for this is
that over the years the world has become habitual to the use of US$ and habits are difficult to change.
Human nature is such that it is hard to find people who will break away from a fixed norm, irrespective of
its virtues.
The reality is that even if the world does not necessarily trade with the US, whoever else the world trades
with accepts the US$. So isn’t it an easy thing to do to just hold the US$ as reserves than any other
currency? Fair point, but this will be good only until the world keeps accepting the US$.
Consider this example, what if China which owns approximately 10% of US debt or approx US$ 1.17
trillion, demands this money back. What will the United States do? I think the United States may consider
this – print US$ and give it to China. Sure the US Debt Ceiling will have to be raised further, to print
more money. I am equally sure that this will be done.
Now let’s assume that for some reason the whole world looses faith in the US$. Central banks start selling
their reserve dollars. Where will the buyers come from on such a day? Will the United States buy back its
dollars? In short, what will the United States pay back its debt with if the world refuses to accept the US
Dollar?

Euros? Or may be Gold, as the United States does have the largest gold reserves in the world (8,133.5
tons, according to the World Gold Council). Just for comparison, Germany is a distant second with
3,395.5 tons and the IMF is in third place at 2,814 tons. So, the United States has a lot of gold, but is it
enough to back all the debt which the United States owes to the world? Not even in the least.
I do not think that any such drama will happen. What I am sure will happen though is that central banks
and businesses will start holding different currencies such as the Euro or Yuan and reduce their US$
reserves. The process may be gradual but it will happen and slowly the US Dollar will be replaced as the
reserve currency by something else.
Many things will remain unanswered until future events unfold. For example, how will currency
conversions (i.e. pairing) work in the absence of a single base currency? If we return to the gold standard,
will the prices of gold skyrocket?
If all the printed US$ in circulation is used to buy the available gold in the world then you will have to
price the gold a great deal higher than its current price. So yes, if we go back to the gold standard, then
gold may prove to be a multibagger investment. I think the exact opposite will happen. Read here for my
views on gold as an investment option. I have been maintaining these views for a while now.

Chapter – 4
Currency Trading Basics
Currency markets are the most liquid and deep financial markets in the world. The highest amount of
trading both by volume and value takes place in the currency markets. Unlike equity markets, a unique
feature of the currency markets is that it is a 24 hour market. This is because business hours in various
financial centers around the world overlap which makes it possible to trade currencies at virtually any
time. For example, between the four largest financial exchange centers, i.e., Tokyo, Singapore, London
and New York, one of the four, if not more, is open for business at any given time and any currency (pair)
can be traded in either market.
Currency trading is becoming extremely popular in India. Big financial institution and small traders alike,
trade currencies on various exchange platforms. The depth of these markets is such that the exchange
rates of major currencies are virtually the same in all markets at any given time and there hardly exists an
opportunity to arbitrage (i.e. buy in one market and sell in another with a view to earn a price difference).
I do not want to dwell too much into how currency markets work - for two reasons. First, unless you want
to actively start trading currencies, it will be of no help. Second, the subject is so vast that a write-up on it
could turn into many pages; I am not ready to start that project as yet. Nevertheless, given how economies
are coming close to each other, I think it is important to know currency trading basics.
Why have exchange rates for currencies?
With international trade increasing by the day, it is important for businesses which are engaged in trade
across borders to keep their positions ‘Hedged’. What does this mean?
If exchange rates remain stable, business can be conducted across borders without worrying about the
value of local currencies. However, this is not the case. Currencies around the world constantly appreciate
or depreciate against foreign currencies based on many factors such as local countries imports, exports
(i.e. balance of payments) and other factors which cause accumulation and/or outflow of foreign currency.
For this reason, currency rates serve as a major economic indicator highlighting the health of a nation’s
economy.
Take the Example of an Indian Company ("IndCo") which makes an order to buy 1,000 Kg of American
almond for US$ 550. The consignment is to arrive in a period of 1 month. On the date of placing the order
USD/INR exchange rate was @ 52.50 (Cost = Rs. 28,875/-). Let’s assume that over the period of one
month (before the company makes the payment for the order), the US$ appreciates to 53.50 against the
INR. This will increase the cost by Rs. 550 (to Rs. 29,425/-). To avoid this situation, the IndCo can hedge
its position against an appreciation of the US$[1].
In currency markets, hedging typically works as an insurance where you pay a small premium and in
return you get the right to buy the foreign currency at a given price on a future date. In our example above
the IndCo could hedge its position by buying a right to purchase the US$, at today’s rate of USD/INR @
52.50 in a month from now by paying a small premium [1]. For exporters, who expect to receive US$

denominated payments in future and are worried that the dollar will depreciate over that time, thus
making them earn less, the strategy would be the reverse, i.e., they will pay a premium to sell the dollar
at today’s price on a future date.
Apart from hedgers who have an interest in the underlying business/transaction and undertake currency
trading to avoid foreign exchange volatility risks, currency market participants also include arbitrageurs
and speculators, who do not really have any economic or business exposure but trade currencies with a
view to earn money based on price differential or price swings between different currencies.
Reading Currency Quotes
Each currency has a unique 3 letter symbol known as currency ISO code given by the International
Organization for Standardization. The ISO code for Indian national currency is‘INR’ (Indian Rupees).
Currency pairs are in the form of a six letter symbol, represented by two 3-letter symbols. First 3 letters in
the pair represent the Base Currency and the next three represent theQuote Currency (also called terms
currency).
The currency pair quotes indicate – How much of quote currency will 1 unit of base currency translate
into, or in other words, it shows the amount of quote currency needed to purchase one unit of base
currency.
For Example, the quote of US$ versus the Indian Rupees will be stated as:
This notation indicates that 1 US Dollar is equal to Rs. 55.30. In other words you have to pay Rs. 55.30 to
buy 1 US Dollar.
Majors, Minors and cross-currency calculations
The currency pairs which generate high trading volumes are called the ‘Majors’. Six currency pairs are
generally considered major currency pairs. These are:
Euro vs. US Dollar (EUR/USD)
US Dollar vs. Japanese Yen (USD/JPY)
British pound vs. US Dollar (GBP/USD)
Australian Dollar vs. US Dollar (AUD/USD)
US Dollar vs. Canadian Dollar (USD/CAD)

US Dollar vs. Swiss Franc (USD/CHF)
EUR/USD accounts for almost 28 % of the daily trading volume in the currency markets followed by
USD/JPY which accounts for almost 14%.
All other currency pairs are called ‘Minors’, for example USD/INR (US Dollar vs. Indian Rupee) or a
‘Cross Currency Pair’ such as INR/MXN (Indian Rupee vs. Mexican Peso).
Cross currency pairs
Cross currency rate calculation is necessary when the base currency and the quote currency rate are not
quoted by FOREX dealers or banks. For example, if an Indian company imports tobacco from Mexico
and has to make a payment in Mexican Peso (MXN), the Indian Company will have to undertake two
separate transactions:
Transaction 1 – Sell the base currency
(i.e. INR) for US$
Transaction 2 – Sell US$ for the quote
currency (i.e. MXN)
This is because FOREX dealers or
banks may not provide a direct quote
for INR/MXN. As you can see, the
US$ here acts as the vehicle currency
for the transaction.
In practice, cross currency pairs are
always calculated by using a vehicle
currency. The US Dollar is currently
the main vehicle currency.
So a quote which reads GBP/INR 91 is in reality calculated by first selling the GBP for US Dollar and
then selling the US Dollar for INR. This is the ideal way of calculating the exchange rates because the
GBP/USD market and the USD/INR markets are more widely traded (in comparison to the GBP/INR
market) and have much better information availability which makes it easier for FOREX dealers and
banks to focus their research on the US Dollar. Additionally, this approach helps them in limiting the
number of currencies they hold.
[1] This is done by using currency future contracts. In our example above the USD/INR spot exchange
rate was @ 52.50. If this spot exchange rate remains unchanged after one month, the IndCo will have to
pay Rs. 28,875/- to buy US$ 550 to pay for the almonds. However, as we see in the example, if the
exchange rate changes to USD/INR 53.50, then the IndCo will have to pay more. Naturally, IndCo would
want to keep itself protected from any adverse currency movements.

To do so, IndCo will enter into a futures contract to buy US$ 550 at Rs. 52.50 and lock-in the future cash
outflow in terms of INR. By doing this, no matter what the prevailing spot market price be (after one
month), IndCo’s liability is locked in at INR Rs. 28,875/- and the company is protected against adverse
foreign exchange rate movement.
Note: In reality, this will work as a two transactions, first, where IndCo will pay the seller (of almonds) @
53.50 and second, where it will buy US$ @ 52.50 and sell it in the open market at the spot price of 53.50.
In the first transaction IndCo will suffer a loss of Rs. 1,000 on account of adverse exchange rate
movement and in the second it will profit by Rs. 1,000.

Chapter – 5
Explanation of Basic Economic Terms Used in India
In the United States more than 50% of their population invests in the stock markets (directly or via
ownership of funds). In India, this figure is less than 2.5%. Ironically, India remains the fastest
growing market for financial newspapers in the world. Does that mean that people want to research
and stay updated but not invest?
I am sure that as awareness of stocks and financial products increases, as online accounts and faster
internet connections penetrates deeper into the country and as our capital markets develop further, a lot
more people in India will start investing in equity markets.
Recently, I was invited as a guest speaker at a
college in Delhi where I spoke about the
importance of starting early with investing. I
asked the students to raise their hand if they
regularly read a business newspaper. More
than half the audience raised their hands.
Many of them could not explain RBI’s main
job, what basic economic terms like the GDP
and CRR meant, and how RBI’s rate cut
impacts businesses.
I will tell you exactly what I told them that day:
“This cannot be you. You must get on top of these things”.
Below, I will list out some of the most basic economic terms used in India which will help you
understand and interpret key economic indicators and the impact of monetary policy on the economy.
They will also help you extract a lot more information out of financial news.
The primary tools used by the government along with its agencies, to regulate the financial system can be
classified as (i) Fiscal and (ii) Monetary policy tools.
 Fiscal policy refers to the policies framed by the government in order to regulate taxation and for
allocation of budgets to various departments for their functioning. The annual economic survey and
the annual budget list out these policies of the government. From paying the income tax, to our
demand for better roads and infrastructure, everything is affected by the government’s fiscal
policies.

 Monetary policy on the other hand is a term used to refer to the actions of our central bank i.e. the
Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Besides printing money, the RBI through the use of monetary policy
tools monitors and influences the movement of a number of macroeconomic indicators including
interest rates, inflation rate, money supply and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (these indicators are
discussed below).
You may think of the RBI and the government as ‘money printers’ and ‘money managers’, both activities
done with some careful planning. RBI prints new money primarily based on growth in the economy (i.e.
the GDP) while the government manages this money to encourage growth in the economy.
Financial media regularly uses some basic economic terms while reporting a variety of data figures like
stock market returns, GDP, inflation, FII flows, interest rates, industrial production etc. These figures are
closely tracked by investors and analysts in order to predict the future health of the economy and make
investment decisions on that basis. All these data points directly or indirectly indicate the state of the
economy and business environment in the country.
Stock Market Returns: Stock market returns are a leading economic indicator and draw attention to the
state of the economy. The stock market usually begins to decline before the economy declines and begins
to improve before the economy begins to pull out of a recession. Sometime back I wrote a detailed article
on what stock market returns really indicate, where I compared the returns generated by the BSE 30
companies with the broader economy, available here- BSE Sensex 30.
Manufacturing Activity: Manufacturing activity is another leading indicator of the state of the economy.
A rise in the manufacturing activity of materials indicates a rising demand for consumer goods which is a
sign of GDP growth. Further, a rise in manufacturing activity creates employment as more workers are
employed in the manufacturing sector. This new employment results in more wages being paid, all of
which drives consumption. In India, the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) data is released on a monthly
basis which indicates the level of manufacturing activity in the economy.
Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs): FIIs are foreign entities which are allowed to invest in the Indian
share markets and are a major source of liquidity for the stock markets. When FIIs invest large amounts in
the Indian share markets, it is seen as a seal of approval by sophisticated investors who back themselves
with detailed diligence and study of the future prospects of the economy. For this reason FII buying often
indicates a positive economic outlook and vice-versa.
View: The above view on FIIs may well be the one widely accepted. In my experience, FII buying and
selling indicates nothing about long term prospects. FII’s are just as likely as any other category of
investors to indulge in irrational buying and selling. Given the academic nature of this article, I
nevertheless included this as an indicator.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): FDI which is a direct investment into the country from an entity in
another country, either by setting up a new company or by way of a merger, acquisition etc., indicates the
positive sentiment of overseas investors on the future business environment of the country.

Chapter – 6
BSE Sensex 30 vs. Economy - Wealth effect?
Over the last 10-15 years, Indian stock markets have seen about 3-4 crashes and an equal number of
booms. If one were to analyze the boom and bust cycles of the stock market, it would appear that the
economy really did not suffer as badly as the stocks, nor did it outperform the markets. What then is the
relation between the real economy and the stock markets?
It is believed that the stock “markets are always ahead” of the real economy and can indicate beforehand
the state of the economy i.e. they decline before the economy as a whole declines and improve before the
general economy begins to recover. The reason for this belief may well be the fact that the sharpest minds
(for good or bad) work in the financial markets as opposed to the real economy. They are constantly
predicting the future of the stock markets and are able to spot its movement before the real economy
latches on. The other theory which supports stock market’s predictive ability is the “wealth effect” which
argues that fluctuations in stock prices have a direct effect on aggregate spending. When the stock market
is rising, investors are wealthier and may spend more. As a result, economy expands. On the other hand,
if stock prices are declining, investors are less wealthy and spend less. This results in slower economic
growth. On that logic, the real economy always trails the stock market. Sounds logical, but any empirical
evidence to prove this point? So does the stock market always look ahead, anticipating future events?
On 19th March, 2013, the Dow Jones surged to its highest closing level ever. The Dow closed at 14,254,
passing its previous high of 14,164.52 made in October 2007. Where is the so called real economy in the
United States? Far from recovery I would say. Declining corporate profits, federal spending cuts and a
state of high unemployment are all driving down consumption in the U.S. If you believe in the “markets
are always ahead” theory, then could this be an early signal from equities that the U.S. economy is
coming out of a recession?
Analysts closely follow the many economic indicators which influence (or are supposed to influence) how
stock markets perform and as empirical evidence suggests, these indicators certainly have an impact on
equity prices. Whether this impact is justified or not is also influenced. In reality, forecasting stock price
movements is often done on the basis of economic indicators which are themselves being forecasted
ahead of time.
To explain by an example as to how these indicators have an impact - let’s say RBI increases interest
rates because of rising inflation. This increases the borrowing cost of companies which will add to their
cost of production and bring down their profits. This will naturally have a negative effect on the share
prices of those companies. So RBI’s action of increasing the interest rates creates a negative sentiment
which leads to selling.
This article was originally published on our Blog in January 2013.

We tried to compare a key economic indicator – the GDP figure with the BSE Sensex 30 level for the last
7 years, to include the period preceding the 2008 crash and then what followed since then up until now.
One very evident trend which is hard to miss is the current gap between the GDP and the BSE Sensex
30 level. Does it indicate that our economy should start improving? Given that this gap has been ever
increasing (at least in the last 5-6 quarters) it’s hard to believe this. On the contrary, while there is
dissatisfaction amongst the investors about the poor performance of the equity markets, this chart would
show the exact opposite i.e. the markets are overvalued and in a state of unnecessary exuberance. There is
hardly a sign of improvement in the economy. In fact if you look at the historical data, it seems that our
markets are so far ahead of the real economy that one should not be surprised if there is a big correction
from this point. And this is based purely on the GDP. Add to it, high inflation, political uncertainty and
low consumption, you will find little reason to explain this gap.
Indeed, if you believe that “markets are always ahead” of the real economy then could this be an early
signal from equities that the economy is coming out of a recession?

Chapter – 7
Economic Cycle and Stock Investing
I recently read something interesting in William O’Neil’s book titled “How to Make Money in Stocks”.
Based on his research he concluded that three out of every four stocks follow the trend prevailing in the
sector to which they belong. Put in context this would mean that if the automobile sector as a whole is not
performing well, i.e. the ‘stock price performance’ of Tata Motors, M&M and Maruti Suzuki has been
below par, then it is unlikely that Ashok Leyland will do well no matter how good the business prospects
and fundamentals of Ashok Leyland.
While explaining the concept of Economic Cycle, Investopedia states, “During times of expansion,
investors seek to purchase companies in technology, capital goods and basic energy. During times of
contraction, investors will look to purchase companies such as utilities, financials and healthcare”. I may
safely add FMCG companies to that list for an emerging economy like India, with rising disposable
incomes and with the average age of its population being 27.
ECONOMIC CYCLES - DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES REACT DIFFERENTLY TO THEM
Some industries are very vulnerable to economic cycles while others are somewhat unaffected by them.
For example, FMCG and pharmaceutical stocks are considered defensive bets in times of economic
slowdowns as it is believed that demand for these products does not substantially reduce in times of
economic slowdowns. Industries which experience only modest gains during expansionary periods may
also suffer only mildly during contractions (example – agro-products) and those that recover fastest from
recessions may also feel the impact of a downturn earlier and more strongly than other industries
(example – Banking).

Stock Investing and Sector Rotation
So should you be constantly looking at investing in stocks which belong to “Flavor of the month”
industry sectors? Sure, why not, but 2 problems. First, how do you know the current economic cycle? Ask
yourself – are we in a recession or are we recovering? Or, are we yet to fall into a recession? No one
believes that we are in an upswing of any sorts (in June 2013). Second, while it is true that different
sectors of the economy outperform (and/or underperform) the broader markets as the economy itself
moves from one cycle to the other, the performance of sectors is not uniform in every economic cycle. So
the sectors which outperformed in the last upswing may not necessarily outperform this time around.
Nevertheless, the methodology and steps listed below will help you uncover with great certainty, both,
sectors which are likely to outperform and those which will underperform (which to my mind are a lot
more important to identify), the broader markets in a given economic cycle.
Note: The chart at the end expresses only a personal opinion on companies and sectors listed therein. It is
meant for the limited purpose of explanation of the contents of this article. Nothing should be considered
as a representation that investment in any given sector or company is suitable or appropriate at any given
time or to your individual circumstances, or otherwise constitutes a personal recommendation to you.
Steps in industry analysis:
1. Read the available industry reports and statistics available on web.
2. It is important to look at the different market segments in a particular industry. For example, if you
look at chemical industry, you need to understand the sub-industries like fertilizers, paints etc.
3. Look at the demand-supply scenario for a particular product/ industry by studying the past trends
and forecasting future outlook.
4. Study the competitive scenario: There is a framework of industry analysis, called “Porter’s five
forces” model. In this model, five parameters are analyzed to see the competitive landscape. They are:
♦ Barriers to entry
♦ Bargaining power of supplier
♦ Threat of substitutes
♦ Bargaining power of buyer
♦ Degree of rivalry among the existing competitors
5. Find and study the recent developments, innovation in the industry.
6. Look at the industry valuations (P/E)
7. In Industry analysis, it is important to focus and understand the industry life cycle.
Industry Life Cycle is an important parameter in determining the profitability of companies in a given
industry. In other words, no matter how good one is at finding great businesses with improving
fundamentals, if its industry group is out of favor, the stock will most likely to go down anyway.

The different stages of the industry life cycle:
Introduction stage: In this stage, the industry is in its infancy. This phase include the development of a
new product, from the time it is initially conceptualized to the point it is introduced in the market. The
firm having an innovative idea will have a period of monopoly, until competitors start to copy and / or
improve on the product. For investors, during the introduction stage there is significant risk as the
companies will require huge amount of cash to promote their products. The other risks at this stage are:
technical problems in manufacture, packaging, storage, etc., insufficient production capacity, obstacles in
distribution, customer reluctance to new products.
Growth stage: If the new product becomes successful, sales will start to grow and the product may begin
to be exported to other markets and substantial efforts will be made to improve its distribution. During
this phase new competitors will enter the market, slowly eroding the market share of the innovating firm.
Competition will mainly be on the basis of product innovations and price. In the growth stage, companies
require a significant cash outlay towards more focused marketing efforts and expansion. It is during this
phase that companies may start to benefit from economies of scale in production. This stage of industry
growth, while still presenting risk to investors, demonstrates the capability of the industry.
Maturity Stage: At this stage, the product become standardized and widely available in the market and
distribution is also well established. Competition increasingly takes place over cost and production
increases in low cost locations. This is the stage where the industry will start to see slowed growth in the
sales. Late entrants come in this stage seeking to capture market share through lower-cost offerings, thus
requiring the existing companies to continue their marketing efforts. For investors, maturity of an industry
can mean relatively stable stock investments with the possibility of income through dividends.
Decline stage: As the product begins to become obsolete, production and distribution of the product also
decline. Eventually, the product will be outdated, an event that marks the end of its life cycle. A decline is
inevitable in any industry as technological innovations and changing consumer tastes adversely affect
sales. At this stage, some companies may exit the industry or merge and consolidate. An investor should
approach stocks in declining industries with caution.

Chapter – 8
Sector Rotation in Stock Market
A few days back someone, allegedly from one of the most reputed financial newspaper called me for my
views on cement stocks. It was a cold call but at least inspiring that I had reached a point where my views
were sought by the media.
His question was simple – Going forward, what is your outlook on cement sector?
Basically, I had to tell him whether cement shares as a whole will go up or down in the next few hours,
weeks or months. In such situations it often becomes difficult to not commit. I tried my best and came up
with an answer.
Yes the Government is likely to build roads, bridges and buildings; it’s not going to happen overnight. To
the extent, an expectation of all that happening was to drive share prices higher, that already happened
when the results of the general elections were announced. I mean, did anyone doubt that a strong
government with an emphasis on infrastructure and highways will be good for cement companies? I think
cement stocks have run up beyond what they should have, purely on sentiment. It will take a few
quarters for earnings to improve and get reflected in financials.
Sector Rotation – chasing shadows
I don’t think that the enquirer was happy with my views. I know this because he did not publish my views
anywhere. 1 month later cement stocks, across the board are 5-10% down. Though I must admit that on
the day of his call and for a bit after that, they did briefly rally 5-10%.
This is the only truth here – Cement had suddenly become ‘Flavor of the Month’. Everyone in finance
media, from TV to newspapers, to magazines and portfolio managers started talking about cement stocks.
For the most enthusiastic investors, who take heavy doses of finance news, cement almost became a state
of mind.
I realized something interesting.
In the short term, well placed media people are likely to do far better, as portfolio managers. I realized
another thing – When you get a call like that, ask a counter question – “Really, cement? Is that what
you are all talking about?”
In the short term, this is likely to succeed, but how frequently if at all should you indulge in sector
rotation?

8 out of 10 times, sector rotation or buying shares of companies in a particular sector(and abandoning
others) will result in short term losses. The reason is simple, it’s like chasing a shadow, news-makers and
their distributors will always be a step ahead of you. If you can anticipate the news before news-makers
and can position yourself in the sector before them, you will make money. If not, don’t even try.
Enterprising businessmen along with media could really influence your vote and decisions. Has this not
happened before?
The greater fool’s theory
The game is simple, as it has been for centuries. Position yourself by buying into certain stocks. Then,
market those stocks. When others start buying, quietly exit and start positioning yourself in yet another
out-of-craze sector. Then – Repeat! These days, this happens at a well managed institutional level.
So really, sector rotation works only for those who rotate well before others hear about it. The rest are just
chasing shadows.
Can you make money from Sector Rotation?
Sure you can. But you must do one of the 2 things correctly for that:
I. Be first – do it before you hear about it.
II. Set the tone – Be the one who sets the tone for the market.
Now, if you cannot do the 2nd
, there are 3 further rules to be correct with the first rule:
1. Do the Opposite – Instead of buying, try to sell stocks /sectors which are being talked about the
most.
2. Anticipate future events well in advance – Sometime in March 2014, we concluded that BJP
Government was most likely to win a majority on the 16th of May. We zeroed in on 3 sectors
which were likely to benefit the most – Infrastructure, power & defense.
We did a bottom down study of companies in these sectors ignoring power companies (for the time
being) for the reason that no matter what the Government did, it will take a long time for things to
improve for shareholders of these companies, given the amount of debt on their books. On the 25th
of
March, we came out with our monthly recommendation of Bharat Electronics Limited (for reasons
mentioned in the report here). The stock doubled within 2 months from then.

____________________________________
I remain very bullish on the power sector, despite the high levels of debt and despite the long gestation
periods and delays. Again, you must be very careful before getting stock specific and must have some
time horizon in mind.
To go back to the point A above, ideally, you should
have sold it by end of June when literally every fund
house and every media channel started talking about
the defense theme.
The important takeaway and what you should think
about at any point of time – What sector will be the
flavor of month in 2-3 months from now?
Right time for sector rotation
There is absolutely no fixed science around this. For
sure, popular media is not the right place to get ideas in
this regard. Anticipation of future should be
differentiated with speculation about future. The
former is based on some level of study and research.
Couple this with the fact that your starting point should
be beaten down sectors or industries.
Based on prices as on 1st April 2014
Infrastructure
Company 6 year 3 year
Lanco Infra -86.70% -60.33%
Jaypee Infra -77.27% -58.79%
BGR Energy -76.54% -60.50%
GMR Infra -63.93% -27.10%
IRB Infra -60.17% -44.27%
Power
Suzlon Energy -84.42% -55.22%
Jaypee Power -79.64% -65.34%
Reliance Power -53.90% -40.03%
NTPC -41.38% -25.11%
NHPC -35.81% -1.02%
Real Estate
Orbit Corporation -87.48% -67.05%
Unitech -81.95% -52.94%
HDIL -80.59% -34.17%
Indiabulls Real Estate -62.88% -11.60%
DLF -43.74% -13.13%

Chapter – 9
Future Prospects of Indian Economy
India’s population today is 1.237 billion and growing at 1.3%
every year. This makes India the second most populated
country in the world with China leading the charts with a
population of 1.35 billion. According to the most recent
census survey, India occupies 17 % of the world’s population
and 65 % of these people are below the age of 35.
For years, such large population weighed heavily on the
country’s available resources. Over the years, a lot of emphasis
was placed on skill development and basic education. Today, a
large part of those, who are below the age of 35 are educated
and skilled.
Over the next 4-5 decades, India’s young population will transform the country’s overall demographics
further. A majority or people between the ages of 10-19 are all getting access to basic education. I should
also add the fact that English is widely spoken and understood unlike in some other countries, which
gives an edge particularly to the service sector of India.
In fact, a major push to India’s growth came from the business processes that were outsourced to India
mainly between 1996 -2005. Shashi Tharoor, India’s minister of state for human resources said sometime
back, “If we get it right, India becomes the workhorse of the world”.
With the kind of emphasis India is putting on skill development and higher education, over the next few
decades, India could become to service sector, what china is for manufacturing. What started essentially
as a cost effective software outsourcing industry has today transformed into a full time back office
function for a large number of western businesses. Many of these businesses are continuously working on
training their local staff and have made long term investment plans in the country which is a very positive
sign for the future prospects of Indian economy.
It is expected that by the year 2025, up to 70% of Indian population will be moderately skilled and will of
working age. Given the differential in wage differential, the country will keep attracting more service
oriented work.
For businesses which are looking at an inbound investment into India, a ‘young’ economy with growing
disposable incomes and greater exposure to western lifestyles is a fascinating prospect.

More jobs in future will result in higher wages which will further boost the domestic consumption in the
country. As more and more people in India climb the social ladder, their demands and aspirations for
better facilities will boost spending in most sectors like housing, automobiles, consumer goods,
electronics etc.
By many measures, the domestic story in India is fast replacing the initial boom that was created by the
influx of foreign capital. In fact, it was due to the higher dependence on internal consumption that India
was less impacted by the global financial crisis of 2008 -09 (70% of GDP is contributed by personal +
Government consumption).
As an investor, if you are positive on the future prospects of Indian economy, then consumption oriented
sectors like FMCG, pharmaceutical, consumer durables etc., will still prove to be one of the best place to
invest your money for the long term, despite their current high valuation.
Housing
14%
Food
23%
Entertainment
4%
Education
8%
Auto
5%
Healthcare
6%
Household
personal care
6%
Moblie Phones
2%
Miscellaneous
17%
Savings
15%
Monthly spending by category (%)

Chapter – 10
Instruments of Monetary Policy in India
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): National output or GDP is the most important concept of
macroeconomics. When GDP increases, it is a sign that the economy is getting stronger. While a
reduction in the GDP indicates a state of weakening economy. How is GDP really calculated?
One of the most reliable methods to measure the GDP is the expenditure approach which totals up the
following elements to calculate the GDP:
GDP = C + G + I + NX, where:
“C” = total private consumption in the country
“G” = total government spending
“I” = total investment made by the country’s businesses
“NX” = net exports (calculated as total exports minus total imports)
In short, the GDP is the state of the economy in a snapshot. The year on year GDP growth rate is closely
monitored by investors and white it only indicates what has already happened in a previous time period,
every time the GDP data gets published, analysts alter their stance on the future prospects of Indian
economy.
Why?
One reason is because a lot of buying and selling in the stock market happens based on forecasting of the
future (everybody wants to be the first to buy or sell).

Those involved with Indian stock market analysis regularly forecast the GDP figure in advance. Of
course, the actual GDP figure could (and almost always) vary. A below forecast GDP figure indicates that
the economy did not grow as per analyst expectations. On the other hand, a higher than expected GDP
figure would tend to indicate that the economy has strengthened more than analyst expectation.
Inflation: Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the price of a representative basket of wholesale goods
including food articles, LPG, petrol, cement, metals, and a variety of other goods. Inflation is determined
by measuring in percentage terms, the total increase in the cost of the total basket of goods over a period
of time. For a list of what is included in the WPI basket you can view this sample report.
Most instruments of monetary policy in India (which are discussed below) are used by the RBI to keep
inflation under check.
Interest Rate: Interest rates act as a vital tool of monetary policy when dealing with variables like
investment, inflation, and unemployment. The Central Bank (RBI) reduces interest rates when it wants to
increase investment and consumption in the economy. Reduced interest rates make it easier for people to
borrow in order to buy goods and services such as cars, homes and other consumer goods. At the same
time, lower interest rates can lead to inflation. When the Central Bank wants to control inflation, it
increases the rate of lending. Banks and other lenders are then required to pay a higher interest rate to the
Central Bank in order to obtain money. They pass this on to their customers by charging a higher rate of
interest for lending money. This reduces the availability of money in the economy and helps in
controlling inflation.
We update the GDP, Inflation and Interest Rate data as it is released: Click here
There are a number of other indicators which are closely monitored by analysts such as income and
wealth data, unemployment rate, annual economic survey etc.
The RBI has numerous instruments of monetary policy at its disposal in order to regulate the
availability, cost and use of money and credit. Using these monetary policy instruments, the RBI must
walk a tightrope between trying to stimulate growth while keeping inflation under control.
Instruments of Monetary Policy used by the RBI
Direct regulation:
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): Commercial Banks are required to hold a certain proportion of their
deposits in the form of cash with RBI. CRR is the minimum amount of cash that commercial banks have
to keep with the RBI at any given point in time. RBI uses CRR either to drain excess liquidity from the
economy or to release additional funds needed for the growth of the economy.
For example, if the RBI reduces the CRR from 5% to 4%, it means that commercial banks will now have
to keep a lesser proportion of their total deposits with the RBI making more money available for business.
Similarly, if RBI decides to increase the CRR, the amount available with the banks goes down.

Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): SLR is the amount that commercial banks are required to maintain in
the form of gold or government approved securities before providing credit to the customers. SLR is
stated in terms of a percentage of total deposits available with a commercial bank and is determined and
maintained by the RBI in order to control the expansion of bank credit. For example, currently,
commercial banks have to keep gold or government approved securities of a value equal to 23% of their
total deposits.
Indirect regulation:
Repo Rate: The rate at which the RBI is willing to lend to commercial banks is called Repo Rate.
Whenever commercial banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow from the RBI, against
securities. If the RBI increases the Repo Rate, it makes borrowing expensive for commercial banks and
vice versa. As a tool to control inflation, RBI increases the Repo Rate, making it more expensive for the
banks to borrow from the RBI with a view to restrict the availability of money. The RBI will do the exact
opposite in a deflationary environment when it wants to encourage growth.
Reverse Repo Rate: The rate at which the RBI is willing to borrow from the commercial banks is called
reverse repo rate. If the RBI increases the reverse repo rate, it means that the RBI is willing to offer
lucrative interest rate to commercial banks to park their money with the RBI. This results in a reduction in
the amount of money available for the bank’s customers as banks prefer to park their money with the RBI
as it involves higher safety. This naturally leads to a higher rate of interest which the banks will demand
from their customers for lending money to them.
The RBI issues annual and quarterly policy review statements to control the availability and the supply of
money in the economy. The Repo Rate has traditionally been the key instrument of monetary policy used
by the RBI to fight inflation and to stimulate growth.

Chapter – 11
Sensex Target for 2020: Are 40,000 – 60,000 levels
achievable?
A lot of research goes into predicting future prices and Sensex targets. Analysis of past data for such
predictions suggests that analysts are far more accurate over a longer term. Shorter your time frames,
higher are the chances of error. Yet, analysts and market commentators regularly throw out targets for
anywhere between a few years to a few months, end of week targets and end of day targets.
A lot of these projections may well be the result of commercial realities. Brokers and fund managers must
constantly keep their audience engaged. That said, if you are correct with your end of day projections 6
out of 10 times, it makes perfect sense to do it.
While such targets (with their 6 out of 10 winning odds) will work well for traders who follow and trade
the markets on a daily basis, for those who wish to invest systematically over a period of time, a little
more certainty is both, desirable and advisable.
Below, I will share some of my observations and make the most bullish case for Indian equities over the
next 5-7 year timeline. While this may sound a little exaggerated today, I think the projections are fairly
modest.
Note – All calculations were made on the 5th
March 2014 (yearly compounding used).
Since its inception in 1979, the Sensex has grown at an annual rate of 16.55%. Over the last 10 years, the
growth has been at an annual rate of 13.71%. I will not get into any great detail about how the last 10
years have played out. In short, Over the last 10-15 years, Indian stock markets have seen about 3-4
crashes and an equal number of booms, this included a massive bull run (between 2003-2008) followed
by an epic crash (in 2008 -09).
Since I am talking of a 6 year projection (i.e. 2014 – 2020), let’s also look at how much the Sensex has
grown in six year periods going back from today:

What’s the point?
We all probably know this – It’s all Cyclical.
1. Historic Trends
Quiet apart from looking at corporate earnings and macro factors, which I do get into looking at below,
the simple observation above suggests something which I am sure most of us are well aware. Markets
move in cycles. The fact that they have given no returns whatsoever over the last 6 years should if at all
be looked at as a positive sign. Why many investors do not act on this principle is something that has
eluded the smartest fund managers since the beginning of markets.
Stocks and markets regularly rise above and dip below the average PE multiples and usually continue
such trend until faced with a big event. I tried to test this with some more historical numbers.
Click here to read about Index PE Ratios.

About the Chart
The current Price Earnings [PE] multiple for the BSE Sensex = 17.6 (as of today, i.e. 5 March
2014).
It is generally accepted that the Sensex is oversold when Sensex wide PE value is below 13.5 and is
overbought when it rises above 22.5.
The average PE ratio of the Sensex over the last 10 years has been ~ 19.35.
Note: The average PE ratio for the last 20 years is 21.28 but a bit of that is because of the big Bull Run in
the wild Harshad Mehta days which resulted in a massive correction which lasted until 1995-96. During
that time the Sensex wide PE reached as high as 45. I have discounted that in this analysis.
In which direction will the Sensex move over the next 6-10 years?
Nobody can predict when exactly the next hyper bull kind of run-up starts. To that extent I believe that
month end / year end targets are at best an educated speculation. That said, if you have a 5+ year view on
the markets, it would only be logical to allocate money to high quality stocks right now.
Think about it – January 2008 – Sensex @ 21,000. January 2014 – Sensex @ 21,000. What is your
Sensex target for 2020?
21,000? Higher/ lower? Surely, it would depend on growth in corporate earnings which again depend on
a host of other factors.
2. Current Trend in Corporate Earnings
When earnings grow, so do stock prices.
Every time we near the end of a quarter or the financial year, a team of analysts burn a lot of office hours
to up with a projection for corporate earnings. In the last few years, while corporate earnings have been
growing at a moderate rate, the Indian economy has been struggling with high inflation. As a result, the
earnings growth looks even more insignificant.
High inflation, lower consumption particularly in developed economies, lack of policy action on the
domestic front coupled with a twin current and fiscal account deficit and a series of corruption scandals
have all played a part in the stagnant-growth story of India.
Despite that, corporate earnings have been growing (albeit moderately). This surely does not get reflected
in stock prices. This is yet another reason why I am extremely bullish on the Indian stock markets. In fact,
at current levels, I am more positive on Indian stock markets than I am on the Indian economy (not to say
that I am negative on the Indian economy – my views here).

However, for things to change significantly there has to be political certainty and a strong government –
the kind that will not only be able to push reforms and legislation but one that will take the corporate
sector along in policy making. In addition, a marked revival in global economic scenario is also
significant. On the latter, while for now the world looks like a less risky place with some signs of growth
in both the EU and the United States, the rising U.S. debt is sooner or later likely to create another global
mess. While this could take a few years, it is an ever escalating risk which may eventually lead to the
debasement of the U.S. Dollar.
In the more near term however (5-7 years), even marginal improvement in corporate earnings, coupled
with some measure of control on inflation and a strong government will all prove to be a shot in the arm
for stock prices.
Over the last 10 years, corporate earnings for Sensex companies grew @ CAGR of 12.1%.
Sensex Target for 2020
“Moderate growth“– Corporate earnings for Sensex companies keep growing at a CAGR of 12.1% p.a.
over the next 6 years, and the Sensex grows at a rate similar to the rate of growth of Sensex companies
(i.e. 12.1% annually) then by 2020 it reaches – 42,540 points (yearly compounding used).
A more “rational growth view” (based on cyclical nature of markets) -
Corporate earnings for Sensex companies grow at a CAGR of 17% p.a. over the next 6 years, and the
Sensex grows at a slightly higher rate of 19% during this time, then by 2020 it reaches –
54,286 points (yearly compounding used).

Whether you take a growth target in between the above two or you take a moreaggressive view betting on
the strong prospects for the Indian economy, it is unlikely that the Sensex will settle anywhere below the
50,000 point mark by 2020.
I will leave you with a thought I get every time a brave analyst comes out and tries to justify his
projections:
“Saying results missed estimates is like blaming reality for your own imprudence.”

Chapter – 12
Hope, Government and the Next Bull Market Rally
A man can live three weeks without food, three days without water, and three minutes without air, but
he cannot live three seconds without hope
- Lewis Mumford.
3 months ago on the 08 March 2014 one share of Unitech cost Rs. 12.10. Today it is trading at Rs. 36.40 a
share. What changed so drastically so as to increase the market cap of a company from Rs. 3,165.72 Cr. to
Rs. 9,510.25 Cr. in 3 months?
We conducted a poll last week and these were some of the widely specified reasons:
1. We now have a stable and strong government.
2. The PM is pro business and has a track record of delivering on development.
3. Markets are cyclical, they have been down for 6 years, they will turn a corner now.
4. There is improvement in global economy; and the most promising answer-
5. Indian markets have been grossly undervalued. The election result just proved to be a trigger for
stock prices matching their true worth.
I agree with all of the above. Particularly no. 5. Stock prices really were, and in most cases still are,
grossly undervalued.
The biggest truth about stock markets
Stock markets move in cycles continuously undercutting and overshooting the real worth of the
underlying security.
Click here to read about my views about the economic outlook for 2014, as they were in August 2013.
The stock markets have since then risen by over 50%. Yes, the broader markets are 50% up in less than a
year. The point I am trying to make was most eloquently expressed in the Security Analysis by Graham
and Dodd:

General Electric Common Stock Price
Year 1937 1938 1939
Price 647/8
271/4
31
Referring to the above quoted prices, the authors noted -
General Electric sold at 647/8
because the public was in an optimistic frame of mind and at 271/4
because
the same people were pessimistic. To speak of these prices as representing “investment values” or the
“appraisal of investors” is to do violence either to the English language or to common sense, or both.
Is a 50% Appreciation in stock prices justified?
Economic and political outlook play a crucial role in driving market sentiment. While globally things
improved over the last 8-12 months, stock prices in India remained largely dormant mainly on account of
government inaction.
On a lighter note, for most of last year, I believed no matter what the next formation looks like or what
they do, they will find it hard to beat the previous government in terms of absurdity. Coming from that
and then getting the most stable Government in 30 years, the celebration is not without a reason.
Is this the beginning of the next bull market rally?
While I agree that things can only improve from here on, the appreciation of stock prices over the last few
weeks has less to do with a change in fundamentals of the stock and more or almost entirely to do with
the hope of a revival in the economy.
Hope is a good thing. It makes people do amazing things. It defies both rationality and logic, but let’s be a
little more realistic. How quickly can the Government turn things around? Surely, it will take a few
quarters for things to improve? Reforms will have to start again, policies will need to be pushed,
businesses will need to start expanding (and hopefully – increasing), and if potential for higher capital
return can be demonstrated, direct investments will start flowing back into the country. The way stock
markets are reacting, it seems that they have already acquiesced to the happening of all this and more.
Rationality of stock prices has little to do with things right now. The start of the next bull market rally
seems to be built on a sense of hope. Hope is enough and is proving to be the biggest driver of stock
prices*.
What can the Government do to sustain this bull market rally?
 Stop Importing, start exporting – I hope we can find crude reserves buried in some part of our
country but there is little doubt that pinning hopes to the happening of such a thing will be as

pointless as trying to hunt for gold (have we seen that before?). Unless we cut imports, there is
hardly a point in competing with China who literally exports everything but oil to our country.
 Control Inflation – Besides hurting the pockets of the common man the ‘big’ problem with
inflation is that it makes businesses and hence the economy of a country less competitive. If input
costs are high so is the price of the final product. When fertilizers and seeds are cheap, we can beat
Thailand and other countries in the southeast region in exporting rice; when steel and other metal
prices go down, our automobile industry will become competitive.
 Bring in more Corporates to do government work – This may be difficult as every time a
company is awarded a contract, eyebrows are raised. The truth is that when delivery and execution
is tied to personal profit, highways come about, airports are made and townships flourish.
 Encourage entrepreneurship – Transform people from job seekers to job providers. I remember
when I started out and needed a current account for my business, the bank asked me to furnish a
proof of business. When I furnished an electricity bill, it dint bear the trade name of the business
and when my first client paid me, he was concerned why he couldn’t cut a check in my firms name.
A lot of what I had to do in the early days seemed like authorities encouraging irregular work. If the
next Facebook must come from India then this has to end.
 Be less absurd / Promote transparency – while the government should maintain secrecy in its
dealings, it must put in charge those who answer on behalf of the government.
Things will take time but I am positive. As for markets, there is plenty of value out there and whether this
is the beginning of the next bull market rally or not, the future looks good. Just buy the right things and
you will do very well for yourself.

Important lessons in economics

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (16)

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (10)

Ähnlich wie Important lessons in economics

Ähnlich wie Important lessons in economics (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Important lessons in economics