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EXTREMOPHILES
- 3. What is an Extremophile? • Extremophiles are organisms that live in ‘Extreme Environments’ • Under high Pressure and Temperature • Unique enzymes used by these organisms - ‘Extremozymes’ • Enable the organisms to function in ‘Extreme Environments’
- 4. Extremophile, produce some of the bright colors of Grand Prismatic Spring,Yellowstone National Park
- 6. Acidophile • An organism with optimal growth at pH levels of 3 or below Bacillus Clausii Citrobacter freundi Serratia marcesce
- 7. Alkaliphile • An organism with optimal growth at pH levels of 9 or above Thiohalospira alkaliphila Halorhodospira halochloris
- 8. Anaerobe Organism that does not require oxygen for growth Eg: Spinoloricus Cinzia Two sub-types exist: Facultative anaerobe & Obligate anaerobe Facultative anaerobe can tolerate anaerobic and aerobic conditions Obligate anaerobe would die in the presence of even trace levels of oxygen
- 9. Spinoloricus Cinzia Actinomyces staphylococcus_haemolyticus Streptococcus anginosus Pleural Shewanella oneidensis Clostridium difficile
- 10. Cryptoendolith • Organism that lives in microscopic spaces within rocks • These may also be called Endolith • Term Endolith that also includes organisms populating fissures, aquifers, and faults filled with groundwater in the deep sub surface
- 12. • An organism that lives underneath rocks in cold deserts Hypolith
- 13. Lithoautotroph • Organism (usually bacteria) ,whose source of carbon is carbon dioxide • Eg: Nitrosomonas europaea • They are capable of deriving energy from reduced mineral compounds like pyrites • They are active in geochemical cycling and the weathering of parent bedrock to form soil
- 15. Metallotolerant • Organisms tolerating high levels of dissolved heavy metals in solution • Such as copper, cadmium, arsenic, and zinc • Eg; Ferroplasma sp., Cupriavidus metallidurans Cupriavidus metallidurans. Ferroplasma
- 16. • Organisms grow in environments with a high sugar concentration Osmophile Saccharomyces rouxii Zygosaccharomyces bailii Wallemia sebi
- 17. Piezophile • Also called Barophile • Organism that lives optimally at high pressures • Such as those in deep ocean or undergrounds Halomonas salaria
- 18. Radioresistant • Organisms resistant to high levels of ionizing radiation • Most commonly to ultraviolet radiation • Also including organisms capable of resisting nuclear radiation
- 20. Xerophile • Organism that can grow in extremely dry, desiccating conditions • This type is mainly found in soil microbes of the Atacama Desert Trichosporonoides nigrescens
- 21. Atacama Desert
- 22. Thermophiles • Organisms that thrives at relatively high temperatures • Between 41 and 122 °C (106 and 252 °F) • Many thermophiles are archaea • Thermophilic eubacteria are suggested to have been among the earliest bacteria
- 23. Cont…… • Thermophiles are found in various geothermally heated regions of the Earth • Such as hot springs (Yellowstone National Park ) • Hydrothermal vents • Deep sea • Decaying plant matter, such as peat bogs and compost
- 24. Cont…… • Thermophiles contain enzymes that can function at high temperatures • Some of these enzymes are used in molecular biology • Eg: Heat-stable DNA polymerases for PCR, and in washing agents.
- 25. Thermophile Classification • Classified into Obligate & Facultative thermophiles • Obligate thermophiles - Extreme thermophiles • Require high temperatures for growth • Facultative thermophiles -Moderate thermophiles • Thrive at high temperatures, but also at lower temperatures - below 50 °C (122 °F)
- 26. Cont…… • Hyperthermophiles are particularly extreme thermophiles for which the optimal temperatures are above 80 °C (176 °F) • Bacteria within the Alicyclobacillus genus are acidophilic thermophiles, which can cause contamination in fruit juice drinks
- 27. Cont…… • Hyperthermophiles membranes and proteins are unusually stable at extreme high temperatures • Thus, many important biotechnological processes use thermophilic enzymes • Many of the hyperthermophiles Archea require elemental sulfur for growth • Some are anaerobes that use the sulfur instead of oxygen as an electron acceptor during cellular respiration.
- 28. Cont…… • Some are lithotrophs that oxidize sulfur to sulfuric acid as an energy source • These organisms are inhabitants of hot, sulfur-rich environments usually associated with volcanism, such as hot springs, geysers, and fumaroles • They are colored, due to the presence of photosynthetic pigments
- 29. Thermophiles Examples alicyclobacillus Geogemma barossii Bacillus stearothermophilus
- 31. Mesophiles • Organism that grows best in moderate temperature • Neither too hot nor too cold • Typically between 20 and 45 °C (68 and 113 °F) • The term is mainly applied to microorganisms
- 32. Cont…… • The habitats mesophiles include cheese, yogurt • Mesophile are often included in the process of beer and wine making • Since normal human body temperature is 37 °C, the majority of human pathogens are mesophiles
- 33. Cont…… • Bacterial species involved in biodegradation • Take part in the web of micro-organic activity that form the humus layer in forests and other fertile soils, by decomposing both vegetable and animal matter • At the beginning of the decomposition process, another group of bacteria, psychrophylic bacteria, start the process because they are active in lower temperatures up to 55°F (from below zero up to 20°C), and generate heat in the process • When the temperature inside the decomposing layer reaches 50–100°F, it attracts mesophilic bacteria to continue the biodegradation
- 34. Cont…… • Mesophilic bacteria are also involved in food contamination and degradation, such as in bread, grains, dairies, and meats • Bacterial infections in humans are mostly caused by mesophilic bacteria that find their optimum growth temperature around 37°C (98.6°F), - normal human body temperature • Beneficial bacteria found in human intestinal flora are also mesophiles, such as dietary Lactobacillus acidophilus
- 35. Examples of Mesophiles Staphylococcus aureus Listeria monocytogenes
- 36. • Pesudomonas maltophilia • Thiobacillus novellus • Staphylococcus aureus • Streptococcus pneumonia • Escherichia coli • Clostridium kluyveri • Lactobacillus acidophilus Canadian-Salmonella
- 37. Avoiding Mesophilic Bacteria • Consuming food that has been cooked at adequately high temperatures • • The food that has been preserved in a freezer or refrigerator • These environments prohibit the ability of mesophiles to grow • In the case of staphylococcus, prevent contraction or transmission by upholding good hygiene standards, including regular hand and clothes washing, avoiding contact with infectious materials, and not sharing personal items
- 38. Halophiles • Organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations • The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving’’ • Most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain • Also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotes were present • Eg: alga- Dunaliella salina • Fungus - Wallemia ichthyophaga
- 39. Cont…… • Some species give off a red color • Because of carotenoid compounds • Eg: bacteriorhodopsin • Halophiles can be found anywhere with a concentration of salt five times greater than the salt concentration of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake • Mainly found in Owens Lake in California, Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds
- 40. Classification of Halophiles • Classification based on the extent of their halotolerance • Slight halophiles - 3.5% salt concentration • Moderate halophiles - 4.7 to 20% • Extreme halophiles - 20 to 30% • Halophiles require sodium chloride (salt) for growth
- 41. Lifestyle • Organisms expend energy to exclude salt from their cytoplasm to avoid protein aggregation ('salting out') • In order to survive the high salinities, halophiles employ two differing strategies to prevent desiccation through osmotic movement of water out of their cytoplasm • Both strategies work by increasing the internal osmolarity of the cell
- 42. Cont…… • In the first organic compounds are accumulated in the cytoplasm • Osmoprotectants - compatible solutes • These can be either synthesised or accumulated from the environment • Common compatible solutes are neutral or zwitterionic, and include amino acids, sugars, polyols, betaines and ectoines, as well as derivatives of some of these compounds.
- 43. Cont…… • The second, more radical, adaptation involves the selective influx of potassium (K+) ions into the cytoplasm • This adaptation is restricted to : • Moderately halophilic bacterial order - Halanerobiales • Extremely halophilic archaeal family - Halobacteriaceae and Salinibacteriaceae
- 44. Cont…… • Halophiles may use a variety of energy sources • They can be aerobic or anaerobic • Anaerobic halophiles include phototrophic, fermentative, sulfate-reducing, homoacetogenic and methanogenic species
- 45. Cont…… • Haloarchaea and family Halobacteriaceae, are members of the domain Archaea • Comprise the majority of the prokaryotic population in hypersaline environments • There are currently 15 recognised genera in the family • The domain Bacteria (mainly Salinibacter ruber) can comprise up to 25% of the prokaryotic community
- 46. Examples of Halophiles • Haloferax
- 47. Halogeometricum
- 48. Halococcus
- 49. Halorubrum
- 50. Haloarcula
- 51. Haloterrigena
- 52. Halobacterium
- 53. Psychrophiles • Organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures • Ranging from −20 °C to +10 °C • Temperatures as low as −15 °C are found in pockets of very salty water surrounded by sea ice
- 54. Cont…… • The environments they inhabit are ubiquitous on Earth • Such as a large fraction of our planetary surface experiences temperatures lower than 15 °C • They are present in alpine and arctic soils • high-latitude and deep ocean waters • polar ice, glaciers, and snowfields
- 55. Cont…… • In experimental work at University of Alaska Fairbanks, a 1000-litre biogas digester using psychrophiles harvested from "mud from a frozen lake in Alaska" has produced 200–300 litres of methane per day, about 20– 30% of the output from digesters in warmer climates
- 56. Cont…… • Psychrophiles use a wide variety of metabolic pathways • Photosynthesis, chemoautotrophy, and heterotrophy • Form robust, diverse communities • Most psychrophiles are bacteria or archaea
- 57. Cont…… • A further group of eukaryotic cold-adapted organisms are snow algae • which can cause watermelon snow • Psychrophiles have enzymes that are very useful in the research of proteins • Psychrophiles are characterized by lipid cell membranes chemically resistant to the stiffening caused by extreme cold
- 58. Cont…… • Often create protein 'antifreezes' to keep their internal space liquid and protect their DNA even in temperatures below water's freezing point • A commonly accepted hypothesis for this cold adaptation is the activity- stability-flexibility relationship, suggesting that psychrophilic enzymes increase the flexibility of their structure to compensate for the 'freezing effect' of cold habitats
- 60. Psychrobacter sp
- 61. Halomonas
- 62. Pseudomonas
- 63. Sphingomonas
- 64. Hyphomonas
- 65. Applications of Extremophiles • Thermostable enzyme - Taq-polymerase used in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) for amplification of DNA • Methane Production • Fermentation Industry • Curd and Cheese making
- 66. Cont…… • Used in geochemical cycles - Forming soil from bedrocks • Used for the production of washing agents • Some are used in the Biofuel Production
- 67. Reference Microbiology Lansing M Presscott,John P Harley,Donald A Klein Fourth Edition,1999,Pub-The McGraw-Hill Companies US http://mentalfloss.com/article/54493/11-polar-sea-extremophiles http://www.livescience.com/13377-extremophiles-world- weirdest-life.html http://www.realclearscience.com/2013/02/13/top_10_most_extre me_extremophiles_251471.html http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/microbes/thermo.htm