Countering (youth) radicalization, #institutas.EU
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#ChangingContext #Aarhus In this PPT the history, organizational foundation, principles and findings of The Aarhus Model are presented, along with case studies to illustrate risk factors, challenges and practical methods of intervention and prevention. The focus is on the network, close cross-sectorial cooperation between different state institutions and agencies. There is very narrow border when youth worker and when police has already to intervene, and this is also influenced by general opinion and media. |Also, some elaboration on Participation as a way to counter radicalization. #ParticipationMatters #ActiveCitizens
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Countering (youth) radicalization, #institutas.EU
- 2. Opposite to radicalization is…?
- 4. 4 • Radicalization - a process leading to a persons gradual acceptance of the use of violence or other illegal means to further political or religious agendas • Violent extremism - the use of violence or other illegal means to further political or religious agendas • Terrorism - the use of violent means to purposefully scaring a population with the intent to destabilize or destroy a nations political, economic or social structure • Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.
- 5. 5 …can lead to violent extremism or terrorism Political … Religious … Ideological … ………………commitment…………… Violent extremism Terrorism ”Tipping point” Prevention Security The process of Radicalization …
- 7. Crime prevention Schools - Social services – Police Since1970’s Crime prevention network - for children and the young Since late 1990’s adults also included Since 2000’s PSP: Psychiatri, Social services, Police KSP: Prisons (Kriminalforsorgen), Social services, Police 1970’s 1990’s 2000’s
- 8. 8 …can lead to violent extremism or terrorism Political … Religious … Ideological … ………………commitment…………… Violent extremism Terrorism ”Tipping point” Prevention Security The process of Radicalization …
- 9. Early intervention: ”Soft approach” General: Raising awareness: Professionals and the public Collaboration with local communities Individual: Risk evaluation Advising professional staff Advising individuals and families Mentoring
- 10. 10 Self-sustaining In need of help Intervention Risk Factors Push • Exclusion (frustration, isolation, intolerance) • Poor living conditions • Personal or social crisis • Frustration, intolerance Pull • Recruitment • Distorted forms of protective factors (e.g. rigid social identity, negative group dynamics, cult-like group dynamics, care and strong social bonds within closed group, etc.) Protective Factors & resilience • Inclusion (participation) • Identity (purpose and meaning of life) • Care and strong social bonds • Positive group dynamics • Life skills In general Specifically Individually Presentation to raise awareness Seminars Public and for professionals Workshop to raise awareness Contingency for Syrian volunteers EXITInfohouse Parent network Mentors Surveys and risk assesment
- 11. INFO HOUSE Screening Visitation Survey Risk- assessment Steering group Task Force Schools Jails Social Services Youth clubs, NGO’s, etc. Streetworkers Families, network and Citizens Counselling Mentor Social Services Exit Psychiatry Suppliers Organisation Interventions Police
- 12. 12 …can lead to violent extremism or terrorism Political … Religious … Ideological … ………………commitment…………… Violent extremism Terrorism ”Tipping point” Prevention Security The process of Radicalization …
- 13. Specific risk factors • Influence from returned foreign fighters • Influence from specific extremist and radicalised environment - the mosgue, families, friends etc. • Influences from social media – youtube, facebook, etc. Specific indicators • Expressions of intent – to family, friends and publicly • Sleeping on the floor and eating sparsely • Listening to and singing ”combat-hymns” • Martial arts training, soft-gun practice Risk factors and indicators in Denmark (non-conflict-zone, low level of violence) • Social Injustice • Low general welfare • Oppositional positioning • Personal or social crisis • Frustration, intolerance • Extremist views •”Construction” of enemies • Recruitment • Isolation • Extremist actions Risk factors in Syria (conflict- zone, high level of violence) • Trauma • Loss of family and friends • Revenge • Humiliation • Frustration Possible results: • Further radicalisation • Combat skills and mindset • Deradicalisation Volunteers and foreign fighters in Syria
- 14. 14 Recruitment Phase 1 Recruitment Phase 2 Recruitment Phase 3 ”Contract” Timeline for recruitment of foreign fighters to Jabhat al-Nusra - based on The Quillam Institutes report ’Jabhat al-Nusra – a Strategic Briefing’ and talks with returnees and families of foreign fighters in Syria Motivation Contacts Logistics Travelling Working in refugee camps Administrative service Superficial weapons training Basic weapons training Passport confiscated Tested in battle situation - test of courage, loyalty and religious dedication Approval by (at least) 2 commanders Performing of religious oath, the breaking of which means death penalty Assignment to brigade, regiment and platoon (or cell) Location and placement determined by local structure of organisation and nationality
- 15. Syrian volunteers / fighters The situation in Aarhus • 33 persons from December 2012 until now. • 5 reported killed • 16 have returned • 12 still in Syria/Iraq • Danish citizens with very different ethnicity: Somali, Turkish, Palestinian, Jordanian, Sudanese, Danish, mixed heritage. • 4 converts.
- 16. Exit program Two goals: Help individuals exit extremist religious or political environments Ensure the inclusion of individual cizens (as fellow citizens) Consists of Risk assessment Counselling and guidance Mentor process Education and employment Housing Network ressources Medical treatment
- 17. Family Network Groups • Organized as self-help groups • The families narratives are exchanged under guidance of process- manager • Families are empowered by network: Break isolation, help and inspire each other • Through the narratives problems that goes beyond self-help abilities are identified - support system established around the network groups to deal with this: - Individual guidance and councelling - Social services - Contact to appropiate authorities: Foreign Ministry, Intelligence Service a.o.
- 18. 18 Life-skill program by professor Preben Bertelsen, University of Aarhus . Basic tool in the mentoring-program Practical skills Social skills Reflective skills Emotional skills 1. What do you want? 2. What can you do (skills)? 3. What are your opportunities (Environmental conditions)? 4. What kind of support is needed? 5. What do we do now?(Jan Tønnesvang, University of Aarhus) (Preben Bertelsen, University of Aarhus ) Mentoring – the method
- 20. Active Citizens
- 21. 21 Aims: Community cohesion Reflecting needs of community Intercultural awareness / learning Community leadership and empowerment Positive changes #kartu #together #razem www.ActiveCitizens.LT