Internet of Things (IoT) is a buzzword that is widely used in different domains. This talk explains the current state of the art in IoT (from a technological and research perspective), mainly in Europe. The future of IoT is promising and the trends in terms of number of devices and money involved show significant growth. There are still challenges in technical, business and social areas and some of them will be addressed in the talk.
2. 4/1/2021 2
โข What is IoT?
โข Architecture
โข Standards
โข Technologies and protocols
โข Open issues and projects
IoT: state of the art
Outline
3. What is โthing"?
4/1/2021 IoT: state of the art
โข Object from physical world (physical object with build in sensors
and/or actuators) or virtual object
โข Internet Connected Object (ICO)
โข Has unique identifier and is connected to the Internet
โข Communicates and generate data (reading from environment)
โข Can receive data/commands from network
โข Can execute commands โ actuate (electrical or mechanical)
โข Can receive data from other ICO, process them and send for
processing to cloud
3
4. Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices
installed base worldwide from 2015 to 2025 (in
billions)
4/1/2021 IoT: state of the art
Source: Statista
4
15.41
17.68
20.35
23.14
26.66
30.73
35.82
42.62
51.11
62.12
75.44
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Connected
devices
in
billions
5. Applications (industrial verticals)
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IoT: state of the art
Smart Home Smart Lighting
Smart Appliances
Intrusion Detection
Smoke/Gas Detectors
Energy Management
Infotainment
Smart City Smart Parking
Waste Management
Smart Lighting
Emergency Response
Metering
Environment Weather Monitoring
Air Pollution Monitoring
Noise Pollution Monitoring
Forest Fire Detection
Retail Inventory Management
Smart Vending Machines
Smart Payments
Logistics Fleet Tracking, Shipment Monitoring
Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
Route Generation and Scheduling
Industry
4.0 (IIOT)
Machine Diagnosis
Object Tracking
Process Automation
Agriculture Smart Irrigation
Crop Monitoring
Treatment recommendation
Health Remote patient monitoring
Mobile health
Telecare
7. How to integrate โthingsโ and provide user
applications?
4/1/2021 IoT: state of the art
โข IoT platforms integrates โthingsโ and continuously acquire
data
โข Large distributed system
โข Processing large amount of data (often in real time)
โข Integrates and saves data from different sources
โข For application developers offer:
โข Searching for things (sensors/actuators)
โข Access to data/actuation
โข There are more then 400 platforms
โข Mostly specialised for one area
7
8. Platform types
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IoT: state of the art
Local Smart Space
Platform
Core
Platform devices
Local user
Cloud
Cloud front-end
Remote user
Lightweight
adapter
Local Smart Space
Lightweight
gateway
Platform devices
Local user
Cloud
Platform Core
Cloud front-end
Remote user
Fully local
platform
Fully cloud-based
platform
9. Cloud platforms
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IoT: state of the art
Paid
โข Amazon AWS IoT:
https://aws.amazon.com/iot/
โข Microsoft Azure IoT:
https://azure.microsoft.com/en-
in/services/iot-hub/
โข Google IoT cloud:
https://cloud.google.com/solutions/iot
โข Cumulocity:
https://www.softwareag.cloud/site/product/cu
mulocity-iot.html#/
โข Bosch IoT Suite: https://www.bosch-iot-
suite.com/
โข IBM Watson IoT Platform:
https://www.ibm.com/cloud/watson-iot-
platform
Open source
โข ThingSpeak:
https://thingspeak.com/
(IoT Analytics, MathWorks)
โข Kaa: https://www.kaaproject.org/
โข Ecplise Kapua:
https://www.eclipse.org/kapua/
โข Eclipse Hono:
https://www.eclipse.org/hono/
Have paid
versions
10. Value chain
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IoT: state of the art
CO
C
M
TX
Device
provider
Infrastructure
provider
IoT platform provider IoT service
integrator IoT user
End user
IoT connectivity
provider
Application and
service developer
Source: Weber, M.; Podnar ลฝarko, I. A Regulatory View on Smart City
Services. Sensors 2019, 19, 415. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-
8220/19/2/415
11. Global smart systems, services and IoT platform
market size from 2017 to 2023, by region (in billion
U.S. dollars)
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IoT: state of the art
20
27
33
42
52
65
82
23
29
38
49
61
76
94
21
28
38
51
66
86
110
9
12
15
20
26
33
41
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2017* 2018* 2019* 2020* 2021* 2022* 2023*
Market
size
in
billion
U.S.
dollars
North America Europe Asia-Pacific Rest-of-world
Source: Statista
12. Standardisation
4/1/2021 IoT: state of the art
โข Lots of standardisation bodies
โข Some of the most important standardisation bodies:
โข IETF โ Internet protocols (TCP, UDP, HTTP, CoAP, โฆ)
โข 3GPP โ public mobile network (2G, 3G, 4G, LTE, NB-IoT, LTE-M, 5G,
โฆ)
โข IEEE โ wireless communication (WiFi, 802.15.4, โฆ)
โข OMA โ managing programs on devices (OTA)
โข oneM2M โ platform standardisation
โข OGC โ SensorThings API
โข W3C โ Web of Things
โข โฆ
12
13. Technologies for connecting things
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IoT: state of the art
โข WiFi
โข Ethernet (copper)
โข Fiber
โข Public mobile network (2G/3G/4G/LTE/LTE-M/NB-IOT/5G)
Thing directly connected to IP
โข IEEE 802.15.4
โข ZigBee
โข Z-Wave
โข 6LoWPAN
โข Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
โข LoRa / LoRaWAN
โข Sigfox
Thing connected to gateway
14. Protocols
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IoT: state of the art
โข HTTP โ Hypertext Transfer Protocol
โข MQTT โ Message Queue Telemetry Transport
TCP
โข CoAP โ Constrained Application Protocol
โข MQTT-SN โ MQTT for Sensor Network
UDP
15. Fog computing
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IoT: state of the art
โข Some tasks are moved from
cloud to network elements and
computing resources near IoT
device (original proposal, 2012,
Bonomi)
โข Tasks running on the edge of cloud
โข Use computing resources between
cloud and end IoT devices (cloud-
to-thing computing continuum)
โข Data processing and storage,
device management, intelligent
decisions, context tracking can be
run โnearโ smart space
โข Advantage: lower latency, lower
amount of data transferred in the
network
โข Standardisation body: Industrial
Internet Consortium (IIC), in
January 2019 merged with
OpenFog Consortium
16. Edge computing
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IoT: state of the art
โข Similar definition to fog computing โ
OpenEdge Computing Initiative
https://www.openedgecomputing.or
g/
โข Processing on the network edge by
using server near user (device)
โข Integrates IoT devices with cloud
by:
โข Data filtering
โข Data preprocessing
โข Intelligent aggregation
โข The edge is 1 hop from end IoT
device (e.g. gateway, router, local
server)
โข What is the difference between fog
and edge?
โข It depends who you ask
18. Open issues (1)
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IoT: state of the art
Heterogeneous
devices
โข Data sources
โข Protocols
โข Uniform data
access
Security
โข Comparing
2016 and 2017
๏ 600 times
more attacks
โข Security
should be
considered on
all levels from
the beginning
โข OWASP IoT
Privacy
โข GDPR
โข Who is owner
of data from
thing?
โข Who can see
in search
specific
things?
Scalability
โข Large number
of devices
โข Everything can
not be in cloud
โข Processing
near source:
โข Fog
computing
โข Edge
computing
19. Open Issues (2)
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IoT: state of the art
โข How long is life of mobile phone or computer?
โข How long is the life of dish washer, house, curtains?
โข What is guaranty for working and supporting product in ICT
domain comparing to non ICT?
Long term
maintenance
โข Current business models are in early stage?
โข What is the value chain?
Business
models
โข Data, semantics, measurements, data structure,
data format?
Interoperability
โข Where to process data (learning, executing)?
โข Implementing digital twin (predictions, simulations)
AI
20. IoT Laboratory @ FER โ
http://www.iot.fer.hr/
4/1/2021 IoT: state of the art
โข Projects:
โข Communication Challenges in Machine-to-Machine Communications, Ericsson
Nikola Tesla (2011 โ still on going)
โข Pogled u buduฤnost 2020, HAKOM, (2011-2018)
โข Energy Efficient M2M Device Communication, FTW (2012-2015)
โข OpenIoT - Open Source blueprint for large scale self-organizing cloud environments for
IoT applications, FP7 (2013-2015)
โข Sustav za telemetrijsko mjerenje temperature rotacijskih pogonskih elemenata, PoC5 โ
HAMAG/BICRO (2014-2015)
โข ICTGEN: ICT for generic and energy-efficient communication solutions with application
in e-/m-health, Europski fond za regionalni razvoj (2014-2016)
โข HUTS: Human-centric Communications in Smart Networks, HRZZ (2014-2017)
โข symbIoTe: Symbiosis of smart objects across IoT environments, H2020 (2016-2018)
20
21. HELM Smart Grid (HSG)
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IoT: state of the art
โข research project funded by European Structural and Investment Funds
project leader: Prof. Igor ฤavrak, PhD (09/2018 โ 09/2021)
โข Application of LPWAN technologies for smart metering data collection:
โข NB-IoT,
โข LoRa
โข Wireless communication alternative to widely utilized G3-PLC and GPRS
communication in smart electricity meters
โข Efficient data storage and real-time consumption data user interface
โข Functional requirements:
โข 2.5 million smart meters
โข Consumption data transmission each 15 minutes
22. HELM Smart Grid (HSG)
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IoT: state of the art
โข Current research results
โข LPWAN communication
โข LoRa FUOTA (Firmware-Over-The-Air) performance analysis
โข Autonomus network management (network optimization based on the number of
end-devices and gateways)
โข Data management system
โข Efficient data reception and user-interface implementation
โข Utilized third-party technologies: InfluxDB, Apache Kafka, Spring Boot, JWT
โข Results published in: P. Krivic, E. Guberovic, I. Podnar Zarko, and I. Cavrak. 2020. Evaluation of selected
technologies for the implementation of meter data management system. In Proceedings of the 10th
International Conference on the Internet of Things (IoT '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York,
NY, USA, Article 19, 1โ8. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3410992.3410999
23. Human-centric smart services in interoperable
and decentralised IoT environments (IoT4us)
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IoT: state of the art
โข research project No. 1986 funded by Croatian Science
Foundation
project leader: Prof. Ivana Podnar ลฝarko, PhD (2020 -2023)
https://iot4us.fer.hr/iot4us/en
โข IoT connects People with their Environment via many different
Things!
24. IoT4us: Research areas (1/2)
24
Large-scale interoperable IoT
solutions
next-generation IoT architectures for heterogeneous, dynamic,
secure and privacy-preserving IoT environments
Edge intelligence for IoT
solutions
edge/fog computing and optimal use of available resources
according to application requirements
autonomous and cognitive IoT services in smart spaces to
orchestrate context-based and ad hoc interactions between
devices and people
Distributed Ledger Technology
(DLT) for IoT
decentralized and scalable architectures to identify viable
solutions for DLT usage within a large-scale interoperable IoT
ecosystem
use case: IoT-enabled peer-to-peer markets for the energy
sector
4/1/2021 IoT: state of the art
25. IoT4us: Research areas (2/2)
25
Novel communication protocols
for complex IoT environments
efficient data collection and/or dissemination in densely-
populated and high-traffic-volume IoT systems
adaptive, self-organizing and self-healing communication
protocols for complex IoT environments
Security & privacy
guidelines and policies to protect IoT services according to
their category
secure IoT devices in heterogeneous environments in terms
of data, software, firmware and administration interfaces
4/1/2021 IoT: state of the art
26. IoT4us: Expected results
1. Setup an interoperable, decentralized and dynamic IoT
ecosystem across various IoT platforms (IoT4us ecosystem);
2. Propose and evaluate novel adaptive communication
protocols for IoT environments;
3. Design, implement and evaluate human-centric and non-
intrusive services based on cognitive principles within the
IoT4us ecosystem;
4. Explore and propose novel algorithms and methods for DLT
scalability to demonstrate the usability of DLT solutions in the IoT
context;
5. Propose a framework for securing heterogeneous IoT
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27. IoT-field: An Ecosystem of Networked Devices
and Services for IoT Solutions Applied in
Agriculture
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IoT: state of the art
โข research project funded by European Structural and Investment
Funds
project leader: Prof. Ivana Podnar ลฝarko, PhD (03/2020 โ
02/2023)
https://iot-polje.fer.hr/iot-polje/en
โข Partners:
โข An Ecosystem of Networked Devices and Services for IoT
Solutions Applied in Agriculture
28. IoT-field: motivation
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IoT: state of the art
โข Assess the impact of climate change on corn crop
production
โข Offer novel IoT solutions (software and hardware) for
dense monitoring of microclimate conditions and
physiological status of plants
โข Integrate all available data sources into an
interoperable IoT ecosystem for precision agriculture
โข Offer low-cost solutions for small farms
29. Project goals
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IoT: state of the art
โข Implement an ecosystem that integrates
relevant microclimate and agronomic data
to evaluate physiological condition of crops
based on chlorophyll fluorescence
โข Support farmers in making daily decisions
and assessing the condition of the crop
โข Predict corn yield based on measured
indicators
โข Optimize fertilization
โข Document performed agro-technical and
phytomedical measures to control compliance
with legal directives using blockchain
technology
30. IoT-field: big data solution
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IoT: state of the art
Data
Data
Data
Pinova Meteo, in
situ measurements
Satellite
images
(multispectral)
Get data
visualization
Visualized
data
Query
Result
Chrongraf InfluxDB
Grafana
Web-application
31. IoT field: WSN for crop monitoring
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IoT: state of the art
โข Design and deployment of a
secure and energy-efficient
WSN to monitor
environmental parameters
and plant status
โข dense monitoring of
microclimate conditions
and physiological status of
plants
โข networked sensor for
assessing the
physiological state of crops
based on chlorophyll
fluorescence
Air temperature ๏จ
Air moisture ๏จ
Leaf temperature ๏จ
Ground temperature ๏จ
Ground moisture ๏จ
Global radiation ๏จ
Maximum wind speed ๏จ
Wind speed๏จ
Air pressure ๏จ
Precipitation ๏จ
Dew point ๏จ
chlorophyll
fluorescence
32. Pinova: Agrometeorological platform
and IoT network and device
development
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IoT: state of the art
โข research project funded by European Structural and Investment
Funds
project leader: Prof. Mario Kuลกek, PhD (08/2020 โ 08/2023)
Software solution for analysis and visualization of big data sets for precision agriculture
InfluxDB is a time series database designed to handle high write and query loads.
Chronograf is the user interface and administrative component of the InfluxDB 1.x platform.