A Powerpoint presentation detailing the past, present and future of the \'Right to Protect,\' using three specific case studies.

1. Making the World Safe for HumanityJustifications for humanitarian intervention Joseph Marchwinski

2. Background Definition of Humanitarian Intervention (HI) Military Actual use or threat External Actors States, groups of states, etc. Sovereign States Unable or unwilling Alleviate human suffering What is “suffering?” Grave loss of life Genocide, ethnic cleansing, etc. Lack of democratic institutions Examples Frequent employment in the Developing World Since 1990s: Somalia East Timor Bosnia Sierra Leone Liberia

3. Literature Review Ongoing Debate Mona Fixdal, Dan Smith “Just War” tradition Historical context William Boettcher Empirical foundation Public opinion Ryan Goodman HI can recast war as humanitarian Reducing conflict in the long term Carola Weil Authority (UN) vital, but not essential Humanity transcendent John Sanderson Hostility to HI idealism, particularly the UN Emphasis on situational reality Simon Chesterman Most definitive opponent HI flawed morally, legally and ultimately detrimental to IR IvoDaalder, Michael O’Hanlon NATO committed many mistakes in its Kosovo operation But, gross human rights violations legitimated its action

4. Thesis Question In three different cases of humanitarian intervention, how do the intervening actors justify their actions? I contend that in UN-sanctioned operations, multilateral interventions and unilateral action, the justifications for HI will differ greatly. UN-blessing (“World”) Justification: The international community? Multilateral (“Regional Alliance”) Justification: Transcendent human rights? Unilateral (“Western”) Justification: Democratic ideals? I use three case studies to test my thesis: The United Nations and the Democratic Republic of the Congo The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Kosovo The United States and Haiti

5. UN – Congo “World” Security Council backing Conflict in the DRC Deadliest war since WWII UN Security Council Org Miss in DRC / UN Documents Report of the Sec. Council Mission to Central Africa, 7 – 16 June, 2003: “Following consultations among the members of the Council, it was agreed that the composition of the mission should be as follows…France, Angola, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Chile, China, Germany, Guinea, Mexico, Pakistan, Russia, Spain, Syria, UK, USA.”

6. NATO – Kosovo Regional Alliance Multilateral Operation Allied Force (1999) 1998 “ethnic cleansing” NATO E-library / official texts “Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Kosovo,” 30 January, 1999: “NATO reaffirms the demands set out in its statement of 28th January 1999. It stands ready to act and rules out no option to ensure full respect by both sides in Kosovo for the requirements of the international community, and observance of all relevant Security Council Resolutions, in particular the provisions of Resolutions 1160, 1199 and 1203.”

7. US – Haiti Western Unilateral Operation Uphold Democracy (1994) 1993 Coup President Bill Clinton Presidential Library Archives / Textual Research “Statement by the President on Sanctions Against Haiti,” June 4, 1993: “Since taking office in January, the United States Government has worked steadily with the international community in an effort to restore President Aristide and democracy to Haiti.” “We and the international community have made progress.” “The U.S. has been at the forefront of the international community's efforts to back up the UN/OAS negotiations with sanctions and other measures.”

8. Conclusions Three forms = One overriding justification My thesis, advocating three distinct different modes of legitimacy, was tentatively refuted  My research remains unfinished Nuances amongst the forms: UN – Congo Very technical, with examples NATO – Kosovo “Humanitarian crisis” US – Haiti Right to democratic governance Common thread The will of the international community Implications Do states truly value and believe in the “international community?” Or, are they simply employing it as a guise for self-interest? Perhaps, there is a combination of both?