1. refers to the set of values or
the value system that a
majority of the Filipino have
historically held important in
their lives.
2. . This Philippine values system
includes their own unique assemblage
of consistent ideologies, moral
codes, ethical
practices, etiquette and cultural and
personal values that are promoted by
their society. As with any society
though, the values that an individual
holds sacred can differ on the basis of
religion, upbringing and other factors
3. As a general description, the
distinct value system of Filipinos is
rooted primarily in personal
alliance systems, especially those
based in kinship, obligation,
friendship, religion
(particularly Christianity) and
commercial relationships.[1]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
4. F. Landa Jocano identified two models of the Filipino value
system. The first is the exogenous model or the foreign
model, while the second is the indigenous model or
the traditional model. The foreign model is described to be
a "legal and formal" model. The indigenous model is
described as a "traditional and non-formal" model or guide
but is deeply embedded in the subconscious of the
Filipinos.[3]
The foreign model was inherited by Filipinos from Western
cultures, particularly from the Spaniards and the Americans.
An example of a foreign or exogenous influence
is bureaucracy exhibited in the government of the
Philippines.[3]
5. Based on studies, surveys, opinions,
anecdotes, and other literatures made by
experts and researchers in relation to Filipino
social values or Filipino core values, along
with the Filipino character or Filipino
identity of a person or an individual known as
the Filipino, the Filipino value system are
found to possess inherent key elements.
6. One can note
how Hiya (propriety/dignity), Pakikisama(companionship/e
steem), and Utang na loob(gratitude/solidarity), are
merely Surface Values- readily seen and observed values
exhibited and esteemed by many Filipinos. These three
values are considered branches from a single origin- the
actual Core Value of the Filipino Personality- Kapwa. It
means 'togetherness', and refers to community, or not
doing things alone. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang
Tao (other people) and Hindi Ibang Tao (not other people).
The Surface Values spin off of the Core Value through
the Pivotal Aspect of Pakikiramdam, or shared inner
perception ("Feeling for another").
7. Other notable key elements or motivations
are optimism about the
future, pessimism with regards to present
situations and events, the concern and care
for other people, the existence of friendship
and friendliness, the habit of being
hospitable, religious nature, respectfulness to
self and others, respect for the female
members of society, the fear of God, and
abhorrence of acts of cheating and thievery.[5]
8. The values of Filipinos specifically upholds the following
items: solidarity of the family unit, security of the Philippine
economy, orientation to small-groups, personalism, the
concepts of "loob" or "kalooban" (meaning "what’s inside the
self", the "inner-self", or the "actual personal feelings of the
self"), existence and maintenance of smooth interpersonal
relationships, and the sensing of the feelings or needs of
others (known as pakikiramdam). In a larger picture, these
values are grouped into general clusters or "macroclusters":
namely, the relationship cluster, the social cluster, the
livelihood cluster, the inwardness cluster, and the optimism
cluster.[5]
9. Pagkakabuklod-buklod
The Filipinos recognize their
family as an important social
structure that one must take care
of. They give importance to the
safety and unity of one’s family. It
is also common to find the whole
clan living in the same area and
have extended family structure.
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16. In relation to parenthood, bearing male and female
children depends on the preferences of the parents based
on the expected roles that each gender would assume
once grown up. Both genders are expected to become
responsible members of the family and their
society. Women in the Philippines are expected to become
caring and nurturing mothers for their own children.[12]
Female Filipinos are also expected to lend a hand in
household work. They are even anticipated to offer
assistance after being married. On the other hand, Filipino
men are expected to assume the role of becoming the
primary source of income and financial support of his
family.[12]
17. According to everyculture.com: Filipinos believe in the need for
social acceptance and feel that education can provide upward
mobility. Color of skin, beauty, and money are the criteria that
determine a person's social position. Light coloring is correlated with
intelligence and a light-skinned attractive person will receive
advancement before his or her colleagues. Family position and
patron-client associations are useful in achieving success.
Government officials, wealthy friends, and community leaders are
sponsors at hundreds of weddings and baptisms each year. Those
connections are of great importance. [Source: everyculture.com /=/]
Money to buy consumer goods is an indicator of power. Wealthy
people lead western lifestyles.
18. They travel abroad frequently and pride
themselves on the number of Westerners they
have as friends. Since few people outside Manila
have a family car, owning a vehicle is a clear
statement of a high social level. Houses and
furnishings show a person's social position.
Upholstered furniture instead of the traditional
wooden couches and beds, rows of electrical
appliances that are never used and area rugs are
all important. Sending one's children to the best
schools is the most important indicator of social
position. The best schools often are private
schools and are quite expensive. /=/
19. There are three social classes in the country based on
income and national wealth. The members of the rich
class represent about 10 percent of the population but
own or earn about 90 percent of the wealth of the
country. They are composed of wealthy industrialists
with big corporations and owners of large haciendas or
plantations. The members of the middle class
represent about 20 percent of the population. They are
composed of professionals (doctors, lawyers, etc.). The
members of the lower or poor class comprise about 70
percent of the population but they only earn or share
10 percent of the wealth. They often cannot earn
enough to be able to buy necessities in life, save for
emergencies or for future needs. The poor could
become rich by education and by hard work. [Source:
Canadian Center for Intercultural Learning+++]
20. The extremely affluent and politically powerful elite
still controls most of Filipino economy, business and
political activities. The middle class is small and the
lower middle class much larger. Its members live in
urban areas and, typically, can only meet some of
their extend family needs with no social safety net
to fall back on. There are large numbers of urban
poor who live in substandard dwellings on land they
rarely have formal rights to use, who face food
security problems and have serious deficiencies in
meeting basic human needs. +++
21. Four underlying principles[edit]
Four principles are posited to underlie social
stratification. First, social stratification is socially
defined as a property of a society rather than
individuals in that society. Second, social stratification
is reproduced from generation to generation. Third,
social stratification is universal (found in every society)
but variable (differs across time and place). Fourth,
social stratification involves not just
quantitative inequality but qualitative beliefs and
attitudes about social status.[3]
22. Communal society, cooperative group formed on the basis of
shared interests (e.g., religious or political) and emphasizing
the needs of the community above those of the individual.
Read more: Communal society - Societies - JRank
Articles http://www.jrank.org/encyclopedia/pages/cmc0puv3
mv/Communal-society.html#ixzz4nGNjHOHr
