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OBESITY
Pathophysiology
and Management
OVERVIEW
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF OBESITY
MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS OF OBESITY
ETIOLOGY
MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY
PHARMACOTHERAPY
According to the WHO(2014) more than 1.9
billion adults, 18 years and older, were
overweight. Of these over 600 million were
obese.
Overall, about 13% of the world’s adult
population (11% of men and 15% of women)
were obese in 2014.
obesity medicine.pptx
WHO defines
accumulation.”
obesity as “abnormal or excessive fat
The Obesity is classified according to the BMI:
COMPLICATIONS:
ETIOLOGY
It may be simply attributed as the imbalance between energy intake
and energy output however it has a more complex and multifactorial
etiology. Possible factors in the development of obesity include the
following:
Race, sex, and age factors
Ethnic and cultural factors
Metabolic factors
Genetic factors
Psychological factors
Endocrine factors
Dietary habits
Level of inactivity
Psychological factors
obesity medicine.pptx
THE REGULATION OF BODY
WEIGHT
This process is tightly regulated by a homeostatic system that
integrates inputs from a number of internal sensors and
external factors.
Important components of the system include the following:
•Hormones that signal the status of fat stores (e.g. leptin).
•Hormones released from the gut during feeding that convey
sensations of hunger (e.g. ghrelin), satiety (e.g. CCK) or
satiation (e.g. PYY3-36).
THE REGULATION OF BODY
WEIGHT
•This hormonal information together with neural gustatory,
olfactory and viscerosensory input is integrated in the
hypothalamus.
•Two groups of opposing neurons in the arcuate nucleus
sense hormonal and other signals. Those secreting
POMC/CART products promote feeding while those
secreting NPY/AgRP inhibit feeding.
•The net output from this process is relayed to other sites
in the brain stem motor nuclei that control feeding
behaviour.
LEPTIN: ITS ROLE IN OBESITY
Friedman and his colleagues in 1994 identified a protein leptin.
When recombinant leptin was administered in animals it strikingly
reduced food intake and body weight.
It had a similar effect when injected directly into the lateral or the third
ventricle, implying that it acted on the regions of the brain that control
food intake and energy balance.
LEPTIN ARCUATE NUCLEUS
Glucocorticoi
ds insulin
oestrogens
Beta
adrenergic
stimulation
+
-
ADIPONECTIN
A peptide hormone made by adipocytes in response to
high fat reserves:
Increases FA uptake by myocytes and the rate of FA
oxidation.
Slows FA synthesis in the liver.
Slows gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Adiponectin is the only adipose-specific protein known to
date that is negatively regulated in obesity
Adiponectin levels are significantly reduced among obese
subjects in comparison with lean control subjects
obesity medicine.pptx
GUT HORMONES
PYY- Peptide YY
1. Secreted from L cells of GI tract
2. Reduces food intake
Ghrelin
1. Mainly secreted from stomach
2. A potent Orexigenic
Cholecystokinin
1. Mainly secreted in duodenum
2. Decreasing meal size and duration both
obesity medicine.pptx
obesity medicine.pptx
THE PATHOGENESIS
LEPTIN DISORDER
 Insufficient amounts of this hormone.
 resistance to leptin
 Defect in leptin carriage, transport into the CNS,
 Leptin receptor defect in the hypothalamus (as occurs
in db/db mice)
 Postreceptor signalling
Mediators other than leptin are certainly implicated
in obesity. TNF-α, and cytokines that can relay
information from fat tissue to brain, is increased in
the adipose tissue of the obese individuals.
Reduced insulin sensitivity of muscle and fat,
alterations in the function of specific nuclear
receptors, such as PPARα, β and γ, may play a role
in obesity.
n (POMC)
THE GENETIC FACTORP
S
roopiomelanocorti
Alpha-MSH
melanocor
tin
receptor 4
Reduce dietary
intake
Most common identifiable genetic defects
associated with obesity in humans
Data suggest that up to 5% of children who are morbidly obese have MC4 or POMC mutations
Genetic factors are presumed to explain
40-70% of the variance in obesity.
Genome-wide association studies have
found a robust number of genetic
susceptibility loci associated with
obesity.
Genetic defects in POMC
production and mutations in
the MC4 gene are described as
monogenic causes of obesity in
humans
Prohormone convertase
Leptin deficiency
Rare cases of humans with congenital leptin deficiency
caused by mutations in the leptin gene have been
identified. (The involved band is at 7q31.)
PPAR-gamma
PPAR-gamma is a transcription factor that is involved
in adipocyte differentiation. All humans with mutations
of the receptor (at band 3p25) described so far have
had severe obesity.
DRUG INDUCED OBESITY
DIET AND OBESITY
Various animal models have
shown that high fat diet causes
obesity.
Similar observations are seen
with High carbohydrate diet
Hence, a diet rich in
carbohydrate plus fats in
definitely implicated for obesity.
OBESITY IN DISEASE
Obesity is a common feature in various endocrine
disorders:
Hypothyroidism
Cushing’s Syndrome
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Growth hormone deficiency
TREATMENT OF OBESITY
The first weapons in the fight against obesity are diet
and exercise. Unfortunately, these often fail or show only
short-term efficacy, leaving only surgical techniques
(such as gastric stapling or bypass) or drug therapy as a
viable alternative. Surgery is much more effective than
currently licensed drugs.
DIETARY MODIFICATION
Ensure low calorie diet for moderate weight loss:
Nutrient Recommended Intake
Calories Approximately 500 to 1,000
kcal/day reduction from usual
intake
Total fat 30 percent or less of total calories
Saturated fatty acids 8 to 10 percent of total calories
Monounsaturated fatty acids Up to 15 percent of total calories
Polyunsaturated fatty acids Up to 10 percent of total calories
Carbohydrate 55 percent or more of total calories
Protein Approximately 15 percent of total
calories
Fiber 20 to 30 g/day
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Physical activity should be an integral part of weight loss
therapy and weight maintenance. Initially, moderate
levels of physical activity for 30 to 45 minutes, 3 to 5 days
per week, should be encouraged.
Example
Walking 13/4 miles in 35 minutes (20
min/mile)
Bicycling 5 miles in 30 minutes
Running 11/2 miles in 15 minutes(15
min/mile)
Swimming laps for 20 minutes
PHARMACOTHERAPY
Currently, the 3 major groups of drugs used to
manage obesity are as follows:
Centrally acting medications that
impair dietary intake
Medications that act peripherally to
impair dietary absorption
Medications that increase energy
expenditure
ORLISTAT
Orlistat is a gastrointestinal and
pancreatic lipase inhibitor that induces
weight loss by inhibiting dietary fat
ORLISTAT
Indication: Indicated in patients with pretreatment BMI >30
kg/m², or BMI >27 kg/m² in presence of other risk factors
or diseases (eg, HTN, DM, hyperlipidemia)
Dose:120 mg PO q8hr with each fat-containing meal
Side effects:
Oily spotting (5%)
Flatulence, Fatty/oily stool ,Increased defecation, Fecal
incontinence, Nausea, Vomiting, Reduced absorption of
fat soluble vitamins and beta-carotene
Serious interaction: Orlistat decreases levels of
cyclosporine by inhibition of GI absorption
LORCASERIN
It decrease food consumption and promote
satiety by selectively activating 5-HT2C
receptors on anorexigenic pro-
opiomelanocortin neurons located in the
hypothalamus.
LORCASERIN
Indication: Indicated in patients with pretreatment BMI >30 kg/m²,
or BMI >27 kg/m² in presence of other risk factors or diseases
(eg, HTN, DM, hyperlipidemia)
Dose: 10 mg PO q12h
Side effects:
Interactions:A
>10% Uncommon
Headache (16.8%)
Upper respiratory tract
infection (13.7%)
Nasopharyngitis (13%)
Dizziness (8.5%)
Nausea (8.3%)
Fatigue (7.2%)
Diarrhea (6.5%)
Urinary tract infection
(6.5%)
Back pain (6.3%)
Constipation (5.8%)
lmotriptan, Amitriptylin e, bupropion
SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINE
Phentermine
Diethylpropion
Phendimetrazine
Benzphetamine
Phentermine/topiram
ate
Sympathomimetic
amine increases the
release and reuptake of
norepinephrine and
dopamine.
Its anorexiant effect
occurs as a result of
satiety-center
stimulation in
hypothalamic and limbic
areas of the brain.
SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINE
Side effects:
Dysuria, Excitement, Hair loss, Headache, Hypertension,
Tremor, Urticaria, Primary pulmonary hypertension,
Psychotic disorder
Serious interaction: Amoxapine, Cabergoline, Citalopram,
Clomipramine
Contraindication: Arteriosclerosis, cardiovascular disease,
moderate-to-severe hypertension, glaucoma, agitation,
hyperthyroidism, history of drug abuse
Not approved for long-term use
BUPROPION AND
NALTREXONE
Bupropion Increases dopamine activity
in the brain, which appears to
lead to a reduction in
appetite and increase in
energy expenditure by
increasing activity of pro-
opiomelanocortin (POMC)
neurons
Naltrexone
Combination may regulate act
system of the brain that helps
overeating behaviours
Blocks opioid receptors on
the POMC neurons,
preventing feedback
inhibition of these neurons
i
a
v
n
it
d
y f
iu
nrtherd
io
np
cr
ae
m
ai
s
n
in
eg
re
Pw
Oa
M
rd
C
a
cc
o
tn
iv
tir
to
yl food cravings and
LIRAGLUTIDE
Liraglutide was approved by the FDA on December 23,
2014 for treatment for obesity in adults with some
related comorbidity.
Liraglutide (NN2211) is a long-acting glucagon-like
peptide-1 receptor agonist.
Thyroid cancer concern:
Liraglutide caused a statistically
rats. The
significant increase in thyroid
clinical
of these findings is
tumors in
relevance
unknown.
DRUGS WITHDRAWN BY FDA
DRUGS UNDER TRIAL
Target Drug Company
Mechanism of
action
Status
Central
neuropeptide
signaling
Melanocortin
receptor
MK-0493 Merck
Selective
MC4R agonist,
increasing
MC3/4R
signaling
Phase II
completed
RM-493 Rhythm
Selective
MC4R agonist,
increasing
MC3/4R
signaling
Phase II
NPY
MK-0557 Merck
Y5 receptor
antagonist,
NPY blocker
Phase II
completed
Velneperit (S-
2367)
Shionogi USA
Y5 receptor
antagonist,
NPY blocker
Phase III
Target Drug Company
Mechanism of
action
Status
Monoamine
neurotransmis
sion
Dopamine /
norepinephrin
e / serotonin
Contrave
(bupropion /
naltrexone)
Orexigen
Norepinephrin
e/dopamine
reuptake
inhibitor
Phase III
completed
NDA
submission
Intestinal
peptide
hormone
signaling
GLP
Byetta®
(exenatide)
Amylin
GLP1R
agonist, GLP-
1 mimicking
Phase III
OXM
Qxyntomoduli
n (OXY-RPEG)
Prolor
GLP1R
agonist, OXM
mimicking
Phase I
recruiting
Thiakis /
GLP1R
Target Drug Company
Mechanism of
action
Status
Pancreatic
hormone
signaling
PP PP1420
Wellcome
Trust
Pancreatic
polypeptide
analog
Phase I
completed
Amylin
Davalintide
(AC2307)
Amylin
Amylin
mimicking
Phase II
Adipose tissue
hormone
signaling
Leptin Metreleptin
Amylin /
Takeda
Leptin
receptor
agonist
Phase III
recruiting
Inhibition of
lipase
Pancreatic
lipase
Cetilistat
(ATL-962)
Alizyme /
Takeda /
Norgine
Pancreatic
lipase
inhibitor,
inhibiting
Phase III
completed
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Weight loss surgery is an option for weight reduction in
patients with clinically severe obesity, i.e., a BMI ≥40, or a
BMI ≥ 35 with comorbid condition(morbid obesity)
THANK YOU
Eat and drink, but be not excessive. Indeed, He does
not like those who commit excess.”
[Quran Sûrah al-A`râf: 31]

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obesity medicine.pptx

  • 2. OVERVIEW EPIDEMIOLOGY CLASSIFICATION OF OBESITY MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS OF OBESITY ETIOLOGY MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY PHARMACOTHERAPY
  • 3. According to the WHO(2014) more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over 600 million were obese. Overall, about 13% of the world’s adult population (11% of men and 15% of women) were obese in 2014.
  • 5. WHO defines accumulation.” obesity as “abnormal or excessive fat The Obesity is classified according to the BMI:
  • 7. ETIOLOGY It may be simply attributed as the imbalance between energy intake and energy output however it has a more complex and multifactorial etiology. Possible factors in the development of obesity include the following: Race, sex, and age factors Ethnic and cultural factors Metabolic factors Genetic factors Psychological factors Endocrine factors Dietary habits Level of inactivity Psychological factors
  • 9. THE REGULATION OF BODY WEIGHT This process is tightly regulated by a homeostatic system that integrates inputs from a number of internal sensors and external factors. Important components of the system include the following: •Hormones that signal the status of fat stores (e.g. leptin). •Hormones released from the gut during feeding that convey sensations of hunger (e.g. ghrelin), satiety (e.g. CCK) or satiation (e.g. PYY3-36).
  • 10. THE REGULATION OF BODY WEIGHT •This hormonal information together with neural gustatory, olfactory and viscerosensory input is integrated in the hypothalamus. •Two groups of opposing neurons in the arcuate nucleus sense hormonal and other signals. Those secreting POMC/CART products promote feeding while those secreting NPY/AgRP inhibit feeding. •The net output from this process is relayed to other sites in the brain stem motor nuclei that control feeding behaviour.
  • 11. LEPTIN: ITS ROLE IN OBESITY Friedman and his colleagues in 1994 identified a protein leptin. When recombinant leptin was administered in animals it strikingly reduced food intake and body weight. It had a similar effect when injected directly into the lateral or the third ventricle, implying that it acted on the regions of the brain that control food intake and energy balance. LEPTIN ARCUATE NUCLEUS Glucocorticoi ds insulin oestrogens Beta adrenergic stimulation + -
  • 12. ADIPONECTIN A peptide hormone made by adipocytes in response to high fat reserves: Increases FA uptake by myocytes and the rate of FA oxidation. Slows FA synthesis in the liver. Slows gluconeogenesis in the liver. Adiponectin is the only adipose-specific protein known to date that is negatively regulated in obesity Adiponectin levels are significantly reduced among obese subjects in comparison with lean control subjects
  • 14. GUT HORMONES PYY- Peptide YY 1. Secreted from L cells of GI tract 2. Reduces food intake Ghrelin 1. Mainly secreted from stomach 2. A potent Orexigenic Cholecystokinin 1. Mainly secreted in duodenum 2. Decreasing meal size and duration both
  • 17. THE PATHOGENESIS LEPTIN DISORDER  Insufficient amounts of this hormone.  resistance to leptin  Defect in leptin carriage, transport into the CNS,  Leptin receptor defect in the hypothalamus (as occurs in db/db mice)  Postreceptor signalling
  • 18. Mediators other than leptin are certainly implicated in obesity. TNF-α, and cytokines that can relay information from fat tissue to brain, is increased in the adipose tissue of the obese individuals. Reduced insulin sensitivity of muscle and fat, alterations in the function of specific nuclear receptors, such as PPARα, β and γ, may play a role in obesity.
  • 19. n (POMC) THE GENETIC FACTORP S roopiomelanocorti Alpha-MSH melanocor tin receptor 4 Reduce dietary intake Most common identifiable genetic defects associated with obesity in humans Data suggest that up to 5% of children who are morbidly obese have MC4 or POMC mutations Genetic factors are presumed to explain 40-70% of the variance in obesity. Genome-wide association studies have found a robust number of genetic susceptibility loci associated with obesity. Genetic defects in POMC production and mutations in the MC4 gene are described as monogenic causes of obesity in humans Prohormone convertase
  • 20. Leptin deficiency Rare cases of humans with congenital leptin deficiency caused by mutations in the leptin gene have been identified. (The involved band is at 7q31.) PPAR-gamma PPAR-gamma is a transcription factor that is involved in adipocyte differentiation. All humans with mutations of the receptor (at band 3p25) described so far have had severe obesity.
  • 22. DIET AND OBESITY Various animal models have shown that high fat diet causes obesity. Similar observations are seen with High carbohydrate diet Hence, a diet rich in carbohydrate plus fats in definitely implicated for obesity.
  • 23. OBESITY IN DISEASE Obesity is a common feature in various endocrine disorders: Hypothyroidism Cushing’s Syndrome Pseudohypoparathyroidism Growth hormone deficiency
  • 24. TREATMENT OF OBESITY The first weapons in the fight against obesity are diet and exercise. Unfortunately, these often fail or show only short-term efficacy, leaving only surgical techniques (such as gastric stapling or bypass) or drug therapy as a viable alternative. Surgery is much more effective than currently licensed drugs.
  • 25. DIETARY MODIFICATION Ensure low calorie diet for moderate weight loss: Nutrient Recommended Intake Calories Approximately 500 to 1,000 kcal/day reduction from usual intake Total fat 30 percent or less of total calories Saturated fatty acids 8 to 10 percent of total calories Monounsaturated fatty acids Up to 15 percent of total calories Polyunsaturated fatty acids Up to 10 percent of total calories Carbohydrate 55 percent or more of total calories Protein Approximately 15 percent of total calories Fiber 20 to 30 g/day
  • 26. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Physical activity should be an integral part of weight loss therapy and weight maintenance. Initially, moderate levels of physical activity for 30 to 45 minutes, 3 to 5 days per week, should be encouraged. Example Walking 13/4 miles in 35 minutes (20 min/mile) Bicycling 5 miles in 30 minutes Running 11/2 miles in 15 minutes(15 min/mile) Swimming laps for 20 minutes
  • 27. PHARMACOTHERAPY Currently, the 3 major groups of drugs used to manage obesity are as follows: Centrally acting medications that impair dietary intake Medications that act peripherally to impair dietary absorption Medications that increase energy expenditure
  • 28. ORLISTAT Orlistat is a gastrointestinal and pancreatic lipase inhibitor that induces weight loss by inhibiting dietary fat
  • 29. ORLISTAT Indication: Indicated in patients with pretreatment BMI >30 kg/m², or BMI >27 kg/m² in presence of other risk factors or diseases (eg, HTN, DM, hyperlipidemia) Dose:120 mg PO q8hr with each fat-containing meal Side effects: Oily spotting (5%) Flatulence, Fatty/oily stool ,Increased defecation, Fecal incontinence, Nausea, Vomiting, Reduced absorption of fat soluble vitamins and beta-carotene Serious interaction: Orlistat decreases levels of cyclosporine by inhibition of GI absorption
  • 30. LORCASERIN It decrease food consumption and promote satiety by selectively activating 5-HT2C receptors on anorexigenic pro- opiomelanocortin neurons located in the hypothalamus.
  • 31. LORCASERIN Indication: Indicated in patients with pretreatment BMI >30 kg/m², or BMI >27 kg/m² in presence of other risk factors or diseases (eg, HTN, DM, hyperlipidemia) Dose: 10 mg PO q12h Side effects: Interactions:A >10% Uncommon Headache (16.8%) Upper respiratory tract infection (13.7%) Nasopharyngitis (13%) Dizziness (8.5%) Nausea (8.3%) Fatigue (7.2%) Diarrhea (6.5%) Urinary tract infection (6.5%) Back pain (6.3%) Constipation (5.8%) lmotriptan, Amitriptylin e, bupropion
  • 32. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINE Phentermine Diethylpropion Phendimetrazine Benzphetamine Phentermine/topiram ate Sympathomimetic amine increases the release and reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Its anorexiant effect occurs as a result of satiety-center stimulation in hypothalamic and limbic areas of the brain.
  • 33. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINE Side effects: Dysuria, Excitement, Hair loss, Headache, Hypertension, Tremor, Urticaria, Primary pulmonary hypertension, Psychotic disorder Serious interaction: Amoxapine, Cabergoline, Citalopram, Clomipramine Contraindication: Arteriosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, moderate-to-severe hypertension, glaucoma, agitation, hyperthyroidism, history of drug abuse Not approved for long-term use
  • 34. BUPROPION AND NALTREXONE Bupropion Increases dopamine activity in the brain, which appears to lead to a reduction in appetite and increase in energy expenditure by increasing activity of pro- opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons Naltrexone Combination may regulate act system of the brain that helps overeating behaviours Blocks opioid receptors on the POMC neurons, preventing feedback inhibition of these neurons i a v n it d y f iu nrtherd io np cr ae m ai s n in eg re Pw Oa M rd C a cc o tn iv tir to yl food cravings and
  • 35. LIRAGLUTIDE Liraglutide was approved by the FDA on December 23, 2014 for treatment for obesity in adults with some related comorbidity. Liraglutide (NN2211) is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Thyroid cancer concern: Liraglutide caused a statistically rats. The significant increase in thyroid clinical of these findings is tumors in relevance unknown.
  • 38. Target Drug Company Mechanism of action Status Central neuropeptide signaling Melanocortin receptor MK-0493 Merck Selective MC4R agonist, increasing MC3/4R signaling Phase II completed RM-493 Rhythm Selective MC4R agonist, increasing MC3/4R signaling Phase II NPY MK-0557 Merck Y5 receptor antagonist, NPY blocker Phase II completed Velneperit (S- 2367) Shionogi USA Y5 receptor antagonist, NPY blocker Phase III
  • 39. Target Drug Company Mechanism of action Status Monoamine neurotransmis sion Dopamine / norepinephrin e / serotonin Contrave (bupropion / naltrexone) Orexigen Norepinephrin e/dopamine reuptake inhibitor Phase III completed NDA submission Intestinal peptide hormone signaling GLP Byetta® (exenatide) Amylin GLP1R agonist, GLP- 1 mimicking Phase III OXM Qxyntomoduli n (OXY-RPEG) Prolor GLP1R agonist, OXM mimicking Phase I recruiting Thiakis / GLP1R
  • 40. Target Drug Company Mechanism of action Status Pancreatic hormone signaling PP PP1420 Wellcome Trust Pancreatic polypeptide analog Phase I completed Amylin Davalintide (AC2307) Amylin Amylin mimicking Phase II Adipose tissue hormone signaling Leptin Metreleptin Amylin / Takeda Leptin receptor agonist Phase III recruiting Inhibition of lipase Pancreatic lipase Cetilistat (ATL-962) Alizyme / Takeda / Norgine Pancreatic lipase inhibitor, inhibiting Phase III completed
  • 41. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT Weight loss surgery is an option for weight reduction in patients with clinically severe obesity, i.e., a BMI ≥40, or a BMI ≥ 35 with comorbid condition(morbid obesity)
  • 42. THANK YOU Eat and drink, but be not excessive. Indeed, He does not like those who commit excess.” [Quran Sûrah al-A`râf: 31]