Communication is the process of passing information between a sender and receiver using symbols. It requires basic skills like listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The key steps in communication are forming a message, encoding and sending it through a channel, receiving and decoding the message, and providing feedback. Effective communication depends on having a clear environment, cooperation, an appropriate channel, and correct encoding and decoding with feedback. Nonverbal communication like body language, gestures, eye contact, and proxemics also impact understanding. Intercultural communication involves interaction between people from different cultures.

1. 1
EFFECTIVE
TECHNICAL
COMMUNICATION
(3130004)
Unit 1
Dynamics of Communication

2. 2
What is Communication?
 Origin: The term „COMMUNICATION‟ comes from the Latin word „Communis‟
or „Communicare‟ or „Communico,‟ which means „to share.‟ Its literal meaning is
giving or sharing information.
 Definition: „COMMUNICATION‟ is the process of passing information, idea, and
Knowledge between a sender and a receiver through an accepted code of symbols.
(1) L - Listening Skill : It is an ability to understand a verbal message.
(2) S - Speaking Skill : It is an ability to express message effectively to the
audience through spoken words.
(3) R - Reading Skill : It is required for decoding and comprehending the written
message.
(4) W- Writing Skill : It is an ability to express message effective through written
words.
 What is Communication and the Process of Communication?
 „COMMUNICATION‟ is the process of passing information, idea, and Knowledge
between a sender and a receiver through an accepted code of symbols.
Unit 1 Dynamics of Communication
Basic Communication Skills

3. 3
 For sharing information, two parties are required: the sender and the receiver. They
should have a mutually accepted code of signals making up a universal language.
 So, communication effective only when the receiver receives the message intended
by the sender from the same perspective. Otherwise, it becomes miscommunication.
 In the first step, the sender forms the content of the message to be sent.
 The sender encodes the message and sends it through a channel.
 This channel is nothing but the language use – words, actions, signs, objects, or combination
of these.
 The receiver receives the message, decodes it, and acts on it.
 If the message received is the same as the message sent, there will be a response; if not, and
there has been a breakdown of communication. It may happen because of the noise.
 The transmission of the receiver‟s response to the sender is called feedback. If we are sending a
message to somebody, our communication cycle is complete only when we get a response
from the recipient of the message. Otherwise, we need to resend the message. Our
communication is fully effective only when we get the desire response from the receiver.
Communication Cycle
Process of Communication

4. 4
 The Essentials of Effective Communication are as follows:
(1) A well-defined Communication Environment
(2) Cooperation between the sender and the receiver
(3) Selection of an appropriate channel
(4) Correct encoding and decoding of the message
(5) Feedback

5. 5
 Kinesics is the interpretation of body language such as Facial expressions and gestures or,
more formally, non-verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body or the
body as a whole. Body Language is technically known as kinesics.
 Body language is the unconscious and conscious transmission and interpretation of
feelings, attitudes, and moods, through:
 Body posture, movement, physical state, position, and relationship to other bodies,
objects, and surroundings.
 Facial expressions and eye movement,
 This transmission and interpretation can be quite different from the spoken words.
 Body movements include gestures, facial expressions, and other physical movements.
Everybody movement conveys a specific meaning. For example, raising an eyebrow
conveys disbelief, rubbing the nose indicates puzzlement and shrugging shoulders
shows indifference. When a person is eager to hear something, he sits with his feet
under the chair, toes pressed to the ground, and leans forward on the desk. When a
person is listening carefully, he maintains eye contact and frequently nods his head.
Kinesics
Facial Expressions

6. 6
 Posture generally refers to the way we hold ourselves when we stand, sit, or walk. One‟s
posture changes accordingly to the situation. If nervous, one would usually be seen pacing,
bobbing the shoulders, fidgeting with notes, jingling coins, moving always, or staying glued to
the ground.
 The face and eyes are the main points of focus during communication, and along with our
ears, our eyes take in most of the communicative information around us.
Posture
FaciaExpressi
ons
Eye Contact
FaciaExpressi
ons

7. 7
 The saying “The eyes are the window to the soul” is accurate in terms of where people
typically think others are “located,” which is right behind the eyes. Eye contact serves several
communicative functions ranging from regulating interaction to monitoring interaction to
conveying information, to establishing interpersonal connections.
 In terms of regulating communication, we use eye contact to signal to others that we are ready
to speak, or we use it for cueing others to speak. I am sure we have all been in that awkward
situation where a teacher asks a question, no one else offers a response, and he or she looks
directly at us as if to say, “What do you think?” In that case, the teacher‟s eye contact is used
to cue us to respond. During an interaction, eye contact also changes as we shift from speaker
to listener.
 A gesture is the movement of the hand, head, or body to indicate an idea or a feeling. Gestures
are similar to facial expressions as they also help to know the feelings of the other person.
Gestures convey emotions and also convey positive messages or information. There are some
common gestures which are used by us in day to day life like, waving the hand to greet
goodbye, upraised hand to request to remain silent, wagging the index finger, for scolding,
pointing the index finger, to show the direction, moving the hand sideways to show refusal,
etc.
Gestures
GeGEFac
iaExpress
ions

8. 8
 Personal appearance plays an important role; people see before they hear. As you adapt our
language to an audience, we should also dress appropriately. Appearance includes clothes,
hair, jewellery, cosmetics. The purpose of clothing has altered from fulfilling a fundamental
need to expressing one. Clothes also highlight the body‟s movements, and the choice of
clothes reveals a lot about the wearer‟s personality and attitude.
Personal Appearance
fdfdfAflgnflgnApprea
AppApperancceAGe
GEFaciaExpressions

9. 9
Definition
 Proxemics is the study of physical space in interpersonal relations.
Proximity is communicated, for instance, through the use of space, distance, touching, and
body position. The use of space, the physical distance between people, and the options for
touch are strictly related and culture-specific. There are four types of easy distances:
(1) Intimate (2) Personal (3) Social (4) Pubic distance. Personal distance is common in
communication between friends. The social-consultative distance used in professional and
unofficial social occasions. People from different cultural backgrounds can, for example, value
personal space differently.
(1) Intimate: This zone starts with a personal touch and extends just to 18 inches. Members of the
family, spouses, relatives, and parents fall under this zone. This zone does not need active
conversation; only whisper enough. A handshake, a pat on the back, or a hug, all comes into
this zone.
(2) Personal: This zone stretches from 18 inches to 4 feet. Close friends, colleagues, peers, etc fall
in this zone. Instead of whispering sounds, there can be normal conversation in this zone.
Sitting or standing so close brings one closer to the listener and gives the impression of
friendliness and warmth.
Proxemics

10. 10
(3) Social: Social events take place in this radius of 4 feet to 12 feet. In this zone, relationships
are more official. These situations involve less emotion and more planning. The number of
people decides whether it should be a sitting-sitting or sitting-standing position. To be
authoritative with a broad audience, a sitting- standing position can be used.
(4) Public: This zone starts from 12 feet and may extend to 30 feet or the range of eyesight and
hearing. Events that take place in this zone are formal. The audience is free to do whatever it
feels. The speaker has to raise his voice or use a microphone to communicate. The speakers
like the Prime Minister of a country, have to maintain this distance for security reasons.

11. 11
Definition
Paralinguistic communication refers to the study of the human voice and how words were
spoken.
 The words are static on a page; the voice gives extra life to our delivery. Voice is useful to
understand the characteristic of voice, namely quality, volume, rate, pitch, articulation,
pronunciation, voice modulation, and pauses.
(1) Quality: It is a characteristic that distinguishes one voice from another. Voice quality
depends on its resonating mechanism. It cannot be changed but can be trained for optimum
impact. Very few people blessed with deep and resonant quality. For example, Narendra
Modi.
(2) Volume: Volume is the loudness or the softness of the voice. Voice should always project,
but need not always be loud. If our volume is too high, it sounds boorish and insensitive. If our
volume is too low, it conveys an impression of timidity, and also give the impression that we
are not well prepared and lack of confidence to express ourselves.
(3) Rate/Pace: Rate is the number of words that one speaks per minute. It varies from person to
person and from 80 to 250 words/min. The normal rate is 120 to 150 words/min. If the
speech is too slow and monotonous, the speaker is most likely to be considered a dull
speaker. If the speech is too fast, listeners do not get enough time to grasp the message.
(4) Pitch: Pitch refers to the number of vibrations of our voice per second. The rise and fall of the
voice convey various emotions. „Thank you‟ is such a phrase. The low pitch expresses
sadness, shock, dullness, guilt, etc. while the high pitch expresses excitement, joy, anger.
Paralinguistic Features

12. 12
 Good communication is an essential tool in achieving productivity and maintaining strong
working relationships at all levels of an organisation. Employers who invest time and energy
into delivering clear lines of communication will rapidly build trust among employees,
leading to increases in productivity, output, and morale in general. Meanwhile, employees
who communicate effectively with colleagues, managers, and customers are always valuable
assets to an organisation, and it is a skill that can often set people apart from their
competition when applying for jobs.
 Communication within an organization takes many forms: from oral communication and
written communication to communicate through email/intranet/IM/business networks and
even body language, which can be so important in today‟s increasingly multicultural
workplace. Thus, how an organization communicates needs to be consistent and clear
across multiple channels.
 It is a sharing of information among people. It includes a few participants who are close to
one another. Here many sensory channels are used, and immediate feedback can be obtained.
It can assume in the form of face to face conversation, video conferencing, and telephonic talk
and soon. It takes place in our day to day life.
Importance of Interpersonal and Intercultural Communnication in today‟s Organizations
Interpersonal Communication

13. 13
 Intercultural communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between people from
different cultural backgrounds. Basically, 'inter-' is a prefix that means 'between' and cultural
means… well, from a culture, so intercultural communication is the communication between
cultures. Sometimes, this is used to describe a single person trying to interact in a foreign
environment. However, more often, it is a two-way street, where people from both cultures
are trying to convey their message and trying to improve communication.
Intercultural Communication