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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

0.1   REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR

      Refrigeration compressor is the heart of any refrigeration system. The
      compressor can be: reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, screw or an axial flow
      type, based on the principle of compression. Depending upon the location of
      the drive, compressors are classified as hermetic, semi-hermetic and open
      type. Reciprocating and rotary compressors, which have the compressing
      element and drive motor sealed in a single, welded-housing, are called
      hermetically sealed compressors. Instead of single, welded-housing, if the
      enclosure is bolted together, then the assembly becomes semi-hermetic. In
      this type, in addition to reciprocating and rotary types, screw and centrifugal
      compressors are also manufactured. However, if the compressors and drive
      units are not in single housing, the compressors are called open type.
      Compressors manufactured in India are mostly the reciprocating type.
      Centrifugal compressors are characterised by large capacity, suitable for
      extremely low temperatures and ability to carry varying loads. Rotary
      compressor is a hermetic type compressor where the mechanical structure
      and motor assembly are directly fitted in the same shell, and where the shell
      is sealed by means of welding. Rolling piston and sliding vane are the main
      types of rotary compressors. In reciprocating compressors, a connecting rod
      is used to convert the rotary movement of the crankshaft to the reciprocating
      movement of the piston. The piston slides, in a cylinder to compress the
      refrigerant gas. When the difference between condensing temperature and
      evaporating temperature is high, the pressure ratio for compression also
      becomes high and conducting compression in two stages becomes desirable.
      A screw compressor is a positive displacement rotary machine. Depending
      upon mountings, there are two types viz. vertical and horizontal screw
      compressors. Depending upon the number of screws, there are mono- screw
      and twin-screw compressors.

      Application of refrigeration compressors can be: for refrigerators,
      deep-freezers, water coolers, bottle coolers, room air-conditioners,
      packaged air-conditioners, water chillers, self-contained A/Cs,
      bus/train/ship air-conditioning, refrigerated vans and cold-storages.

      End-uses of refrigeration compressors can be in: domestic, commercial and
      industrial sectors. In domestic sectors, the end- uses are for preserving and
      storing food and for comfort air-conditioning. In the commercial sector, the
      end-uses are: in central air-conditioning, water coolers, and commercial
      refrigerators. End-uses in the industrial sector include preservation of food,
      fruit juice concentrates, alcoholic drinks; preserving systems for meat, fish,


                                       (iii)
poultry and dairy products. Other applications of refrigeration compressors
       are process refrigeration such as in the drugs and pharmaceutical industry;
       textile industry, rubber industry and thermal power generation.

0.2.   HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPRESSORS

       For refrigeration compressors, development of technology started around
       the year 1865. In the period 1865 to 1875, a few types of refrigeration
       compressors were made each year. These were massive steam-engine driven
       machines with their weights in tons, considerably in excess of their capacity
       in tons of refrigeration. Before 1900, some compressors were equipped with
       cylinder by-pass valves for capacity control. Electric motor belted-drives
       also started to make their appearance. Rare use of sulphur dioxide as
       refrigerant was made. In the period from 1900 to 1925, rotating seals were
       tried in small compressors. Automatic capacity controls were developed.
       Operating speed increased to 800 rpm. Compressors came to be directly
       driven by synchronous motors. During the period 1925 to 1950, reed valves
       began to appear. The 2-pole electric motors at 3500 rpm were used for drive.
       Freon refrigerants such as R-ll, R-114, and R-22 were invented. During the
       period 1950 to 1975, the refrigerant R-22 was used in place of R-12 and
       2-pole motors in place of 4-pole motors were used.

       The ozone depleting effects of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have resulted in
       a large number of countries signing the Montreal Convention, according to
       which the developed countries have to phase out use of R-ll, R-12, R-113,
       R-114, R-115, R-13, R - l l l , R-112, R- 211, R-212, R-213, R-214, R-215,
       R-216 and R-217 by the year 2000, and developing countries by the year
       2015., The use of new CFCs which are ozone friendly and are under
       development at present necessitate modifications in compressor designs in
       some cases. They may also affect the energy efficiency of compressors also.

       As regards the compressor typewise development; the reciprocating
       compressors were the pioneers, followed by, centrifugal, rotary and screw
       compressors. Among these types, the reciprocating compressors have almost
       reached their technological development limits. Regarding the future trend,
       scroll and eccentric cam compressors are being developed in advanced
       countries.

0.3.   STRUCTURE OF THE REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR INDUSTRY

       a)     Manufacturers

              The manufacture of the refrigeration compressors started in India
              around the year 1960 for small hermetic compressors for


                                        (iv)
refrigerators as well as the larger capacity open type compressors.
 Today, a wide variety of compressors are produced in India with
 the capacity as high as 700 HP. The industry is composed of both
 organized sector of medium and large-scale manufacturers and an
 unorganized sector of small-scale units. The small units produce
 slow-speed compressor models, which are still used in India for
 limited purposes.

  There are 14 manufacturers in the organized sector. They are:

  i)      Sanden Vikas (India) Ltd., Faridabad (Haryana) - A/C
          compressor for motor cars.
  ii)     Kirloskar Brothers Ltd., Karad (Maharashtra) - Hermetic
          compressors.
  iii)    Shriram Refrigeration Industries Ltd., Hyderabad (A.P.) -
          Hermetic compressors.
 jy)      DDdre) & BDywMSg, CP, Private Ltd v Bombay - Hermetic
         compressors.
v)       Kelvinator of India Ltd., Faridabad (Haryana) - Hermetic
         compressors.
vi)      Hyderabad Allwyn Ltd., Hyderabad (A.P.) - Hermetic
         compressors.
vii)     Voltas Ltd., Bombay & Warora (Maharashtra) - Hermetic,
         Semi- hermetic and Open type compressors.
viii)    Kirloskar Pneumatic Co. Ltd., Pune (Maharashtra) - Open
         type compressors.
ix)      Vulcan Laval Ltd., Satara (Maharashtra) - Open type
         compressors.
x)       Frick India Ltd., Faridabad (Haryana) - Open type
         compressors.
xi)      Air Control & Chemical Engineering Co. Ltd., Nandej
         (Gujarat) - Open type compressors.
xii)     Utility Engineers (India) Ltd., Dharuhera (Haryana) - Open
         type and Semi-hermetic compressors.
xiii)    Blue Star Ltd., Bombay (Maharashtra) - Open type
         compressors.

                         (v)
xiv)    Batliboi & Co.,          Udhna    (Gujarat)       Semi-hermetic
             compressors.

b)   Installed capacity and its utilisation

     At present, the total licensed capacity of these companies is
     13,87,250 Nos. per annum, whereas the total installed capacity is
     10,22,170 Nos. As regards the utilisation of installed capacity, the
     industry presents an unbalanced picture for different types of
     compressors as shown in the following table.

                            Utilisation of capacity

                                                                (in numbers)

     Compressor type             Total             Total         Capacity
                                 Production        Installed     utilisation
                                 (1985-86)         capacity
                                                   (1985-86)

     Air-conditioning                 10,000       25,000         40%
     compressors for
     automobile
     Hermetic                    7,78,614         8,81,000       88.4%
     compressors
     Open type and                    2,444         15,440       15.8%
     Semi hermetic
     compressors
     (all varieties)


c)   Demand and supply forecast

     Depending on the type of compressor, there are different segments
     of the market. For fractional horse power and below 5 HP
     compressors, the end-products are : auto air-conditioner,
     refrigerators, water coolers, room type air-conditioners, bottle
     coolers, deep-freezers, etc. For higher capacity compressors the
     end-uses are air-conditioning and refrigeration in a variety of
     industries like food preservation and processing; dairy, fish,
     poultry, meat industry, pharmaceutical and chemical industry,
     electronics, fertilizer,   textile industries and      commercial
     establishments like offices, telephone exchanges, computer


                               (vi)
installations, theatres and hotels. The future demand for these
different segments is as follows:

                  Future demand of compressors

                                                     (In numbers)

Compressors type                     1990-91            1994-95

Car A/C compressors                    35,340           59,690
Hermetic compressors                15,17,605        26,96,430
Open type compressors                   3,428            4,493

If the future demand is compared against the current and potential
installed capacity, the following picture emerges:-

              Demand - Supply position in 1994-95

                                                     (In numbers)

Compressor type       Demand        Installed      Capacity
                                    capacity       surplus!
                                                   shortage

Car A/C                 59,690       1,00,000      +40,310
compressors
Hermetic            26,96,430       13,46,000   -13,50,430
compressors
Open type                4,493         15,890      +11,397
compressors


The table shows that additional capacity will be needed to the
extent of nearly 1.4 million numbers for hermetic compressors. In
terms of value, the total demand at present is approximately Rs.
950 million for hermetic compressors and Rs. 200 million for open
type compressors.




                        (vii)
d)   Import and export

     Refrigeration compressors are imported in India as part of initial
     import in the phased production programme under the collaboration
     agreements or some special types or capacities, which are not
     manufactured in the country. Some compressors are also imported
     as part of projects awarded to foreign companies.

     Export of compressors is usually as a part of an end-project or a
     part of an air-conditioning or refrigeration project. The export
     performance of the industry is not very encouraging.

     The main reasons for this are:

     Price       The international prices are at least 40% cheaper than
                 thejndian export prices.
     Quality     The quality of products of advanced countries is
                 superior and more reliable.

     Models      The advanced countries do continuous product
                 improvement and are able to bring new models every
                 year in the market.

     Marketing The marketing and after sale service are not properly
               undertaken by the Indian manufacturers, barring a few
               exceptions. The Indian manufacturers will have to
               improve on all these disadvantages with appropriate
               help from the Government.

e)   Financial status and scale of operation:

     Most manufacturers are multi-product companies producing
     compressors as one of their products: hence the data of separate
     investment and costs for compressors vis-a-vis income is not
     available. The financial health of a company as a whole has,
     therefore, been studied. It was observed that all companies, except
     ACCEL, are making profit. ACCEL had been making losses for
     some years and it has been taken over by Best & Crompton Ltd.,
     since 1986 and is under rehabilitation. Amongst the companies,
     Frick India Ltd., Vulcan Laval Ltd., Blue Star Ltd., and Kelvinator
     of India show sound financial health with the return on capital
     employed is consistently above 10% and return on share capital
     above 35%.


                             (viii)
0.4.     TECHNOLOGICAL STATUS OF INDIAN INDUSTRY

         a)      Sources of technology

                 Since the beginning of the refrigeration industry in India,
                 refrigeration compressors have been manufactured with foreign
                 technical collaboration. Even today, most of the established
                 manufacturers continue to enter into fresh foreign collaborations
                 for producing new types of compressors or for updating and
                 expanding the present range. The only notable exception in this
                 regard is Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd. which has developed a
                 hermetic compressor for its refrigerator entirely with its own
                 research and development. The details of foreign collaborations of
                 the Indian manufacturers are shown in the following table.

                           FOREIGN COLLABORATIONS

       Manufacturer        Collaborator             Year Type of compressor

1.     Sanden Vikas        * Sanden Corporation     1983 Open type reciprocating
       (India) Ltd.          (Japan)                     compressor with clutch
                                                         for motor car air-
                                                         conditioner
2.     Kirloskar            Tecumseh Products       1963 Hermetic compressors
       Brothers Ltd.        Co. Inc. (U.S.A.)            (1/8 HP-5 HP)
3.     Shriram Refriger-    Westinghouse Indus-     1961 Hermtic
       ration Industries    tries Corpn. (U.S.A.)        compressors
       Ltd.                                              (1/8 to 2 1/2 HP)
                             Lee Refrigeration      1979      -do-
                             Corpn. (U.S.A.)
                             Daikin Industries      1981 Rotary hermetic
                             Ltd. (Japan)
                           * Tecumseh Co.           1987 Hermetic compressors
                             (U.S.A.)                    (1/8 to 7 1/2 HP)
4.     Kelvinator            Kelvinator             1960 Hermetic 1/8 & 1/6 HP
       of India Ltd.         International Corpn.        reciprocating
                             (White Consolidated
                             Industries, U.S.A.)
                           *     -do-               1987 Hermetic reciprocating




                                           (ix)
Manufacturer            Collaborator           Year Type of compressor

5.   Hyderabad Allwyn Prestcold Ltd. (U.K.)    1957 Slow speed hermetic
     Ltd.                                           Hermetic (FHP)
                     * Hitachi Ltd. (Japan)    1981 High speed Hermetic
                                                    (1/8 & 1/6 HP)
6.   Voltas Ltd.          Carrier Corpn.       1963 Open type reciprocating
                          (U.S.A.)             &1972(18TRto 120 TR)
                        * Danfoss A/S          1984 Hermetic reciprocating
                          (Denmark)                 (1/8 to 1/6 HP)
                        * Carrier Corpn.       1983 Semi- hermetic recipro-
                          (U.S.A.)                  cating (7 - 14 TR)
                        * Danfoss A/S          1987 Product of refrigeration
                          (Denmark)                    compressors
7.   Kirloskar           Grasso Products       1961   Open type ( 1 0 - 200 TR)
     Pneumatic Co. Ltd. B.V. Holland           1965 Recip.
                         -do-                  1973 Semi-hermetic
                       *-do-                   1985 (45 - 180 TR)
                         Westinghouse Elec.    1962 Semi-hermetic
                         Intl.Co. (U.S.A.)          (5 TR & 7 TR)
                         Hitachi Ltd.          1969 Centrifugal
                         (Japan)                    (200 TR & 600 TR)
                         Sutrak                1973 Open type reciprocating
                         (West Germany)             (7 to 15 TR)
                       * Howden Compressors    1988 Screw compressors
                         Ltd. (U.K.)                (20 - 200 TR)
8.   Frick India Ltd.    Frick Waynesboro      1962 Open type reciprocating
                         Inc. (U.S.A.)         &197915-200TR)
                         Fedders Corpn.             Screw compressors
                         (U.S.A.)                   (1100-300 TR)
                                                    Centrifugal (300-600 HP)
9.   Utility           * The Trane Co.         1983 Open type reciprocating
     Engineers (I) Ltd. U.S.A.                      (10 to 80 TR) Hermetic
                                                    (5 TR & 7.5 TR)
                                                    Hermetically sealed
                                                    centrifugal
                                                    (100-800 TR)
10. Vulcan Laval        * Star Refrigeration   1982 Open type
    Ltd.                  AB (Sweden)               reciprocating
                                                    (6.5 TR - 230 TR)
                        * -do-                 1984 Screw type


                                         (x)
Manufacturer             Collaborator                Year Type of compressor

11. Blue Star            * Borg Warner Air-          1983   Centrifugal
    Ltd.                   conditioning Inc.                (150-700 TR)
                           (U.S.A.)
12. Batliboi             * Daikin Industries         1984 Semi-hermetic
    &Co.                   Ltd.(Japan)                    compressors
                                                          (10TR-50TR)
13. Air Control            Sabroe & Co.              1965 Open type
    & Chemical             (Denmark)                      reciprocating
    Engg. Co. Ltd.                                        (5.6 - 70.4 TR)
    (ACCEL)
14. Gujarat Ind. Inv.    * Dressar Industries        1984   Refrigeration
    Co. Ltd.,              Inc. (U.S.A.)                    compressors

15. Shiv Shakti Engg.     Rotocold Ltd.              1989    Rotary compressors
    Co. Pvt. Ltd.         (U.K.)
16. Pradeep Kumar         Industrie Riuuite          1985 Sealed compressors
    New Delhi             Eurodomostical SPA
                          (Italy)

Note: Collaborations, still current, are indicated by an * (asterisk)

                There is no example of technology transfer among Indian
                manufacturers. Moreover, collaborations with the same foreign
                companies have been concluded at different times for updating or
                manufacturing new types of compressors. All this goes to show that
                there is hardly any original design and development work
                undertaken in India; or, whatever has been attempted so far has not
                met with much success. The R&D effort in India is mainly aimed at
                indigenisation of the compressors as per the collaborator's
                specifications and according to the phased manufacturing
                programme.

       b)       Selection of foreign collaborator

                The selection of foreign collaborator was found to be based on
                many factors such as:

                i)      Quality of products

                                          (xi)
ii)    Financial participation of collaborator
     iii)   Willingness of collaborator
     iv)    Previous trading relations i.e. the Indian company
            importing the collaborator's compressor for use in own
            products or projects
     v)     Availability of collaborator for collaboration in India.

     There are three companies, namely, Sanden Vikas (India) Ltd.,
     Kelvinator of India Ltd. and Frick India Ltd., in which there is a
     financial participation of the collaborator in addition to technical
     collaboration.

c)   Restrictive clauses in collaboration agreements

     The restrictive clauses pertain to export, use of collaborator's
     brand name and transfer of technology to other Indian
     manufacturers. Regarding exports, most collaborators have barred
     the Indian manufacturers to export to countries where the
     collaborators have their own licensing arrangements or trade
     interests.

     Regarding the use of collaborator's brand-name, in most cases the
     words "manufactured under license of." etc., can be used during the
     period of agreement.

     The transfer of technology has not been allowed during the tenure
     of agreement in the case of any company. After the tenure is over,
     the Indian company is free to transfer technology to others.

d)   Technical support of collaborator

     In all the collaborations, the collaborator has agreed to give all
     technical support for indigenisation of the compressor. Adequate
     training in collaborator's plant as well as in Indian company's plant
     is provided.

e)   Research and development activities

     The research and development carried out by the Indian
     manufacturers is of applied nature. The main effort is to indigenise
     the collaborator's design within the agreement period. Once this is


                              (xii)
achieved, many manufacturers have done development in
     compressor components by way of change of material, little
     modification in design and such other improvements. Some have
     developed compressor models of intermediate capacities in the
     range by making suitable dimensional changes. No manufacturer
     has designed a compressor on his own except Godrej & Boyce. The
     reasons for this state of affairs are :

     i)     The low volume of turnover of business does not permit
            sizeable investment in original research.
     ii)    It is faster to update technology through collaboration than
            through own research.

f)   R&D organization and expenditure

     Most compressor manufacturing companies in India are
     multi-product companies, manufacturing allied refrigeration
     products or components or other engineering products not
     connected with refrigeration. The research and development
     activities are, therefore, commonly undertaken in a central R&D
     establishment. Separate R&D organization and expenditure on
     compressor development were therefore not available in most
     cases.

     The following table shows the annual R&D expenditure of the
     companies.
                           R&D Expenditure
                                                  (Rs. in million)
     Company                                 Expenditure (Year)

     Shriram Refrigeration Industries            2.3 (1985-86)
     Kelvinator of India Ltd.                  11.89 (1987-83)
     VoltasLtd.                                 21.7(1987-88)
     Vulcan Laval Ltd.                           6.0 (1985-86)
     Kirloskar Pneumatic Co. Ltd.                6.3 (1986-87)
     Hyderabad Allwyn Co. Ltd.                  17.0 (1987-88)
     Kirloskar Brother Ltd.                     11.2 (1988-89)
     Godrej and Boyce                           17.2 (1987-88)



                             (xiii)
The other companies like Sanden Vikas (India), Utility Engineers,
              Batliboi & Co. and Blue Star Ltd. are getting all R&D support from
              their collaborators. Frick India Ltd. will soon have its own R&D
              centre which is at present under construction.

0.5.   INTERNATIONAL STATE-OF-THE-ART SCENE

       To understand the international state-of-the-art, 26 major manufacturers
       were contacted on the basis of their collaborations, in India, import of
       compressors, into India and also on the basis of reputation. In response,
       product literature from some, like GRASSO, HITACHI, HOWDEN,
       MITSUBISHI, COPELAND and LINDE was received. Few copies of
       product literature of STAL and DAIKIN were also received from their
       Indian collaborators. Apart from this, the Japan Refrigeration and
       Air-conditioning Industries Association and American Society of Heating,
       Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers Inc. were also contacted.
       Publications of Purdue University, U.S.A., on Compressor Engineering were
       also referred to.

       a)     Manufacturers

              GRASSO PRODUCTS

              This is an internationally independent, operating company in the
              field of refrigeration, air-conditioning and stop valves for the last
              125 years. Businesswise, the company's net sales were in 1984 -
              69,503,000 Dutch Guilders, in 1985 - 63,928,000 Dutch Guilders;
              and in 1986 - 135,987,000 Dutch Guilders. Expenditure for R&D in
              1985 amounted to 3.5% of net sales.

              COPELAND CORPORATION

              This is an American, refrigeration compressor manufacturing group
              of companies, building accessible hermetic compressors since
              1957. The range includes 50 W to 540 W compressors. It is the
              largest manufacturer of compressors in terms of monetary value. Its
              products are mainly in range of 2 HP and 4 HP.

              LINDE REFRIGERATION LTD.

              For over 100 years, this company has developed and manufactured
              a range of refrigeration equipment. Linde manufactures open type,
             screw and reciprocating compressors.



                                      (xiv)
HOWDEN COMPRESSORS LTD.

     This company (founded over 125 years ago) was the first in the
     world to commercially produce screw compressors for refrigeration
     purposes. Howden manufactures compressors with capacities in the
     range of 340 m /hr to 1200 m3/hr.

     MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD.

     This is a Tokyo based company, established 45 years ago.
     Mitsubishi manufactures : hermetically sealed rotary and
     reciprocating compressors, semi-sealed reciprocating compressors
     and open type screw compressors.

     MANEUROP

     It is well known French manufacturer upto 12 hp. capacity
     compressors.

     CARRIER, TRANE, YORK AND SNYDER
     They are large U.S. based manufacturers of reciprocating and
     centrifugal compressors both of open and semi-hermetic designs.

     FRICK AND DUNHAM - BUSH

     They are large manufacturers of screw compressors in U.S.A.

b)   Latest developments at International level

     i)     Semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor

            Improvement in part-load efficiency of semi-hermetic
            reciprocating compressor has been developed by using
            block suction unloading by Borg Warner Air-conditioning
            Inc. (York) U.S.A.

            Copeland Corporation, Sydney, has developed, a new
            valves system. This valve is made from a high temperature
            polymeric material, together with a laminated steel valve
            plate and ring type suction valve. It provides large flow
            areas, low clearance volumes and high efficiency.
            Discharge valves are of polymide resin. With this valve



                             (xv)
system, the company claims that EER has increased by 16%
       and compressor capacity by 25%.

ii)    Hermetic Reciprocating Compressor

       A unit that encloses a motor compressor and a condenser of
       refrigerant fluid in a single hermetic casing has been tested
       by NECCHI SPA, PAVIA, ITALY.

iii)   Compressor Valves

       Material for compressor valves has been recently selected
       and tested. The best material for this use is the Martensetic
       Stainless Steels with preference for UHBSS-716.

iv)    The Eccentric Cam Compressor

       This new product has been tried by Copeland. The eccentric
       cam compressor fulfills the required need for a low-cost,
       high efficiency and durable air-conditioning for 1.5 to 2 ton
       capacity range.

v)     Single Screw Oil Flooded Refrigerant Compressor

       This is a rotary positive displacement compressor. The
       compressor gets its name from the single screw rotor that
       meshes with 2 sealing rotors called star rotors or gate
       rotors. The advantages of single screw compressors are
       compactness, versatility, reliability, maintainability, less
       weight, less noise and vibration as compared to existing
       reciprocating units.

       Rotary and Screw Compressors are not developed or
       manufactured in India. Hermetic Rotary Compressors arc
       not suitable for Indian conditions where repairs are mostly
       done in the small service shops, which are, often, ill
       equipped.     Special     precautions      required   during
       manufacturing, installation, and use of rotary compressor
       are not observed in India. Further, in India, low evaporating
       temperature applications are more popular in the
       refrigeration field where the use of rotary compressors is
       unsafe and unavoidable. With the present taxes and general
       economic conditions in India, a tendency to repair
       compressors and re-use them is more common, and rotary


                        (xvi)
compressors are most unsuitable from this point of view as
      they cannot be easily repaired but are replaced with new
      ones in advanced countries.

      Screw compressor is a positive displacement rotary
      machine combining the characteristics and suitability of a
      reciprocating unit with the compactness and smooth
      running of a rotary compressor. Hence, this should become
      a new thrust area in India. Recent trends at international
      level      indicate    development      and      extensive
      commercialization of screw compressors by leading
      companies. Horizontal and Vertical screw compressors are
      manufactured by STAL Refrigeration in the range of 245
      m /hr to 4700 m /hr. Hitachi has developed horizontal
      semi-hermetic screw compressors in the range of 137 m /hr
      to 209 m /hr. Mitsubishi has developed a tiny screw
      compressor for Bus A/c with 9 m /hr capacity. Howden
      manufacturers screw compressors in the range of 340 m /hr.
      to 12000 m3/hr.

vi)   Refrigerants
      Refrigerants are a medium of heat transfer in a refrigerating
      system which pick up heat by evaporating at low
      temperature and give up heat by condensing at high
      temperatures and pressure. Upto 1985, only R-ll, R-12,
      R-22, and NH3 were the manufactured and available
      refrigerants in India. High pressure refrigerants R-13,
      R-502, R-503 were imported. As on today, refrigerants like
      : R-13 Bl, R-13, R-500 and R-114, which are used at an
      international level are not available indigenously.

      The chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, have been, at centre of
      environmental controversy because of their Ozone
      depleting properties. As per the Montreal Convention, the
      existing CFC's, R-ll, R-12, R- 113, R-114, R-115, R-13,
      R - l l l , R-112, R-211, R-212, R-213, R-214, R-215, R-216
      and R-217 are to be phased out in developed countries by
      the year 2000 and in developing countries by the year 2010.
      R-22 has not been included in the list due to be phased out.
      New substitute which are emerging, are R-123, R-1416 and
      R-134, but they are yet to complete long term toxilogical
      trials. Developing countries have to phase them out by year
      2015. Use of new Refrigerant will entail change in
      compressor designs.

                      (xvii)

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Compressors industry india in the 90s

  • 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 0.1 REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR Refrigeration compressor is the heart of any refrigeration system. The compressor can be: reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, screw or an axial flow type, based on the principle of compression. Depending upon the location of the drive, compressors are classified as hermetic, semi-hermetic and open type. Reciprocating and rotary compressors, which have the compressing element and drive motor sealed in a single, welded-housing, are called hermetically sealed compressors. Instead of single, welded-housing, if the enclosure is bolted together, then the assembly becomes semi-hermetic. In this type, in addition to reciprocating and rotary types, screw and centrifugal compressors are also manufactured. However, if the compressors and drive units are not in single housing, the compressors are called open type. Compressors manufactured in India are mostly the reciprocating type. Centrifugal compressors are characterised by large capacity, suitable for extremely low temperatures and ability to carry varying loads. Rotary compressor is a hermetic type compressor where the mechanical structure and motor assembly are directly fitted in the same shell, and where the shell is sealed by means of welding. Rolling piston and sliding vane are the main types of rotary compressors. In reciprocating compressors, a connecting rod is used to convert the rotary movement of the crankshaft to the reciprocating movement of the piston. The piston slides, in a cylinder to compress the refrigerant gas. When the difference between condensing temperature and evaporating temperature is high, the pressure ratio for compression also becomes high and conducting compression in two stages becomes desirable. A screw compressor is a positive displacement rotary machine. Depending upon mountings, there are two types viz. vertical and horizontal screw compressors. Depending upon the number of screws, there are mono- screw and twin-screw compressors. Application of refrigeration compressors can be: for refrigerators, deep-freezers, water coolers, bottle coolers, room air-conditioners, packaged air-conditioners, water chillers, self-contained A/Cs, bus/train/ship air-conditioning, refrigerated vans and cold-storages. End-uses of refrigeration compressors can be in: domestic, commercial and industrial sectors. In domestic sectors, the end- uses are for preserving and storing food and for comfort air-conditioning. In the commercial sector, the end-uses are: in central air-conditioning, water coolers, and commercial refrigerators. End-uses in the industrial sector include preservation of food, fruit juice concentrates, alcoholic drinks; preserving systems for meat, fish, (iii)
  • 2. poultry and dairy products. Other applications of refrigeration compressors are process refrigeration such as in the drugs and pharmaceutical industry; textile industry, rubber industry and thermal power generation. 0.2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPRESSORS For refrigeration compressors, development of technology started around the year 1865. In the period 1865 to 1875, a few types of refrigeration compressors were made each year. These were massive steam-engine driven machines with their weights in tons, considerably in excess of their capacity in tons of refrigeration. Before 1900, some compressors were equipped with cylinder by-pass valves for capacity control. Electric motor belted-drives also started to make their appearance. Rare use of sulphur dioxide as refrigerant was made. In the period from 1900 to 1925, rotating seals were tried in small compressors. Automatic capacity controls were developed. Operating speed increased to 800 rpm. Compressors came to be directly driven by synchronous motors. During the period 1925 to 1950, reed valves began to appear. The 2-pole electric motors at 3500 rpm were used for drive. Freon refrigerants such as R-ll, R-114, and R-22 were invented. During the period 1950 to 1975, the refrigerant R-22 was used in place of R-12 and 2-pole motors in place of 4-pole motors were used. The ozone depleting effects of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have resulted in a large number of countries signing the Montreal Convention, according to which the developed countries have to phase out use of R-ll, R-12, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-13, R - l l l , R-112, R- 211, R-212, R-213, R-214, R-215, R-216 and R-217 by the year 2000, and developing countries by the year 2015., The use of new CFCs which are ozone friendly and are under development at present necessitate modifications in compressor designs in some cases. They may also affect the energy efficiency of compressors also. As regards the compressor typewise development; the reciprocating compressors were the pioneers, followed by, centrifugal, rotary and screw compressors. Among these types, the reciprocating compressors have almost reached their technological development limits. Regarding the future trend, scroll and eccentric cam compressors are being developed in advanced countries. 0.3. STRUCTURE OF THE REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR INDUSTRY a) Manufacturers The manufacture of the refrigeration compressors started in India around the year 1960 for small hermetic compressors for (iv)
  • 3. refrigerators as well as the larger capacity open type compressors. Today, a wide variety of compressors are produced in India with the capacity as high as 700 HP. The industry is composed of both organized sector of medium and large-scale manufacturers and an unorganized sector of small-scale units. The small units produce slow-speed compressor models, which are still used in India for limited purposes. There are 14 manufacturers in the organized sector. They are: i) Sanden Vikas (India) Ltd., Faridabad (Haryana) - A/C compressor for motor cars. ii) Kirloskar Brothers Ltd., Karad (Maharashtra) - Hermetic compressors. iii) Shriram Refrigeration Industries Ltd., Hyderabad (A.P.) - Hermetic compressors. jy) DDdre) & BDywMSg, CP, Private Ltd v Bombay - Hermetic compressors. v) Kelvinator of India Ltd., Faridabad (Haryana) - Hermetic compressors. vi) Hyderabad Allwyn Ltd., Hyderabad (A.P.) - Hermetic compressors. vii) Voltas Ltd., Bombay & Warora (Maharashtra) - Hermetic, Semi- hermetic and Open type compressors. viii) Kirloskar Pneumatic Co. Ltd., Pune (Maharashtra) - Open type compressors. ix) Vulcan Laval Ltd., Satara (Maharashtra) - Open type compressors. x) Frick India Ltd., Faridabad (Haryana) - Open type compressors. xi) Air Control & Chemical Engineering Co. Ltd., Nandej (Gujarat) - Open type compressors. xii) Utility Engineers (India) Ltd., Dharuhera (Haryana) - Open type and Semi-hermetic compressors. xiii) Blue Star Ltd., Bombay (Maharashtra) - Open type compressors. (v)
  • 4. xiv) Batliboi & Co., Udhna (Gujarat) Semi-hermetic compressors. b) Installed capacity and its utilisation At present, the total licensed capacity of these companies is 13,87,250 Nos. per annum, whereas the total installed capacity is 10,22,170 Nos. As regards the utilisation of installed capacity, the industry presents an unbalanced picture for different types of compressors as shown in the following table. Utilisation of capacity (in numbers) Compressor type Total Total Capacity Production Installed utilisation (1985-86) capacity (1985-86) Air-conditioning 10,000 25,000 40% compressors for automobile Hermetic 7,78,614 8,81,000 88.4% compressors Open type and 2,444 15,440 15.8% Semi hermetic compressors (all varieties) c) Demand and supply forecast Depending on the type of compressor, there are different segments of the market. For fractional horse power and below 5 HP compressors, the end-products are : auto air-conditioner, refrigerators, water coolers, room type air-conditioners, bottle coolers, deep-freezers, etc. For higher capacity compressors the end-uses are air-conditioning and refrigeration in a variety of industries like food preservation and processing; dairy, fish, poultry, meat industry, pharmaceutical and chemical industry, electronics, fertilizer, textile industries and commercial establishments like offices, telephone exchanges, computer (vi)
  • 5. installations, theatres and hotels. The future demand for these different segments is as follows: Future demand of compressors (In numbers) Compressors type 1990-91 1994-95 Car A/C compressors 35,340 59,690 Hermetic compressors 15,17,605 26,96,430 Open type compressors 3,428 4,493 If the future demand is compared against the current and potential installed capacity, the following picture emerges:- Demand - Supply position in 1994-95 (In numbers) Compressor type Demand Installed Capacity capacity surplus! shortage Car A/C 59,690 1,00,000 +40,310 compressors Hermetic 26,96,430 13,46,000 -13,50,430 compressors Open type 4,493 15,890 +11,397 compressors The table shows that additional capacity will be needed to the extent of nearly 1.4 million numbers for hermetic compressors. In terms of value, the total demand at present is approximately Rs. 950 million for hermetic compressors and Rs. 200 million for open type compressors. (vii)
  • 6. d) Import and export Refrigeration compressors are imported in India as part of initial import in the phased production programme under the collaboration agreements or some special types or capacities, which are not manufactured in the country. Some compressors are also imported as part of projects awarded to foreign companies. Export of compressors is usually as a part of an end-project or a part of an air-conditioning or refrigeration project. The export performance of the industry is not very encouraging. The main reasons for this are: Price The international prices are at least 40% cheaper than thejndian export prices. Quality The quality of products of advanced countries is superior and more reliable. Models The advanced countries do continuous product improvement and are able to bring new models every year in the market. Marketing The marketing and after sale service are not properly undertaken by the Indian manufacturers, barring a few exceptions. The Indian manufacturers will have to improve on all these disadvantages with appropriate help from the Government. e) Financial status and scale of operation: Most manufacturers are multi-product companies producing compressors as one of their products: hence the data of separate investment and costs for compressors vis-a-vis income is not available. The financial health of a company as a whole has, therefore, been studied. It was observed that all companies, except ACCEL, are making profit. ACCEL had been making losses for some years and it has been taken over by Best & Crompton Ltd., since 1986 and is under rehabilitation. Amongst the companies, Frick India Ltd., Vulcan Laval Ltd., Blue Star Ltd., and Kelvinator of India show sound financial health with the return on capital employed is consistently above 10% and return on share capital above 35%. (viii)
  • 7. 0.4. TECHNOLOGICAL STATUS OF INDIAN INDUSTRY a) Sources of technology Since the beginning of the refrigeration industry in India, refrigeration compressors have been manufactured with foreign technical collaboration. Even today, most of the established manufacturers continue to enter into fresh foreign collaborations for producing new types of compressors or for updating and expanding the present range. The only notable exception in this regard is Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd. which has developed a hermetic compressor for its refrigerator entirely with its own research and development. The details of foreign collaborations of the Indian manufacturers are shown in the following table. FOREIGN COLLABORATIONS Manufacturer Collaborator Year Type of compressor 1. Sanden Vikas * Sanden Corporation 1983 Open type reciprocating (India) Ltd. (Japan) compressor with clutch for motor car air- conditioner 2. Kirloskar Tecumseh Products 1963 Hermetic compressors Brothers Ltd. Co. Inc. (U.S.A.) (1/8 HP-5 HP) 3. Shriram Refriger- Westinghouse Indus- 1961 Hermtic ration Industries tries Corpn. (U.S.A.) compressors Ltd. (1/8 to 2 1/2 HP) Lee Refrigeration 1979 -do- Corpn. (U.S.A.) Daikin Industries 1981 Rotary hermetic Ltd. (Japan) * Tecumseh Co. 1987 Hermetic compressors (U.S.A.) (1/8 to 7 1/2 HP) 4. Kelvinator Kelvinator 1960 Hermetic 1/8 & 1/6 HP of India Ltd. International Corpn. reciprocating (White Consolidated Industries, U.S.A.) * -do- 1987 Hermetic reciprocating (ix)
  • 8. Manufacturer Collaborator Year Type of compressor 5. Hyderabad Allwyn Prestcold Ltd. (U.K.) 1957 Slow speed hermetic Ltd. Hermetic (FHP) * Hitachi Ltd. (Japan) 1981 High speed Hermetic (1/8 & 1/6 HP) 6. Voltas Ltd. Carrier Corpn. 1963 Open type reciprocating (U.S.A.) &1972(18TRto 120 TR) * Danfoss A/S 1984 Hermetic reciprocating (Denmark) (1/8 to 1/6 HP) * Carrier Corpn. 1983 Semi- hermetic recipro- (U.S.A.) cating (7 - 14 TR) * Danfoss A/S 1987 Product of refrigeration (Denmark) compressors 7. Kirloskar Grasso Products 1961 Open type ( 1 0 - 200 TR) Pneumatic Co. Ltd. B.V. Holland 1965 Recip. -do- 1973 Semi-hermetic *-do- 1985 (45 - 180 TR) Westinghouse Elec. 1962 Semi-hermetic Intl.Co. (U.S.A.) (5 TR & 7 TR) Hitachi Ltd. 1969 Centrifugal (Japan) (200 TR & 600 TR) Sutrak 1973 Open type reciprocating (West Germany) (7 to 15 TR) * Howden Compressors 1988 Screw compressors Ltd. (U.K.) (20 - 200 TR) 8. Frick India Ltd. Frick Waynesboro 1962 Open type reciprocating Inc. (U.S.A.) &197915-200TR) Fedders Corpn. Screw compressors (U.S.A.) (1100-300 TR) Centrifugal (300-600 HP) 9. Utility * The Trane Co. 1983 Open type reciprocating Engineers (I) Ltd. U.S.A. (10 to 80 TR) Hermetic (5 TR & 7.5 TR) Hermetically sealed centrifugal (100-800 TR) 10. Vulcan Laval * Star Refrigeration 1982 Open type Ltd. AB (Sweden) reciprocating (6.5 TR - 230 TR) * -do- 1984 Screw type (x)
  • 9. Manufacturer Collaborator Year Type of compressor 11. Blue Star * Borg Warner Air- 1983 Centrifugal Ltd. conditioning Inc. (150-700 TR) (U.S.A.) 12. Batliboi * Daikin Industries 1984 Semi-hermetic &Co. Ltd.(Japan) compressors (10TR-50TR) 13. Air Control Sabroe & Co. 1965 Open type & Chemical (Denmark) reciprocating Engg. Co. Ltd. (5.6 - 70.4 TR) (ACCEL) 14. Gujarat Ind. Inv. * Dressar Industries 1984 Refrigeration Co. Ltd., Inc. (U.S.A.) compressors 15. Shiv Shakti Engg. Rotocold Ltd. 1989 Rotary compressors Co. Pvt. Ltd. (U.K.) 16. Pradeep Kumar Industrie Riuuite 1985 Sealed compressors New Delhi Eurodomostical SPA (Italy) Note: Collaborations, still current, are indicated by an * (asterisk) There is no example of technology transfer among Indian manufacturers. Moreover, collaborations with the same foreign companies have been concluded at different times for updating or manufacturing new types of compressors. All this goes to show that there is hardly any original design and development work undertaken in India; or, whatever has been attempted so far has not met with much success. The R&D effort in India is mainly aimed at indigenisation of the compressors as per the collaborator's specifications and according to the phased manufacturing programme. b) Selection of foreign collaborator The selection of foreign collaborator was found to be based on many factors such as: i) Quality of products (xi)
  • 10. ii) Financial participation of collaborator iii) Willingness of collaborator iv) Previous trading relations i.e. the Indian company importing the collaborator's compressor for use in own products or projects v) Availability of collaborator for collaboration in India. There are three companies, namely, Sanden Vikas (India) Ltd., Kelvinator of India Ltd. and Frick India Ltd., in which there is a financial participation of the collaborator in addition to technical collaboration. c) Restrictive clauses in collaboration agreements The restrictive clauses pertain to export, use of collaborator's brand name and transfer of technology to other Indian manufacturers. Regarding exports, most collaborators have barred the Indian manufacturers to export to countries where the collaborators have their own licensing arrangements or trade interests. Regarding the use of collaborator's brand-name, in most cases the words "manufactured under license of." etc., can be used during the period of agreement. The transfer of technology has not been allowed during the tenure of agreement in the case of any company. After the tenure is over, the Indian company is free to transfer technology to others. d) Technical support of collaborator In all the collaborations, the collaborator has agreed to give all technical support for indigenisation of the compressor. Adequate training in collaborator's plant as well as in Indian company's plant is provided. e) Research and development activities The research and development carried out by the Indian manufacturers is of applied nature. The main effort is to indigenise the collaborator's design within the agreement period. Once this is (xii)
  • 11. achieved, many manufacturers have done development in compressor components by way of change of material, little modification in design and such other improvements. Some have developed compressor models of intermediate capacities in the range by making suitable dimensional changes. No manufacturer has designed a compressor on his own except Godrej & Boyce. The reasons for this state of affairs are : i) The low volume of turnover of business does not permit sizeable investment in original research. ii) It is faster to update technology through collaboration than through own research. f) R&D organization and expenditure Most compressor manufacturing companies in India are multi-product companies, manufacturing allied refrigeration products or components or other engineering products not connected with refrigeration. The research and development activities are, therefore, commonly undertaken in a central R&D establishment. Separate R&D organization and expenditure on compressor development were therefore not available in most cases. The following table shows the annual R&D expenditure of the companies. R&D Expenditure (Rs. in million) Company Expenditure (Year) Shriram Refrigeration Industries 2.3 (1985-86) Kelvinator of India Ltd. 11.89 (1987-83) VoltasLtd. 21.7(1987-88) Vulcan Laval Ltd. 6.0 (1985-86) Kirloskar Pneumatic Co. Ltd. 6.3 (1986-87) Hyderabad Allwyn Co. Ltd. 17.0 (1987-88) Kirloskar Brother Ltd. 11.2 (1988-89) Godrej and Boyce 17.2 (1987-88) (xiii)
  • 12. The other companies like Sanden Vikas (India), Utility Engineers, Batliboi & Co. and Blue Star Ltd. are getting all R&D support from their collaborators. Frick India Ltd. will soon have its own R&D centre which is at present under construction. 0.5. INTERNATIONAL STATE-OF-THE-ART SCENE To understand the international state-of-the-art, 26 major manufacturers were contacted on the basis of their collaborations, in India, import of compressors, into India and also on the basis of reputation. In response, product literature from some, like GRASSO, HITACHI, HOWDEN, MITSUBISHI, COPELAND and LINDE was received. Few copies of product literature of STAL and DAIKIN were also received from their Indian collaborators. Apart from this, the Japan Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Industries Association and American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers Inc. were also contacted. Publications of Purdue University, U.S.A., on Compressor Engineering were also referred to. a) Manufacturers GRASSO PRODUCTS This is an internationally independent, operating company in the field of refrigeration, air-conditioning and stop valves for the last 125 years. Businesswise, the company's net sales were in 1984 - 69,503,000 Dutch Guilders, in 1985 - 63,928,000 Dutch Guilders; and in 1986 - 135,987,000 Dutch Guilders. Expenditure for R&D in 1985 amounted to 3.5% of net sales. COPELAND CORPORATION This is an American, refrigeration compressor manufacturing group of companies, building accessible hermetic compressors since 1957. The range includes 50 W to 540 W compressors. It is the largest manufacturer of compressors in terms of monetary value. Its products are mainly in range of 2 HP and 4 HP. LINDE REFRIGERATION LTD. For over 100 years, this company has developed and manufactured a range of refrigeration equipment. Linde manufactures open type, screw and reciprocating compressors. (xiv)
  • 13. HOWDEN COMPRESSORS LTD. This company (founded over 125 years ago) was the first in the world to commercially produce screw compressors for refrigeration purposes. Howden manufactures compressors with capacities in the range of 340 m /hr to 1200 m3/hr. MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD. This is a Tokyo based company, established 45 years ago. Mitsubishi manufactures : hermetically sealed rotary and reciprocating compressors, semi-sealed reciprocating compressors and open type screw compressors. MANEUROP It is well known French manufacturer upto 12 hp. capacity compressors. CARRIER, TRANE, YORK AND SNYDER They are large U.S. based manufacturers of reciprocating and centrifugal compressors both of open and semi-hermetic designs. FRICK AND DUNHAM - BUSH They are large manufacturers of screw compressors in U.S.A. b) Latest developments at International level i) Semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor Improvement in part-load efficiency of semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor has been developed by using block suction unloading by Borg Warner Air-conditioning Inc. (York) U.S.A. Copeland Corporation, Sydney, has developed, a new valves system. This valve is made from a high temperature polymeric material, together with a laminated steel valve plate and ring type suction valve. It provides large flow areas, low clearance volumes and high efficiency. Discharge valves are of polymide resin. With this valve (xv)
  • 14. system, the company claims that EER has increased by 16% and compressor capacity by 25%. ii) Hermetic Reciprocating Compressor A unit that encloses a motor compressor and a condenser of refrigerant fluid in a single hermetic casing has been tested by NECCHI SPA, PAVIA, ITALY. iii) Compressor Valves Material for compressor valves has been recently selected and tested. The best material for this use is the Martensetic Stainless Steels with preference for UHBSS-716. iv) The Eccentric Cam Compressor This new product has been tried by Copeland. The eccentric cam compressor fulfills the required need for a low-cost, high efficiency and durable air-conditioning for 1.5 to 2 ton capacity range. v) Single Screw Oil Flooded Refrigerant Compressor This is a rotary positive displacement compressor. The compressor gets its name from the single screw rotor that meshes with 2 sealing rotors called star rotors or gate rotors. The advantages of single screw compressors are compactness, versatility, reliability, maintainability, less weight, less noise and vibration as compared to existing reciprocating units. Rotary and Screw Compressors are not developed or manufactured in India. Hermetic Rotary Compressors arc not suitable for Indian conditions where repairs are mostly done in the small service shops, which are, often, ill equipped. Special precautions required during manufacturing, installation, and use of rotary compressor are not observed in India. Further, in India, low evaporating temperature applications are more popular in the refrigeration field where the use of rotary compressors is unsafe and unavoidable. With the present taxes and general economic conditions in India, a tendency to repair compressors and re-use them is more common, and rotary (xvi)
  • 15. compressors are most unsuitable from this point of view as they cannot be easily repaired but are replaced with new ones in advanced countries. Screw compressor is a positive displacement rotary machine combining the characteristics and suitability of a reciprocating unit with the compactness and smooth running of a rotary compressor. Hence, this should become a new thrust area in India. Recent trends at international level indicate development and extensive commercialization of screw compressors by leading companies. Horizontal and Vertical screw compressors are manufactured by STAL Refrigeration in the range of 245 m /hr to 4700 m /hr. Hitachi has developed horizontal semi-hermetic screw compressors in the range of 137 m /hr to 209 m /hr. Mitsubishi has developed a tiny screw compressor for Bus A/c with 9 m /hr capacity. Howden manufacturers screw compressors in the range of 340 m /hr. to 12000 m3/hr. vi) Refrigerants Refrigerants are a medium of heat transfer in a refrigerating system which pick up heat by evaporating at low temperature and give up heat by condensing at high temperatures and pressure. Upto 1985, only R-ll, R-12, R-22, and NH3 were the manufactured and available refrigerants in India. High pressure refrigerants R-13, R-502, R-503 were imported. As on today, refrigerants like : R-13 Bl, R-13, R-500 and R-114, which are used at an international level are not available indigenously. The chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, have been, at centre of environmental controversy because of their Ozone depleting properties. As per the Montreal Convention, the existing CFC's, R-ll, R-12, R- 113, R-114, R-115, R-13, R - l l l , R-112, R-211, R-212, R-213, R-214, R-215, R-216 and R-217 are to be phased out in developed countries by the year 2000 and in developing countries by the year 2010. R-22 has not been included in the list due to be phased out. New substitute which are emerging, are R-123, R-1416 and R-134, but they are yet to complete long term toxilogical trials. Developing countries have to phase them out by year 2015. Use of new Refrigerant will entail change in compressor designs. (xvii)