Industrial Safety Unit-IV workplace health and safety.ppt
Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms
1. KOCAELI UNIVERSITY
Graduate School of
Natural and Applied Sciences
Prepared By: Mohammed ABUIBAID
Email: m.a.abuibaid@gmail.com
Electronic and Communication Engineering
Adaptive Beam-Forming
AcademicYear
2015/2016
2. The radiated energy in direction to UEs
are much stronger than the other
parts which is not directed to UEs.
Motivation (Why we need Beam-Forming ?)
The radiated energy in almost same
amount in all direction but a large
portions of energy not directed to
those UEs is wasted
3. Technologies for BeamForming
Switched Array Antenna
This technique changes the beam
pattern by switching on/off
antenna selectively from the array
of a antenna system.
Used in WPAN applications
DSP Based Phase Manipulation
This technique changes the beam
pattern by changing the phase of
the signal going through each
antenna.
Used in military applications of
SONAR and RADAR.
Beamforming by Precoding
This technique changes the beam
pattern by applying a specific
precoding matrix.
Used in 3GPP LTE, WiMax.
4. Basic Concept:
Phased Array Beam-Forming
Phased Array is a directive antenna made with
individual radiating sources (several units to
thousands of elements).
Radiating Elements might be: dipoles, open-
ended waveguides, slotted waveguides, micro-
strip antennas, helices, spirals etc.
The Shape and Direction of pattern is
determined by:
1. Number of Radiating Elements
2. Relative Phases and Amplitudes applied to
each radiating element
3. Spacing between radiating elements
4. Operating Frequency
5. Generic Adaptive
Antenna Array System
For optimal transmission/reception of the
desired signal d, an adaptive update of the
Weight Vector W is needed to steer spatial
filtering beam to the target’s time-varying
DOA and thus get rid of interferers.
Adaptive Beamforming Schemes:
1. Least Mean Squares (LMS) Algorithm
2. Normalized LMS Algorithm
3. Recursive Least Square (RLS) Algorithm
4. Constant Modulus (CM) Algorithm
6. General Classifications Of Adaptive Array Algorithms
Non-blind Adaptive Algorithms
rely on statistical knowledge
about the transmitted signal in
order to converge to a solution.
Blind Adaptive Algorithms
do not require prior training, and
hence they are referred to as
“blind” algorithms.
7. Least Mean Squares (LMS) Algorithm
LMS Algorithm Summary
The LMS algorithm for a 𝑝 𝑡ℎorder algorithm can be
summarized as:
Parameters: 𝑝 = filter order
𝜇 = step size
Initialization: ℎ 0 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠(𝑝)
Computation: For 𝑛 = 0,1,2, . . .
𝑥 𝑛 = [𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 , . . . , 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑝 + 1 ] 𝑇
𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑑 𝑛 − ℎ 𝐻(𝑛) 𝑥 𝑛
ℎ 𝑛 + 1 = ℎ 𝑛 − 𝜇𝑒∗ 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
Advantages & DisAdvantages of LMS algorithm:
1. Simplicity in implementation
2. Stable and robust performance against different
signal conditions
3. Slow convergence (due to eigenvalue spread)
19. Constant Modulus (CM) Algorithm
CM Algorithm Summary
Used for blind equalization of signals that have a constant
modulus such as MSK signal.
It updates the weight coefficients exactly as LMS algorithm
The error is defined by
𝑒 𝑛 = 1 − 𝑦 𝑛 2
− 𝑦∗
𝑛
Advantages:
It only needs the instantaneous amplitude of the array output
𝑦 𝑛 , thereby, No synchronization is required.
Simple to implement.
Dis-Advantages:
Limited Applications since it valid only for constant modulus
Signals
Non-Constant Modulus
source constellation
(16-QAM)
CM source
Constellation
(4-PSK)
20. Polar Beam Pattern X-Y Beam Pattern
Adaptive Beam-Forming by CM Algorithm
24. Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References
25. References
[1] http://www.dailysabah.com/technology/2015/08/26/turkeys-45g-mobile-technology-tender-concludes-with-a-record-bid-
of-396-billion
[2] http://www.huawei.com/en/news/2016/2/Huawei-Opened-Massive-Commercial-Use-Era-of-45G
[3] http://www.huawei.com/en/news/2016/5/Huawei-Helps-Turkey-with-45G
[4] White paper: LTE-Advanced Pro Pushing LTE capabilities towards 5G, Nokia Solutions and Networks
[5] White paper: Nokia Active Antenna Systems: A step-change in base station site performance, Nokia Solutions and Networks
[6] Ericsson White paper: LTE release 13, Uen 284 23-8267 | April 2015 ,
[7] Leading the path towards 5G with LTE Advanced Pro January 2016 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
[8] Progress on LAA and its relationship to LTE-U and MulteFire™ Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. February 22, 2016
[9] Mobile technology shares: 2020 forecast, Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA), March 3, 2016.
[10] Global 4.5G Development presented in Turkey 4.5G Industry Summit on May 10, 2016 – Istanbul, Turkey
[11] LTE MTC: Optimizing LTE Advanced for Machine-Type Communications, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. November 2014