The document discusses different types of joints in the human body. It describes arthrology as the scientific study of joints and their structure and function. There are three main classifications of joints: fibrous joints which connect bones using connective tissue, cartilaginous joints which connect bones using cartilage, and synovial joints which are freely movable and contained within an articular capsule. Synovial joints can be further classified based on their shape into six primary types: gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket joints. Each joint type allows for different ranges and axes of motion.

1. Arthrology
StudyStudy
ofof
JointsJointsDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
( M.B.B.S , RMP )( M.B.B.S , RMP )

2. GET IN TOUCH AT:
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YouTube Channel :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
BY:BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
( M.B.B.S , RMP )( M.B.B.S , RMP )

3. Arthrology
Greek root “arthro” means joint
Arthrology The scientific study of
joints.
Kinesiology The study of the
motion of human body.

4. Joints (Articulations)
ALL MEDICAL DATA
Joint, also called articulation is a
point of contact between rigid
elements of the skeleton, bones.
Usually, but not always allow for
movements.

5. Joints (Articulations)
Articulations can be:
 Bone to bone
 Bone to cartilage
 Teeth in bony sockets
Hold bones together
Usually, but not always allow for movements.
Enable resistance to crushing, tearing, and
other forces

6. Bone and Cartilage
Bone as tissue
Bones as structures
formed from bone,
cartilage and other
tissues
Location of cartilage
in skeleton and
relation to joints
DR RAI AMMAR, Human Anatomy, Mechanics of
Movement
Fig. 6.1, M&M

7. Ligaments
Follow us At Facebook
• Ligaments connect
bone-to-bone or
reinforce joints--they
are made up of
tendinous tissue as
well
•E.g. knee ligaments
Fig. 9.12, M&M

8. Human Joints
There are 360 joints in the
human body

9. Hadith
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said that the human body is made up
of 360 joints.
The following is the Hadith in Arabic :
English translation to it :-
Hasan bin Al-Hilwani narrated to us that Abu Tawbah Al-Rabie bin Nafi'a
narrated that Muaawiyah Yaani ibn Salam narrated that Zaid narrated that he
heard Abu Salam said that Abdallah bin Farookh narrated that he heard Aisha
(the wife of the Prophet) say that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said that
every man from the people of Adam (i.e., mankind) was created
UNTO/UPON/ON 60 and 300 MIFSAL. So whoever glorifies Allah, praises
Allah, calls people to Allah, makes supplications to Allah, seeks forgiveness
from Allah, removes a stone, needle or bone from the people's path (i.e.,
removes obstacles from people's paths), and enjoins what is just and forbid
what is wrong in the number of those 60 and 300 ALSALAMA, he will then on
that day remove himself from Hell Fire.

10. Classification of Joints
Based on Function
Based on Structure

11. Classification of JointsClassification of Joints
• Based on Function: based on amount of
movement
• Synarthroses – immovable joints - common in
axial skeleton
• Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints -
common in axial skeleton
• Diarthroses – freely moveable joints - common
in appendicular skeleton

12. Joints by Functional Classification
Type Movement Example
Synarthrosis None (minimal) Sutures, Teeth,
Epiphyseal plates,
1st
rib and costal cart.
Amphiarthrosis Slight Distal Tibia/fibula
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Diarthrosis Great Glenohumeral joint
Knee joint
TemporoMandibular
Joint

13. Classification of JointsClassification of Joints
(By Structure)
• Material that
binds bones
together
• Presence or
absence of a joint
cavity
ased on

14. Classification of JointsClassification of Joints
(By Structure)
• Fibrous joints - Generally immovable
• Cartilaginous joints - Immovable or
slightly moveable
• Synovial joints - Freely moveable

15. Classification of JointsClassification of Joints
(By Structure)
 Fibrous
• Sutures: connected by short strands of dense
connective tissue (synarthroses)
• Syndesmoses: connected by ligaments (varies)
• Gomphosis: peg in socket w/short ligament
(synarthroses)
 Cartilagenous
• Symphysis: connected by fibrocartilage
(amphiarthroses)
• Synchondrosis: connected by hyaline cartilage
(synarthroses)
 Synovial (diarthroses)
• Six shapes

16. Joints by Structural ClassificationJoints by Structural Classification
Structure Type Example
Fibrous Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphosis
Skull
Distal Tibia/fibula
Teeth in sockets
Cartilagenous Symphysis
Synchondrosis
Intervertebral discs
Epiphyseal plates
Synovial 6 Shapes Glenohumeral joint
Knee joint
TemporoMandibular
Joint

17. Fibrous Joints
Bones united by dense(fibrous)
connective tissue
Mostly immovable or slightly movable –
“Synarthrosis”
Lack a joint cavity
Types:- sutures, syndesmoses, and
gomphoses

18. Fibrous Joints
Sutures:
o Bones are Interlocked by thin layer of
dense connective issue and irregular edges
between bones.
o Allow bone growth so that the skull can
expand with brain during childhood
Example:- Only the bones of skull
Fibrous tissue ossifies in middle age
Synostoses (closed sutures)

19. Fibrous Joints
Sutures (bones of the skull)

20. Fibrous Joints
Syndesmoses: (amphiarthrosis)
 Bones are connected exclusively by ligaments
 Permit slight movement
 More fibrous connective tissue between the
articulating bones
 The tissue is either arranged as a bundle
(ligament) or as a sheet (interosseus membrane)
Amount of movement depends on length of fibers

21. Syndesmoses
Distal Tibiofibular joint –
(an immovable synarthrosis

22. Syndesmoses
Interosseus
membrane between
Radius and Ulna –
(a freely immovable
di-arthrosis)

23. Fibrous joints
(a) (b)
Dense
fibrous
connective
tissue
Suture line
Fibula
Tibia
Suture Syndesmosis
Ligament

24. Gomphoses
A cone-shaped peg fits into a socket.
Functionally classified as synarthrosis
Very limited movement allowed
The only example:-
Articulations of the roots of teeth with the alveolar
sockets of maxillae and mandible.
The tooth is secured by dense fibrous connective
tissue periodontal ligament.

25. Gomphoses
Tooth in a socket
Connecting
ligament – the
periodontal
ligament

26. Cartilaginous Joints
Articulating bone ends are connected by a
plate of cartilage
Lack joint cavity and joint capsule
Generally contain a fibrocartilaginous disc.
Permit limited or no movement;
(Amphiarthroses)
Two types –
o symphyses &
o synchondroses

27. Symphyses
Sympheses (growing together):
the ends of the articulating bones are covered
with hyaline cartilage.
the bones are connected by a broad flat disc of
fibrocartilage - resists tension and compression
Slightly movable joints that provide strength with
flexibility

28. Symphyses
Examples:-
Pubic symphysis
junction of the manubrium and sternum,
intervertebral joints.
o Functionally, amphiarthroses, a slightly
movable joint

29. Symphyses
Intervertebral joints – (Hyaline cartilage)
– also present as articular cartilage

30. Symphyses
Slide 5.47
• Examples:-
•Pubic
symphysis
•Intervertebral
joints
Figure 5.27b, c

31. SynchondrosesSynchondroses
Temporary growth joints
Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage
Functionally, “synarthrodial”
Examples:-
o The epiphyseal plate that connects
epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone.
o Joint between the first rib and manubrium
of the sternum

32. Synchondroses
Joint between
first rib and
manubrium

33. Synchondroses
Hyaline cartilage
unites bones
o Epiphyseal plate
between epiphysis
and diaphysis
Figure 9.2a

34. Cartilaginous Joints

35. Synovial Joints

36. Synovial Joints
Most movable type of joints
Functionally Classified as diarthroses.
Articulating bones are separated by a
joint cavity synovial cavity
Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
– Uniaxial or multiaxial movement.

37. General Features of Synovial Joints
Articular capsule:– joint cavity is
enclosed in a two-layered capsule
 Fibrous capsule – dense irregular
connective tissue – strengthens joint
Synovial membrane –areolar connective
tissue with elastic fibers.
• Lines joint capsule and covers internal joint
surfaces
• Functions to make synovial fluid

38. Synovial JointsSynovial Joints
Articular cartilage
(hyaline cartilage):-
o covers the ends of bones
o Absorbs compression
Adipose tissue -
articular fat pads.

39. Synovial Joints
Synovial fluid:
o A viscous fluid similar to raw egg white
o A filtrate of blood - Arises from capillaries in
synovial membrane
o Consists of hyaluronic acid and
interstitial fluid.
o Reduces friction by lubricating the joint
o Supplies nutrients and removes metabolic
wastes.
o Contains phagocytic cells.
Synovial Joints

40. General Features of Synovial Joints
Reinforcing ligaments
– Often are thickened parts of the fibrous
capsule
– Sometimes are extracapsular ligaments –
located outside the capsule
– Sometimes are intracapsular ligaments –
located internal to the capsule

41. General Features of Synovial Joints
Blood Supply:-
Have a rich blood supply,
Arteries penetrate the ligaments and articular
capsule to deliver oxygen and nutrients. Veins
remove carbon dioxide and wastes from the
joints.
The articulating portions receive nourishment
from the fluid, rest by blood capillaries.
Extensive capillary beds in the synovial
membrane produce basis of synovial fluid.

42. General Features of Synovial Joints
Nerve Supply:-
Richly supplied with sensory nerves,
Convey information to the brain and
spinal cord.
o Detect pain
o Most monitor how much the capsule is
being stretched

43. Components of SYNOVIAL JOINTS
(SUMMARY)
Articular cartilage: hyaline; covers articulating ends
of both bones
Synovial (joint) cavity: space holding synovial fluid
Articular capsule: Made of 2 layers
– Fibrous: external, dense CT for strength
– Synovial membrane: internal, produces synovial fluid
Synovial fluid: viscous; lubricates and nourishes;
contained in capsule and articular cartilages
Reinforcing ligaments: extracapsular/intracapsular
Nerves + vessels: Highly innervated, Highly vascular
Meniscus (some): fibrocartilage; improves the fit of 2
bones to increase stability

44. Friction-reducing structures
Bursae:-
• Flattened fibrous sacs, Lined with synovial
membranes
• filled with synovial fluidreduce friction,
• not actually part of the joint
Found between ;
• skin and bone,
• tendons and bones,
• muscles and bones,
• ligaments and bones.
• Located in the shoulder and knee joints.

45. Friction-reducing structures
Tendon Sheaths:
Elongated , tubelike bursae that wrap
around tendons,
Found at ;
o wrist,
o ankle,
o fingers and
o toes.

46. Bursae and tendon sheaths
(a)
(b)
Acromion
of scapula
Glenoid cavity
containing
synovial fluid
Coracoacromial
ligament
Subacromial
bursa
Cavity in
bursa containing
synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule
Humerus
Hyaline
cartilage
Coracoacromial
ligament
Subacromial
bursa
Fibrous
articular capsule
Tendon
sheath
Tendon of
long head
of biceps
brachii muscle
Friction-reducing structures:

47. Bursae and tendon sheaths

48. Synovial Joints
Figure 5.27f–h

49. A Typical Synovial Joint
(b)
Periosteum
Ligament
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Fibrous
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Articular
capsule
(a)

50. A Typical Synovial Joint
(b)
(b)
Periosteum
Ligament
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Fibrous
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Articular
capsule

51. Synovial Joints with Articular Discs
Some synovial joints
contain a
Fibrocartilaginous
articular disc.
o Occur in joints whose
articulating bones have
somewhat different
shapes
Examples:-
o Knee joint and
o Temporomandibular joint
(c)

52. Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints
(Based on shape)
PLANE / GLIDING(ARTHODIAL)
HING JOINT(GYNGLYMUS)
PIVOT JOINT(TROCOID)
ELLIPSOIDAL(CONDYLOID)
SADDALE(SELLAR)
BALL & SOCKET(SPHEROIDAL)

53. Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints
(Based on shape)

54. Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints
(Based on shape)

55. Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints
(Based on shape)
Gliding or plane joints :-
the articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved.
permit only a little of movement
Example are
intercarpal joints,
intertarsal joints,
sternoclavicular joints,
acromioclavicular joints,
sternocostal joints,
vertebrocostal joints.
articular processes of vertebrae

56. Gliding / plane joints

57. Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints
(Based on shape)
Hinge (uniaxial):-
cylindrical end of one bone fits into trough shape
of other
Movement only in one axis, e.g. coronal, sagittal
or vertical axis
Examples:-
Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal.

58. Hinge Joint

59. Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints
(Based on shape)
Pivot Joints (uniaxial)
Rounded or pointed surface of one
bone articulates with a ring formed
partly by another bone and partly by a
ligament.
Movement only in one axis

60. Pivot Joints
Examples:-
atlas/axis –atlanto-
axial joint,
superior and inferior
radioulnar joint:

61. Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints
(Based on shape)
Condyloid / ellipsoid (Biaxial).
A little bit bal&socket like
The convex oval-shaped projection of
one fits into the oval-shaped depression
of another.
Movement in two axes which meet at
right angle to each other
The movements allowed are:
flexion/extension,adduction/abduction
and circumduction but no rotation.

62. Condyloid / ellipsoid Joint
Examples:-
Radiocarpal (Wrist)
joint,
metacarpophalangeal
(knuckle)

63. Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints
(Based on shape)
Saddle Joints :– (Biaxial) rare,
the articular surface of one bone is
saddle-shaped and the articular surface
of the other fits into the “saddle”.
Permit Flexion,abduction,adduction and
circumduction

64. Examples:-
o Carpometacarpal Joint of thumb
o Sternoclavicular Joint
Saddle Joints

65. Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints
(Based on shape)
Ball-n-Socket Joints:- (Multiaxial)
Most freely moving synovial joint
The ball-like surface of one bone fitting
into a cuplike depression of another
bone.
Permit flexion and extention,adduction
and abduction,medial and lateral
rotation, circumduction.

66. Ball-n-Socket Joints
Examples:-
Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint,
Hip joints.

67. Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints
(Based on Function)
Uniaxial Joints - move in one plane are called
and allow one degree of freedom – i.e.,
Interphalyngeal joints of fingers, Humero-ulnar
(Elbow) joint.
Biaxial Joints - Two plane joints with two
degrees of freedom – i.e.,Metacarpophalyngeal
joints in hand
Multiaxial Joints - Three plane joints with
three degrees of freedom – i.e, Glenohumeral
(Shoulder) joint

68. Joints MovementsJoints Movements
Joint motions are dictated by;
the shape of the bones in the joint and
by supporting soft tissue,(muscle
attachments, joint capsules and ligaments.
Movements are described traditionally by the
actual direction the bones move, called
Osteokinematic Motion and the axis about
which they move.

69. Joints MovementsJoints Movements
Arthrokinematic Motion :- To consider the
movement within the joint itself as it may be
different than that of the bone.
Osteokinematic Motion:- To study the
movement of bone during a particular action
at a joint.
Example :- the glenohumeral joint – as one
flexes or abducts the joint, the head of the
humerus will glide inferiorly in the glenoid
fossa

70. Synovial Joints
All joints technically called rotary - one bone in
some way rotates on another
The moving bone rotates about an imaginary axis
called the joint axis
The resulting motion of the large bone is the
osteokinematic motion.
Kinematic chain. Refers to the linkage of
joints,bones and muscles as achain of motion
Closed chain:- When the end of the chain is
against an object,
Open chain:-When it is not opposed by the ground
or an object,
Example:- using the quads to ;
1) squat or
2) extend in free space

71. Moving the joints
Active motion is produced by muscle contractions
Muscles can move the same joint in a variety of ways
depending on what is being stabilized
Normally, we describe a muscles functions based
upon its insertion moving towards the origin when
contraction takes place – e.g., elbow flexion
Muscle can work in reverse if the distal end is fixed.
For example, in doing a chin up, the same muscles
are working but the forearm is fixed or held steady
and the origin of the elbow flexors moves towards
insertion – called Reverse Action

72. Moving the joints
During normal muscle contractions, the muscle
fibers shorten during the activity – called
concentric
If a muscle lengthens during the contraction as
when you perform a squat, is called eccentric
(sometimes called negative)
Generally, eccentric contractions are antigravity
Another example :– the back muscles when
you bend forward

73. Types of MovementsTypes of Movements
Gliding: Side-to-side and back-and-
forth movements.
Angular movements: there is an
increase or decrease in the angle
between articulating movements.
Includes flexion, extension, lateral
flexion, hyperextension.

74. Types of MovementsTypes of Movements
Abduction: this is the movement of a
bone away from the midline.
Adduction: this is the movement of
bone toward the midline.
Circumduction: this is the movement
of the distal end of a body part in a
circle.

75. Types of MovementsTypes of Movements
Rotation: a bone revolves around its own
longitudinal axis. Pivot and ball-and-socket
joints permit rotation. Medial (internal)
rotation and lateral (external) rotation.
Special movements: elevation,
depression, protraction, retraction, inversion,
eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion,
supination, pronation, opposition.

76. Factors affecting ROM atFactors affecting ROM at
Synovial JointsSynovial Joints
Structure or shape of the articulating
bones
Strength and tension of ligaments.
Arrangement and tension of muscles
Apposition of soft parts
Hormones
Disuse

77. Aging and JointsAging and Joints
Decreased production of synovial fluid
Articular cartilage becomes thinner with
age, ligaments shorten and lose
flexibility.
Genetic factors
Males commonly develop degenerative
changes in the vertebral
column-”hunched back”.
Osteoarthritis-occurs over age 70.

78. Inflammatory Conditions of JointsInflammatory Conditions of Joints
• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused
by a blow or friction
• Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
• Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases
of joints
• Over 100 different types
• The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States

79. Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis
• Most common chronic arthritis
• Probably related to normal aging processes
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
• Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
• Often leads to deformities

81. X-ray of hand affected by arthritis

82. X-ray of hand affected by arthritis

83. Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis
Slide
• Gouty Arthritis
•Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition
of urate crystals from the blood
•Can usually be controlled with diet

84. Gouty ArthritisGouty Arthritis

85. DR RAI M. AMMAR, Human Anatomy,
Mechanics of Movement

86. Artificial Hip JointArtificial Hip Joint

88. GET IN TOUCH AT:
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YouTube Channel :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
BY:BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
( M.B.B.S , RMP )( M.B.B.S , RMP )