The document discusses carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) feasibility for coal-fired power plants in Missouri. It notes that the President's Climate Action Plan calls for new coal plants to implement CCS. It describes how CCS works to capture carbon dioxide from flue gas and sequester it underground. It outlines DOE projects to assess regional sequestration sites and feasibility studies at four Missouri power plant sites. The conclusion is that CCS is technically feasible but very expensive to implement. Decisions to use it will depend on cost comparisons to replacing plants or maintaining existing infrastructure.

1. Gary J. Pendergrass, PE, RG
Mid-America Environmental Compliance Conference
April 3, 2014 | Overland Park, KS
Carbon Capture & Sequestration
Feasibility Report

2. Climate Action Plan
• The President’s Climate Action
Plan calls for all new coal-fired
Electric Generating Units
(EGUs) to capture and
sequester carbon, and for
Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
emissions to be reduced to
17% below 2005 levels by
2020.
• EPA NSPS will require new
coal-fired units to sequester
50% of CO2 emissions.
• Requirements for existing coal-
fired units undetermined.

3. C02 Stationary Sources

4. How CCS Works

5. The Carbon Challenge
• Flue gas from pulverized coal power plants generally contains 12 to
18% CO2 by volume.
• The capture component of CCS is under development and may be
commercially available within a few years. Capture is a matter of
installing and operating process equipment, and can be
implemented anywhere.
• The sequestration component of CCS requires specific geologic
conditions and can only be implemented at certain locations.

6. Alstom Chilled Ammonia Process
• The President’s Climate Action
Plan calls for all new coal-fired
Electric Generating Units
(EGUs) to capture and
sequester carbon, and for
Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
emissions to be reduced to
17% below 2005 levels by
2020.

7. DOE Regional Partnerships
• DOE has established
seven regional
partnerships to
assess the feasibility
of carbon
sequestration.
• The regional
partnerships are
focused primarily on
assessing deep
geological basins.

8. DOE Small Scale Injection Projects (< 500K metric tons)

9. DOE Large Scale Injection Projects (> 1M metric tons)

10. A National Strategy
• Development of regional
carbon sequestration sites
with a network of pipelines
delivering CO2 from power
plant sites.
• Missouri power plant sites
would be at the “end of the
pipe,” so connection to the
regional sites would not
occur for some time and
would come at great
expense.

11. Shallow Carbon Sequestration Demonstration Project
• City Utilities of Springfield
organized a “state-led” project
to assess the feasibility of
carbon sequestration at
individual power plant sites.
─ Organized a consortium of
Missouri electric utilities.
─ Organized research teams.
─ Secured Congressional funding.
─ Entered a Cooperative
Agreement with DOE-NETL.
─ Managed the project throughout
its five-year term.

12. Project Organization
─ City Utilities/GeoEngineers
─ Utility Partners
o City Utilities of Springfield
o Ameren Missouri
o Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc.
o Kansas City Power & Light
o The Empire District Electric Company
─ Research Partners
o City Utilities of Springfield
o Missouri Department of Natural Resources
o Missouri State University
o Missouri University of Science & Technology

13. Project Sites
• Selected four exploratory
drilling sites at utility
partner power plants which
occupied different
geological and
physiographic settings.
─ John Twitty Energy Center
─ Thomas Hill Energy Center
─ Iatan Generating Station
─ Sioux Power Plant

14. Scope of Work
─ Work at the drilling sites
involved:
o 3D Seismic Reflection
Surveys
o Rotary drilling to the top of
the confining layer
o Continuous coring of the
confining layer and target
formation
o Downhole geophysical
logging
o Hydrologic testing
o Pressure testing
o Plugging & abandonment

15. State-wide Cross Section of Exploratory Boreholes

16. Final Report
• A 698-page Final Report has
been submitted to DOE-NETL.
• Once approved, we will be free
to release the report and
findings.

17. Missouri Coal-Fired Electric Generating Units
• These 18 EGUs
provide the vast
majority of the energy
used by Missouri’s
families, farms, and
businesses.
• These 18 EGUs
collectively produced
77,330 Giga-watt
hours (GW-HRS) of
generation in
calendar year 2012.
• These 18 EGUs are
the lifeblood of
Missouri’s economy
and represent a
tremendous
investment of time,
resources, and
infrastructure that is
not easily replaced.

18. Is Carbon Capture & Sequestration Feasible?
• Yes. Carbon capture is technologically feasible but comes at a great
capital and operating expense.
• Yes. Carbon sequestration is technologically feasible at certain
locations, but also comes at a great capital and operating expense.
• Decisions to implement CCS will be based on economics.
─ Cost of replacing current generation vs. cost of maintaining current
generation with CCS.
─ Ability to construct new generation.

19. Questions?
Gary J. Pendergrass, PE, RG
Principal
GeoEngineers, Inc.
3050 S. Delaware Avenue
Springfield, MO 65804
gpendergrass@geoengineers.com
Ph. 417-799-2612