Remedial measures against natural and man made disasters

1. Mrs Anam Ashfaq
Lahore
Fire Fighting
&
Safety Measures

2. Contents
 Civil Defence
 Fire
 Fire Classes
 Fire Protection
 Fire Extinguishers
 First aid

3. CIVIL DEFENCE
According to Civil Defence act 1952
amended in 1996 the definition of Civil
Defence is
"Civil Defence includes any measures
not amounting to actual combat for
affording defence against any form of
hostile attack by a foreign power or for
depriving any form of hostile attack by a
foreign power of its effects. Whether
such measures are taken before,
during or after the time of attack. It also
includes remedial measures against
natural and man made disasters in
peace time".

4. What is Fire?
Fire is rapid oxidation of
Fuel evolving heat
Oxygen
Heat
Any combustible
material solid,
liquid or gas
21% required for
breathing and fire
needs only 16%
Energy necessary
to increase the
temperature of fuel

5. Extinguishing method
Cooling – Reduction of the fuel
temperature until it is below the
ignition point, i.e. watering the fuel
to cool it.
Smothering – Using a blanket or
other similar device to smother the
fuel so that all or part of the oxygen
are removed from the fuel area.
Starving – Removing the source of
the combustible material, such as
turning of the gas cylinder.
Anticatalytic Activity– Applying a
chemical agent, such as a Fire
retardant chemical, to stop the fire’s
reaction process.

6. Types of Fuel
 Tinder
Tinder catches fire easily and burns fast.
e.g. Wood shavings, pine needles,
dry grasses, and shredded
 Kindling
Dry, dead twigs no thicker than a pencil
are called kindling.
 Fuel
Fuel can be different types of timber.
Timber ranges from small logs two or
three inches (76 mm) across to larger
logs that can burn for hours.

7. Classes of Fire
Class A Combustible solids
 Wood
 Plastics
 cloth
 etc.
Best extinguishing
method is “Cooling”.
Class B Flammable liquids
 Petrol
 Oils
 Paints
 etc.
Best extinguishing
method is ”smothering”.
Class C Flammable gases
 LPG
 All Natural gases.
Best extinguishing
method is “starving”.
Class D Combustible metals
 Magnesium
 Sodium
 Potassium
 other flammable metals
Class E Electrical devices
 Computers, fax machine
 Other electrical equip.
Best extinguishing
method is smothered.
Class F Kitchen
 Fats and oils,
Best extinguishing
method is smothering.

8. Methods of Fire Spread
Transfer of heat through a
fluid ((liquid or gases caused
by molecular motion
Transfer of heat or electric current
from one substance to another by
direct contact through a fluid
(liquid or gases) caused by
molecular motion
Energy that is radiation
or transmitted in the
form of rays or waves
or particles
This is the simplest way to
spread fire: direct application. A
lit match can easily burn paper.
DIRECT BURNING

9. Common causes of Ignition
and Spread Of Fire
Common emergencies in residential and office
buildings is a fire. It can happen for any number
of reasons, most of which are avoidable.
Not only is it destructive to property, it is also
highly dangerous for the lives of the people.
Cooking Equipment Heating Equipment Careless Smoking Electrical Equipment
Children Playing with Fire Inadequate WiringFlammable Liquids Candles

10. Computer Monitor Fire
A computer monitor left on over
a weekend caused this fire result
ing in $100,000 damage.
Fan Fire
$20000 Damage

11. Fire Protection Tips

12. What is Fire Extinguisher?
A Fire extinguisher is a device which can be used
to control a fire. Fire extinguisher can help to
remove the fire and may stop it from burning.
Fire Extinguisher
Symbol

13. How to use Fire Extinguisher
2. Instruct someone to call the
fire department.
4. Leave immediately if you're
unable to extinguish the fire.
1. Get everybody out first. 3. Use a fire extinguisher for
small, contained fires only.
5. Evacuate a room that’s
filled with smoke.
6. Use the right fire
Extinguisher.

14. 9. Pull the pin. 10. Aim the hose at the
base of the fire.
11. Squeeze the lever. 12. Sweep the hose from
side to side.
13 Back away and repeat
if the flames flare up.
14 Replace or recharge
your fire extinguisher
as soon as possible.
7. Stand with your back
to an exit.
8. Move to the proper
distance.

15. Water Fire Extinguishers
Signal Red
 Best For Organic solid materials
 Extinguishes by cooling burning material below ignition point.
 Do not use on burning fat or oil or Electrical appliances.
 How to Use
Point the jet at the base of the flames and keep it moving
across the area of the fire.
 How it Works
Water has a great Cooling effect on the fuel’s surface.
 2.5 gal. water at 150-175 psi (up to 1 minute discharge time).
 Has Pressure gauge to allow visual capacity check.
 Maximum effective Range. 30-40 ft.
A Trash W ood Paper
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment
A Trash W ood Paper
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment

16. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Best For Flammable Liquids & Electrical equipment
 Extinguishes by smothering burning materials.
 Do not use on Chip or Fat pan fires,
 How to Use
The discharge horn should be directed at the base of the flames
and the jet kept moving across the area of the fire.
 How it Works
Carbon dioxide extinguishers work by suffocating the fire.
Carbon dioxide displaces oxygen in the air.
 2.5-100 lb. of CO2 gas at 150-200 psi (8-30 seconds discharge
time).
 Has NO pressure gauge--capacity verified by weight.
 Maximum effective Range. 3-8 ft
Signal Black
A Trash Wood Paper
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment
A Trash Wood Paper
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment

17. Dry Chemical Powder
Signal Blue
 Best For Organic solids, Liquids also be used on Electrical Fire.
 Extinguishes by Smothering burning materials. This separates the
fuel from the oxygen in the air.
 Safe on live electrical equipment, although does not penetrate the
spaces in equipment easily and the fire may re-ignite.
 How to Use
Point the jet or discharge horn at the base of the flames and drive
the fire towards the far edge until all the flames are out.
 How it Works
The powder acts as a thermal ballast making the flames too cool for
the chemical reactions.
 2.5-20 lb. dry chemical (ammonium phosphate) pressurized to 50-
200 psi by nitrogen gas (8-25 seconds discharge time).
 Has Pressure gauge to allow visual capacity check.
Maximum effective Range. 5-20 ft
A Trash W ood Paper
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment
A Trash W ood Paper
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment

18. Wet Chemical
 Best for Class F fires, involving cooking oils and fats.
 Extinguishes by Cooling and forming a foam blanket to prevent the fire
from reigniting.
 Not recommended for class B fires such as petrol.
 How to Use
Apply fine spray onto the burning fat until the surface of burning cookin
g oil changes into a soapy like substance which prevents re-ignition.
 How it Works
Contain a solution of potassium acetate. The extinguishers spray the agen
t out as a fine mist. The mist acts to cool the flame front, while the potass
-ium salts saponify the surface of the burning cooking oil, producing a lay
er of foam over the surface. This solution provides greater cooling effect.
 1.5 gal. of stored pressure wet chemical extinguishing agent (40 sec.
discharge time).
 10-12 ft. maximum effective range.
Signal Canary Yellow
F Cooking Media
A Trash Wood Paper
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment
A Trash Wood Paper
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment

19. AFFF Foam
 Best For Solids and Burning Liquids also Safe on Electricity fires.
 Extinguishes by Smothering and forming a foam blanket to separates
the flames/ignition source from the fuel surface.
 Do not use on Chip or Fat pan fires.
 How to Use
 Point the jet at the base of the flames and keep it moving across the
area of the fire. Allow the foam to build up and flow across the liquid.
 How it Works
 They are mainly water based, with a foaming agent so that the foam
can float on top of the burning liquid and break the interaction
between the flames and the fuel surface.
Signal Creamy
A Trash W ood Paper
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment
A Trash W ood Paper
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment
F Cooking Media

20. Fire Buckets
 A simple Bucket of water can be used on Class A type of fires as a
first attack if an extinguisher is not immediately available.
 It also can be filled with Dry Sand and used as an absorbing agent
or to dam a flow of flammable liquid.
 They do have serious disadvantages as they are often misused, left e
mpty or allowed to be used as a refuse container.
 Best For Wood, Cloth, Paper, Plastics, Coal (if filled with water). Spilled
flammable liquids (if filled with sand)
 Do not use on burning fat or oil or on electrical appliances before
the electric supply has been isolated.
 How to Use
Throw at the base of the flames. Ensure that all areas of fire are out.
 How it Works
Water has a great effect on cooling the fuel surfaces.
Signal Red

21. Fire Alarm System & Detector
Fire Alarm
Smoke Detector Heat Detector
Fire Bell

22. Fixed Extinguisher System
FOAM Extinguisher System
SPRINKLER Extinguisher System
HYDRANT Extinguisher System

23. Best Fire Extinguisher

24. Fireman Qualities

25. First Aid
Four Basic Rules
Call 1122 for medical
help immediately
Bring help to the victim,
don’t bring the victim
to help
Be careful, not to cause
additional injuries in
your attempt to help
Victim is breathing, and
has a pulse

26. Depths of burns
1st degree
Superficial burn
Damages only outer
layer of skin
2nd degree
Partial-thickness burn
Damages skin’s deeper
layers
3rd degree
Full-thickness burn
Damages all layers of
skin

27. General treatment for burns
1. Immediately cool the affected
area with running water for at
least 10 minutes
2. Cover the burn with a non-sticky
dressing – Clingfilm, a plastic bag,
non-fluffy bandage
3. Seek medical attention, if the burn
is serious then call an ambulance.
If running water is not available then
improvise, any harmless Chemical
can be used to cool a burn.

28. Infection control
Try to
Keep the wound clean.
Avoid contact with the
casualty’s blood
Wear disposable gloves or any
available items to create a
barrier (e.g: a plastic bag).
Wash your hands
thoroughly with soap and
water afterwards.
Seek medical advice if
you are concerned.
Do not try to
Remove clothing sticking
to a burn.
Apply toothpaste / butter /
creams to a burn.
Exception: “Aftersun” lotion is us
eful for sunburn
Do not burst any blisters.
Do not stop cooling before
10 minutes is up!

29. Life is precious. Protect it