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Distribution Simulation Testing
                             What is the industry doing?
                                      By: Scott Levy
                                 DDL – Packaging Engineer
                                        MDM East
                                      June 9th, 2009
www.testedandproven.com                                800.229.4235
Outline
      Introduction
      What Is Distribution Simulation?
      Purpose of Distribution Simulation
      Background of Standard Writing Organizations (ASTM & ISTA)
      Identifying Test Methodologies
      Consensus Standards
      Problems in the utilization of some standards
      So what are people utilizing and why?
      Protocol Development
      Final Test Report Development
      Conclusion
      Questions

www.testedandproven.com                                     800.229.4235
Introduction
   • Many medical device manufactures struggle on a daily basis with what
     they need to do in order to comply with ISO 11607 and which
     procedure to utilize for performance testing (ASTM or ISTA).

   • Throughout this presentation, we are going to look at this situation from
     a different perspective. Basically, we are going to look at it from the
     outside in.

   • DDL works with MDM‟s on a daily basis by helping them execute
     transportation simulation using various test procedures. The primarily
     goal is to have an effective shipping configuration that protects the
     product and package integrity during transit, and ultimately is in
     compliance with ISO 11607.


www.testedandproven.com                                              800.229.4235
What is distribution
                           simulation testing?
   Distribution simulation testing is a uniform and
   repeatable way of evaluating packaging systems by
   utilizing laboratory equipment to subject the
   packaging system to specific hazards that may occur
   within the anticipated distribution environment.




www.testedandproven.com                        800.229.4235
Purpose of Distribution
                           Simulation
Transportation simulation testing is simply a conditioning
element. There is no specific or variable result derived
from these tests. What testing you do after „conditioning‟
identifies whether the package system passes or fails.

The testing for package system validation needs to be
established prior to testing.
1. Evaluate Product/Package Interaction (Sterility Maintenance)
2. Evaluate Product Functionality
3. Regulatory Compliance

www.testedandproven.com                                      800.229.4235
Distribution Simulation
                             Standards?
Where are distribution simulation standards developed?
• ASTM International (American Society of Testing Materials)
    – D4169
    – D7386
• ISTA
    – 2 Series “Partial Simulation Performance Tests”
    – 3 Series “General Simulation Performance Tests”
• Corporations
    – Own protocols
    – Modified published standards.
www.testedandproven.com                                   800.229.4235
Standard Writing
                             Organizations
  • ASTM-International
      – Public
      – Democratic Process
          • Task Group development and approval
          • Subcommittee review and approval
          • Main Committee review and approval
      – All comments and negative ballots must be resolved before
        approval.
      – Full ASTM membership reviews standards
        prior to approval.


www.testedandproven.com                                      800.229.4235
Standard Writing
                             Organizations
   • ISTA (International Safe Transit Association)
       – Private industry association (Membership required to participate.)
       – Board of Directors generates new ideas for
         standards.
       – Standards are reviewed and approved through “test
         series groups” and the ISTA Technical Council. Final
         approval is by Board of Directors.
       – No formal ballot process for ISTA members, outside
         organizations, or industry experts.


www.testedandproven.com                                             800.229.4235
Identifying Test
                                Methodologies (ASTM)

      One of the most prevalent test procedures utilized today is ASTM
      D4169.

      “Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and
      Systems”

      First approved in 1982 and is most widely used distribution simulation
      standard in the world.


 Ref. McKinlay, Alfred H. “Measuring Package Performance to Avoid
 Shipping Damage” Standardization News (October 2004)
www.testedandproven.com                                             800.229.4235
Identifying Test
                             Methodologies (ASTM)
ASTM D4169-05 DC 13                                               Schedue A
                                                                 Manual Handling
“Air & Motor Freight, Local, Single Package Up to 100#‟s”
- This single standard is used quite predominately for
   regulatory compliance.                                          Schedule C
                                                                 Vehicle Stacking

- Currently recognized by FDA as a consensus standard.

1.Schedule (A) Manual Handling
                                                                   Schedule F
                                                               Loose-Load Vibration


2.Schedule (C) Compression Testing
3.Schedule (F) Loose-Load Vibration                                 Schedule I
                                                              Low Pressure / High Alt

4.Schedule (I) Low-Pressure / High Altitude
5.Schedule (E) Random Vibration (Truck & Air)                      Schedule E

6.Schedule (A) Manual Testing                               Random Vibration (Truck/Air)




                                                                  Schedue A
                                                                 Manual Handling
www.testedandproven.com                                               800.229.4235
Test Methodologies
                                      (ASTM)
                                                                     Schedule A
                                                                    Manual Handling



Just Released ASTM D4169-08 (Significant Changes) from 05.
                                                                      Schedule C
                                                                    Vehicle Stacking
1.   Schedule (A) Manual Handling
2.   Schedule (C) Compression Testing
3.   Schedule (F) Loose-Load Vibration
                                                                      Schedule F
                                                                  Loose-Load Vibration


4.   Schedule (I) Low-Pressure / High Altitude
5.   Schedule (E) Random Vibration (Truck & Air)                       Schedule I
                                                                 Low Pressure / High Alt
6.   Schedule (J) Concentrated Impact (<275# or 40 ECT)
7.   Schedule (A) Manual Testing (Bridge Impact)
                                                                      Schedule E
                                                               Random Vibration (Truck/Air)




                                                                       Schedule J
                                                                   Conentrated Impact
                                                                 32" Drop on Box Faces




                                                                       Schedue A
                                                                    Manual Handling
                                                              Bridge Impact If Needed (12")
www.testedandproven.com                                            800.229.4235
                                                             Box Length = 3x Width or Height
Test Methodologies
                                   (ASTM)
    - Newly Released ASTM D7386-08
      “Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Packages for Single Parcel
      Delivery Systems”

    - Generally developed for ALL types of packages moving through the single
      parcel shipping system (UPS, FedEx, etc.)

    - This standard is dependent upon what type of package you are trying to
      evaluate.
            –    Small Packaged-Product Bagged for Transport (TS-1)
            –    Large Flat Packaged Product (TS-2)
            –    Long Narrow Packaged Products (TS-3)
            –    All Other Packaged Product (TS-4) (Most Typical)



www.testedandproven.com                                                    800.229.4235
Identifying Test Methodologies
                                (ASTM D7386-08)
- Example Situation (Standard shipper, 12”x12”x12” Containing Single Barrier
   Poly/Tyvek Pouch)
- This would follow into the classification of “TS-4”.

TS-4 Test Sequence:
1. A1. Manual Handling
2. D1. Vibration Under Compressive Load
3. Kc . High Altitude Testing (Not Needed) – Porous Package
4. A2. Manual Handling
5. D3. Vibration With Out Compressive Load
6. A3. Manual Handling
7. L. Concentrated Impacts (36”)

This procedure can be strenuous for MDM‟s because of the vibration under
compressive load.

www.testedandproven.com                                                    800.229.4235
Test Methodologies
                                          (ASTM D7386-08)
                 Sequence A1
                                                           Sequenc D1
                Manual Handling
                                                Vibration Under Compressive Load
                   Edge 3-4
                                                    Face 1 or 3 = 60 Minutes
                   Edge 4-6
                                                    Face 2 or 4 = 30 Minutes
                 Corner 2-3-5
                                                    Face 5 or 6 = 30 Minutes
                   Edge 4-6




                 Sequence A2
                Manual Handling
                   Edge 2-3
                                                         Sequence Kc
                 Corner 2-3-6
                                                      High Altitude Testing
                   Edge 2-5
                                                         (If Applicable)
                   Edge 3-5
                 Corner 3-4-5
                    Face 1




                   Sequenc D3                         Sequence I
         Vibration WO Compressive Load            Concentrated Impact
            Face 1 or 3 = 30 Minutes              36" Drop of all faces




www.testedandproven.com                                                        800.229.4235
Test Methodologies
                                          (ISTA)
       ISTA Standards (Procedures 1A – 7D)
       •   ISTA 1 Series: Non-Simulation Integrity Performance Tests.
            Challenge the strength and robustness of the product and package combination. Not designed to
            simulate environmental occurrences. Useful as screening tests, particularly when used as a
            consistent benchmark over time.

       •    ISTA 2 Series: Partial Simulation Performance Tests.
            Test with at least one element of a 3 Series type General Simulation Performance Test, Such as
            atmospheric conditioning or mode-shaped random vibration, in addition to basic elements of a 1
            Series type Non-Simulation Integrity test.

       •    ISTA 3 Series: General Simulation Performance Tests.
            Designed to provide a laboratory simulation of the damage-producing
            motions, forces, conditions, and sequences of transport environments. Applicable across broad sets
            of circumstances, such as a variety of vehicle types and routes, or a varying number of handling
            exposures. Characteristics will include simple shaped random vibration, different drop heights applied
            to the sample package, and/or atmospheric conditioning such as tropical wet or winter/frozen.


Ref: The ISTA® 2009 RESOURCE BOOK

www.testedandproven.com                                                                       800.229.4235
Identifying Test
                             Methodologies (ISTA)
     ISTA Standards (Procedure 1A)
     •    ISTA 1 Series: Non-Simulation Integrity Performance Tests. Challenge the strength
          and robustness of the product and package combination. Not designed to simulate
          environmental occurrences. Useful as screening tests, particularly when used as a
          consistent benchmark over time ISTA 1 Series: Non-Simulation Integrity Performance
          Tests.

          Many medical device manufactures, still try to utilize ISTA Procedure 1A. This
          procedure was developed for a quick and easy way to evaluate a shipping
          configuration for drop testing and repetitive shock vibration only. For MDM‟s evaluating
          a sterile barrier system, this is NOT the procedure that you should be utilizing for
          dynamic evaluation. This procedure does not take into a account random vibration or
          atmospheric pre-conditioning and is not truly a „simulation‟. It is also meant strictly for
          domestic shipment.




www.testedandproven.com                                                             800.229.4235
Test Methodologies
                                             (ISTA)
     ISTA Standards (Procedure 2A)
     •     ISTA 2 Series: Partial Simulation Performance Tests. Test with at least one element of a 3 Series
           type General Simulation Performance Test, Such as atmospheric conditioning or mode-shaped
           random vibration, in addition to basic elements of a 1 Series type Non-Simulation Integrity test.

     •     The ISTA Project 2A procedure is a widely utilized test procedure to evaluate sterile barrier system
           through dynamics.

           Pro‟s
           1. Comparable to ASTM D4169-05
           2. Atmospheric Conditioning
           3. Fixed Displacement Vibration and or Random Vibration
              (Both are discussed)

           Con‟s
           1. Does not address effects of low pressure high altitude on
              non-porous packaging.
           2. Alternative methods



www.testedandproven.com                                                                        800.229.4235
Test Methodologies (ISTA)
                                             Atmospheric Pre-Conditioning
                                             6 Hrs. @ Laboratory Conditions




ISTA - Procedure 2A                            Atmospheric Conditioning
                                                 User to Specify - Exp.
                                            -29C For 72 Hrs. - Extreme Cold

Test Sequence                          38C @ 85%rH For 72 Hrs. - Hot/Humid then,
                                       60C @ 30%RH for 6 Hrs. - Extreme Heat, Dry


*Could have many other sequences
 depending upon alternative methods              Compression Testing


 chosen.
                                                    Vibration Testing
                                            (Fixed Displacement or Random)




                                                  Shock/Drop Testing




                                                    Vibration Testing
                                            (Fixed Displacement or Random)
www.testedandproven.com                                                  800.229.4235
Test Methodologies
                                   (ISTA)
ISTA Standards (Procedure 3A)
   Test Procedure 3A is a general simulation test for individual packaged products
   shipped through a parcel delivery system. The test is appropriate for 4 different
   package types commonly distributed as individual packages, either by air or
   ground.

 Types:                               Basic Requirements:
    - standard packages                    - atmospheric pre-conditioning,
    - small packages                       - random vibration with and without top load
    - flat packages                        - shock testing
    - elongated packages

   This test procedure is used sparingly by Medical Device Manufactures as it is
   severe with the utilization of top load vibration. MDM’s may encounter
   Damage that does not happen in the normal distribution environment.
   This procedure is comparable to ASTM D7386-08.

www.testedandproven.com                                                          800.229.4235
Test Methodologies (ISTA)
                                            Atmospheric Pre-Conditioning
                                            6 Hrs. @ Laboratory Conditions




ISTA - Procedure 3A                           Atmospheric Conditioning
                                                User to Specify - Exp.


Standard Packaged
                                           -29C For 72 Hrs. - Extreme Cold
                                      38C @ 85%rH For 72 Hrs. - Hot/Humid then,
                                      60C @ 30%RH for 6 Hrs. - Extreme Heat, Dry




Product Test
                                                    Drop Testing




                                                   Vibration Testing
                                              With and Without Top Load




                                           Random Vibration Under Vacuum
                                                     (Optional)




                                                    Drop Testing


www.testedandproven.com                                                   800.229.4235
Testing Equipment Photos




Repetitive Shock / Loose   Random Vibration   Compression Testing   Drop Testing
    Load Vibration

www.testedandproven.com                                                 800.229.4235
Identifying Test Methodologies
                          (Environmental Conditioning)




   In the past, Medical Device Manufactures have only been primarily concerned with
   package/product interaction through dynamic testing. Dynamics play a key role in
   evaluating the efficacy of the shipping configuration, but most have failed to take into
   account the physical environmental stresses that packaging materials are subjected to in
   normal everyday shipment.

www.testedandproven.com                                                     800.229.4235
Test Methodologies
                          (Environmental Conditioning)
    •   Climatic extremes can have an effect on package material strength and
        resultant performance. By subjecting shipping units to temperature and
        humidity extremes prior to physical dynamic conditioning any problematic
        situations can be identified and corrected.

        ISO 11607-1:2006 - Section 6.3:
        Note: Stability testing and performance testing are separate entities.
        Performance testing evaluates the interaction between the packaging
        system and the product units in response to the stresses imposed by the
        manufacturing, sterilization processes and the handling, storage and
        shipping environment.

    •   With the separation of performance testing and stability testing per ISO
        11607, it is important to take environmental conditioning into consideration
        when setting up a performance test.

www.testedandproven.com                                                     800.229.4235
Test Methodologies
                               (Environmental Conditioning)
    The three most popular standards that DDL utilizes for
    environmental conditioning are:
    1. Conditioning elements in ISTA Procedures (These procedures
       detail a host of specific environmental conditions that can be
       employed.
    2. ASTM D4332 (Standard Practice for Conditioning
       Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing.)
    3. ISO 2233 (Packaging – Complete, Filled Transport Packages
       and Unit Loads – Conditioning For Testing.)

    NOTE: ASTM Committee F2 ‘on Flexible Packaging’ is working on standard practice for environmental
    extremes conditioning.

www.testedandproven.com                                                                  800.229.4235
Test Methodologies
                                   (Environmental Conditioning)
                 Anticipated Conditions          Time in Hrs                        Temperature               Humidity in %


ISTA Standards   Extreme Cold,                       72               -29°C (-20°F)                   uncontrolled RH
                 Uncontrolled RH

                 Cold, Humid                         72               5°C (40°F)                      85%RH +/-5

                 Controlled
                                                     72               23°C (73°F)                     50% RH +/-5
                 Conditions

                 Hot, Humid                          72               38°C (100°F)                    85%RH +/-5
                 Hot, Humid then Extreme Heat,            72 then 6   38°C (100F) then 60°C (140°F)   85%RH +/-5 then 30%RH +/-5
                 Moderate RH:


                                                     72               50°C (120°F)                    uncontrolled RH
                 Elevated Temperature,
                 Uncontrolled RH


                 Extreme Heat, Dry                   72               60ºC (140ºF)                    15% RH +/- 5%

                 Severe Cold,                        72               -18ºC (0ºF)                     uncontrolled RH
                 Uncontrolled RH

                 User Defined
                                                     72               Based upon known conditions     Known conditions
                 (High Limit)

                 User Defined
                                                     72               Based upon known conditions     Known conditions
                 (Low Limit)

                 User Defined Cycle                  72               Based upon known conditions     Known conditions


www.testedandproven.com                                                                                    800.229.4235
Test Methodologies
                           (Environmental Conditioning)
ASTM D4332
                   Environment (ISO 2233 Condition)   Temperature,° C (°F)        RH, %



                  Cryogenic (A)                       −55°C +/-3 (−67°F +/-6)
                                                                                    ...
                  Frozen food storage (C)                   −18°C +/-2
                                                             (0°F +/-4)             ...

                  Refrigerated storage (D)                   5°C +/-2           85%RH +/-5
                                                           (41°F +/- 4)

                  Temperate high humidity (F)               20°C +/-2           90%RH +/-5
                                                            (68°F +/-4)

                  Tropical (L)                        40°C +/-2 (104°F +/-4)    90%RH +/-5


                  Desert                              60°C +/-2 (140°F +/- 4)   15%RH +/-5



www.testedandproven.com                                                         800.229.4235
Identifying Test Methodologies
                              (Environmental Conditioning)
                     Condition             Temperature                 Relative humidity
                                    °C         °F         °K               (RH) %
                        1           -55        -67        218            Not specified
 ISO 2233
                        2           -35        -31        238           Not specified
                        3           -18        0.4        255            Not specified
                        4            5         41         278                 85
                        5           20         68         293                 65
                        6           20         68         293                 90
                        7           23        73.4        296                 50
                        8           30         86         303                 85
                        9           30         86         303                 90
                        10          40        104         313            Uncontrolled
                        11          40        104         313                 90
                        12          50        131         328                 30

         Specified conditions for a minimum period which shall be selected from
   4 h, 8 h, 16 h, 24 h, 48 h or 72 h or from 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks or 4 weeks.
www.testedandproven.com                                                      800.229.4235
FDA Consensus Standards
        ►      The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997
               authorized the FDA to recognize standards developed in an
               open and transparent process, such as those developed by
               ANSI-accredited standards developing organizations as well as
               ISO & ASTM.

        ►      Many domestic and international consensus standards address
               aspects of safety and/or effectiveness relevant to medical
               devices. Many of these standards have been developed with
               the participation of Center for Devices and Radiological Health
               (CDRH) staff.
Ref: Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff, Recognition and Use of Consensus Standards, Document
Issued: September 17, 2007, http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/osel/guidance/321.html
www.testedandproven.com                                                                          800.229.4235
FDA Consensus Standards
      What are some of the consensus standards we utilize for
      distribution simulation testing?
      1.     ASTM D4169
      2.     ASTM D7386 (recognized as of March 18, 2009)

      ►     Why are ISTA procedures not considered consensus standards?
                Essentially the process for bringing these standards to the public is
                 not an open and transparent process.
                The ISTA standards are still widely used by Medical Device
                 Manufactures; as ISO 11607 is a recognized consensus standard by
                 the FDA that calls out ISTA as a procedure that can be employed.




www.testedandproven.com                                                    800.229.4235
FDA Consensus Standards




                   http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/stdsprog.html
www.testedandproven.com                                    800.229.4235
Currently Recognized Standards
                      For Medical Device Package
                          Testing (as of April 2009)




www.testedandproven.com                      800.229.4235
Currently Recognized Standards
                       For Medical Device Package
                           Testing (as of April 2009)




www.testedandproven.com                       800.229.4235
Problems in using standards with
                        top load vibration sequences

    ASTM D7386, ISTA Project 3A
  Medical device packages are not typically designed for interior packaging or
 products to withstand compressive loads.
  Feedback from MDM customer‟s shows that actual field observations do not
 indicate a significant shipping box crushing problem. Test results do not correlate to
 actual field observations.
  Top load weights may exceed anything that is applied in actual shipments. Other
 boxes designed to contribute interior and/or product compressive strengths to the over-
 all shipping system compression strength may be able to pass this test more readily
 than medical device packages that only use the shipping box strength in design
 considerations.


www.testedandproven.com                                                       800.229.4235
What are companies using?




www.testedandproven.com   800.229.4235
So what are companies
                                 using?
 The primary standard that is used by the majority of DDL‟s
 customers is ASTM D4169.
     WHY?
 ► ASTM D4169 is recognized as a consensus standard by the FDA.
 ► ASTM D4169 is referenced as a standard that can be used for
     compliance to ISO 11607 (Annex B.)
 ► Work to be done: update to incorporate new published field data for
     drop and vibration test intensities.




www.testedandproven.com                                      800.229.4235
Scott Levy M edical
                                                              Feasbility Testing
                                                 Package Type: Single Barrier Poly/Tyvek Pouch
                                                      Product Name: Scott's Little Widget


                                                              60 Pouch Packages
                                                                  With Product



                                                                  60 Pouches
                                                                 (10 Shippers)
                                                                   With Product


                                                                    POST
                                                                 STERILIZATION




                       ISTA Project 2A (2008)                   ASTM D4332-01                         ISO 2223-2000
                     Pre ShipmentConditioning
                                                    Or     Pre ShipmentConditioning
                                                                                           Or    Pre ShipmentConditioning




                                                                  DISTRIBUTION
                                                                   SIMULATION
                                       PACKAGE                    ASTM D4169
                                  INTEGRITY TESTING                DC 13, AL I
                                     60 With Product              10 SHIPPERS
                                                                6 PKGS/SHIPPER


                                    FUNCTIONALITY
                                       TESTING




                                                                   Test Report




www.testedandproven.com                                                                             800.229.4235
Protocol Development

Prior to executing a protocol a few questions need to be answered?
    1.   Do I have a specific shipping configuration for my product?
    2.   How many sterile packages are there in my shipping configuration?
    3.   How are my packages placed in a shipper (orientation)?
    4.   What type of corrugated material (wall thickness) do I have?
    5.   Will my sterile barrier systems be placed into the corrugated shipper without
         SBS cartons?
    6.   Will my sterile barrier systems be placed in an SBS box and then loaded into the
         shipper?
    7.   Am I folding the pouch materials to make them fit or give a false sense of
         protection?
    8.   Is my configuration robust enough to handle a stacked vibration situation?


www.testedandproven.com                                                    800.229.4235
Protocol Development

Documentation is
key, therefore, a
protocol is essential to
establish the plan for this
phase of package
validation.




www.testedandproven.com                        800.229.4235
Protocol Development
   What Specifics are needed?
   • Purpose
   • Scope
   • Reference Section
   • Various Materials and Equipment
   • Sample Description and Preparation
   • Test Procedures (List and Identify)
   • Acceptance Criteria
   • Documentation
   • General Test Plan (Flowcharts)

www.testedandproven.com                    800.229.4235
Final Test Report

   After the testing is
   completed, a final test
   report must be
   generated to
   document the test
   results, corrective
   actions, or other
   issues found during
   the shipping
   validation.


www.testedandproven.com                      800.229.4235
Final Test Report


 What Specifics
 are needed?




www.testedandproven.com                   800.229.4235
Final Test Report




www.testedandproven.com                  800.229.4235
Conclusion

• Understand the specific test procedure that you will use to
  evaluate your shipping configuration for validation.
• Perform feasibility testing prior to executing a full blown
  performance test (shipping/environmental study).
• Use a test procedure that is going to best simulate your distribution
  environment.
• Understand the percent of defects that you are acquiring in
  shipping your sterile samples to the customer / end user.
• Provide adequate time to perform a thorough validation.
   This is single biggest problem that I come across.


www.testedandproven.com                                     800.229.4235
Questions???




www.testedandproven.com                  800.229.4235

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Scotty Levy Distribution Simulation Presentation

  • 1. Distribution Simulation Testing What is the industry doing? By: Scott Levy DDL – Packaging Engineer MDM East June 9th, 2009 www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 2. Outline  Introduction  What Is Distribution Simulation?  Purpose of Distribution Simulation  Background of Standard Writing Organizations (ASTM & ISTA)  Identifying Test Methodologies  Consensus Standards  Problems in the utilization of some standards  So what are people utilizing and why?  Protocol Development  Final Test Report Development  Conclusion  Questions www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 3. Introduction • Many medical device manufactures struggle on a daily basis with what they need to do in order to comply with ISO 11607 and which procedure to utilize for performance testing (ASTM or ISTA). • Throughout this presentation, we are going to look at this situation from a different perspective. Basically, we are going to look at it from the outside in. • DDL works with MDM‟s on a daily basis by helping them execute transportation simulation using various test procedures. The primarily goal is to have an effective shipping configuration that protects the product and package integrity during transit, and ultimately is in compliance with ISO 11607. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 4. What is distribution simulation testing? Distribution simulation testing is a uniform and repeatable way of evaluating packaging systems by utilizing laboratory equipment to subject the packaging system to specific hazards that may occur within the anticipated distribution environment. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 5. Purpose of Distribution Simulation Transportation simulation testing is simply a conditioning element. There is no specific or variable result derived from these tests. What testing you do after „conditioning‟ identifies whether the package system passes or fails. The testing for package system validation needs to be established prior to testing. 1. Evaluate Product/Package Interaction (Sterility Maintenance) 2. Evaluate Product Functionality 3. Regulatory Compliance www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 6. Distribution Simulation Standards? Where are distribution simulation standards developed? • ASTM International (American Society of Testing Materials) – D4169 – D7386 • ISTA – 2 Series “Partial Simulation Performance Tests” – 3 Series “General Simulation Performance Tests” • Corporations – Own protocols – Modified published standards. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 7. Standard Writing Organizations • ASTM-International – Public – Democratic Process • Task Group development and approval • Subcommittee review and approval • Main Committee review and approval – All comments and negative ballots must be resolved before approval. – Full ASTM membership reviews standards prior to approval. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 8. Standard Writing Organizations • ISTA (International Safe Transit Association) – Private industry association (Membership required to participate.) – Board of Directors generates new ideas for standards. – Standards are reviewed and approved through “test series groups” and the ISTA Technical Council. Final approval is by Board of Directors. – No formal ballot process for ISTA members, outside organizations, or industry experts. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 9. Identifying Test Methodologies (ASTM) One of the most prevalent test procedures utilized today is ASTM D4169. “Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems” First approved in 1982 and is most widely used distribution simulation standard in the world. Ref. McKinlay, Alfred H. “Measuring Package Performance to Avoid Shipping Damage” Standardization News (October 2004) www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 10. Identifying Test Methodologies (ASTM) ASTM D4169-05 DC 13 Schedue A Manual Handling “Air & Motor Freight, Local, Single Package Up to 100#‟s” - This single standard is used quite predominately for regulatory compliance. Schedule C Vehicle Stacking - Currently recognized by FDA as a consensus standard. 1.Schedule (A) Manual Handling Schedule F Loose-Load Vibration 2.Schedule (C) Compression Testing 3.Schedule (F) Loose-Load Vibration Schedule I Low Pressure / High Alt 4.Schedule (I) Low-Pressure / High Altitude 5.Schedule (E) Random Vibration (Truck & Air) Schedule E 6.Schedule (A) Manual Testing Random Vibration (Truck/Air) Schedue A Manual Handling www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 11. Test Methodologies (ASTM) Schedule A Manual Handling Just Released ASTM D4169-08 (Significant Changes) from 05. Schedule C Vehicle Stacking 1. Schedule (A) Manual Handling 2. Schedule (C) Compression Testing 3. Schedule (F) Loose-Load Vibration Schedule F Loose-Load Vibration 4. Schedule (I) Low-Pressure / High Altitude 5. Schedule (E) Random Vibration (Truck & Air) Schedule I Low Pressure / High Alt 6. Schedule (J) Concentrated Impact (<275# or 40 ECT) 7. Schedule (A) Manual Testing (Bridge Impact) Schedule E Random Vibration (Truck/Air) Schedule J Conentrated Impact 32" Drop on Box Faces Schedue A Manual Handling Bridge Impact If Needed (12") www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235 Box Length = 3x Width or Height
  • 12. Test Methodologies (ASTM) - Newly Released ASTM D7386-08 “Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Packages for Single Parcel Delivery Systems” - Generally developed for ALL types of packages moving through the single parcel shipping system (UPS, FedEx, etc.) - This standard is dependent upon what type of package you are trying to evaluate. – Small Packaged-Product Bagged for Transport (TS-1) – Large Flat Packaged Product (TS-2) – Long Narrow Packaged Products (TS-3) – All Other Packaged Product (TS-4) (Most Typical) www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 13. Identifying Test Methodologies (ASTM D7386-08) - Example Situation (Standard shipper, 12”x12”x12” Containing Single Barrier Poly/Tyvek Pouch) - This would follow into the classification of “TS-4”. TS-4 Test Sequence: 1. A1. Manual Handling 2. D1. Vibration Under Compressive Load 3. Kc . High Altitude Testing (Not Needed) – Porous Package 4. A2. Manual Handling 5. D3. Vibration With Out Compressive Load 6. A3. Manual Handling 7. L. Concentrated Impacts (36”) This procedure can be strenuous for MDM‟s because of the vibration under compressive load. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 14. Test Methodologies (ASTM D7386-08) Sequence A1 Sequenc D1 Manual Handling Vibration Under Compressive Load Edge 3-4 Face 1 or 3 = 60 Minutes Edge 4-6 Face 2 or 4 = 30 Minutes Corner 2-3-5 Face 5 or 6 = 30 Minutes Edge 4-6 Sequence A2 Manual Handling Edge 2-3 Sequence Kc Corner 2-3-6 High Altitude Testing Edge 2-5 (If Applicable) Edge 3-5 Corner 3-4-5 Face 1 Sequenc D3 Sequence I Vibration WO Compressive Load Concentrated Impact Face 1 or 3 = 30 Minutes 36" Drop of all faces www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 15. Test Methodologies (ISTA) ISTA Standards (Procedures 1A – 7D) • ISTA 1 Series: Non-Simulation Integrity Performance Tests. Challenge the strength and robustness of the product and package combination. Not designed to simulate environmental occurrences. Useful as screening tests, particularly when used as a consistent benchmark over time. • ISTA 2 Series: Partial Simulation Performance Tests. Test with at least one element of a 3 Series type General Simulation Performance Test, Such as atmospheric conditioning or mode-shaped random vibration, in addition to basic elements of a 1 Series type Non-Simulation Integrity test. • ISTA 3 Series: General Simulation Performance Tests. Designed to provide a laboratory simulation of the damage-producing motions, forces, conditions, and sequences of transport environments. Applicable across broad sets of circumstances, such as a variety of vehicle types and routes, or a varying number of handling exposures. Characteristics will include simple shaped random vibration, different drop heights applied to the sample package, and/or atmospheric conditioning such as tropical wet or winter/frozen. Ref: The ISTA® 2009 RESOURCE BOOK www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 16. Identifying Test Methodologies (ISTA) ISTA Standards (Procedure 1A) • ISTA 1 Series: Non-Simulation Integrity Performance Tests. Challenge the strength and robustness of the product and package combination. Not designed to simulate environmental occurrences. Useful as screening tests, particularly when used as a consistent benchmark over time ISTA 1 Series: Non-Simulation Integrity Performance Tests. Many medical device manufactures, still try to utilize ISTA Procedure 1A. This procedure was developed for a quick and easy way to evaluate a shipping configuration for drop testing and repetitive shock vibration only. For MDM‟s evaluating a sterile barrier system, this is NOT the procedure that you should be utilizing for dynamic evaluation. This procedure does not take into a account random vibration or atmospheric pre-conditioning and is not truly a „simulation‟. It is also meant strictly for domestic shipment. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 17. Test Methodologies (ISTA) ISTA Standards (Procedure 2A) • ISTA 2 Series: Partial Simulation Performance Tests. Test with at least one element of a 3 Series type General Simulation Performance Test, Such as atmospheric conditioning or mode-shaped random vibration, in addition to basic elements of a 1 Series type Non-Simulation Integrity test. • The ISTA Project 2A procedure is a widely utilized test procedure to evaluate sterile barrier system through dynamics. Pro‟s 1. Comparable to ASTM D4169-05 2. Atmospheric Conditioning 3. Fixed Displacement Vibration and or Random Vibration (Both are discussed) Con‟s 1. Does not address effects of low pressure high altitude on non-porous packaging. 2. Alternative methods www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 18. Test Methodologies (ISTA) Atmospheric Pre-Conditioning 6 Hrs. @ Laboratory Conditions ISTA - Procedure 2A Atmospheric Conditioning User to Specify - Exp. -29C For 72 Hrs. - Extreme Cold Test Sequence 38C @ 85%rH For 72 Hrs. - Hot/Humid then, 60C @ 30%RH for 6 Hrs. - Extreme Heat, Dry *Could have many other sequences depending upon alternative methods Compression Testing chosen. Vibration Testing (Fixed Displacement or Random) Shock/Drop Testing Vibration Testing (Fixed Displacement or Random) www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 19. Test Methodologies (ISTA) ISTA Standards (Procedure 3A) Test Procedure 3A is a general simulation test for individual packaged products shipped through a parcel delivery system. The test is appropriate for 4 different package types commonly distributed as individual packages, either by air or ground. Types: Basic Requirements: - standard packages - atmospheric pre-conditioning, - small packages - random vibration with and without top load - flat packages - shock testing - elongated packages This test procedure is used sparingly by Medical Device Manufactures as it is severe with the utilization of top load vibration. MDM’s may encounter Damage that does not happen in the normal distribution environment. This procedure is comparable to ASTM D7386-08. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 20. Test Methodologies (ISTA) Atmospheric Pre-Conditioning 6 Hrs. @ Laboratory Conditions ISTA - Procedure 3A Atmospheric Conditioning User to Specify - Exp. Standard Packaged -29C For 72 Hrs. - Extreme Cold 38C @ 85%rH For 72 Hrs. - Hot/Humid then, 60C @ 30%RH for 6 Hrs. - Extreme Heat, Dry Product Test Drop Testing Vibration Testing With and Without Top Load Random Vibration Under Vacuum (Optional) Drop Testing www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 21. Testing Equipment Photos Repetitive Shock / Loose Random Vibration Compression Testing Drop Testing Load Vibration www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 22. Identifying Test Methodologies (Environmental Conditioning) In the past, Medical Device Manufactures have only been primarily concerned with package/product interaction through dynamic testing. Dynamics play a key role in evaluating the efficacy of the shipping configuration, but most have failed to take into account the physical environmental stresses that packaging materials are subjected to in normal everyday shipment. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 23. Test Methodologies (Environmental Conditioning) • Climatic extremes can have an effect on package material strength and resultant performance. By subjecting shipping units to temperature and humidity extremes prior to physical dynamic conditioning any problematic situations can be identified and corrected. ISO 11607-1:2006 - Section 6.3: Note: Stability testing and performance testing are separate entities. Performance testing evaluates the interaction between the packaging system and the product units in response to the stresses imposed by the manufacturing, sterilization processes and the handling, storage and shipping environment. • With the separation of performance testing and stability testing per ISO 11607, it is important to take environmental conditioning into consideration when setting up a performance test. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 24. Test Methodologies (Environmental Conditioning) The three most popular standards that DDL utilizes for environmental conditioning are: 1. Conditioning elements in ISTA Procedures (These procedures detail a host of specific environmental conditions that can be employed. 2. ASTM D4332 (Standard Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing.) 3. ISO 2233 (Packaging – Complete, Filled Transport Packages and Unit Loads – Conditioning For Testing.) NOTE: ASTM Committee F2 ‘on Flexible Packaging’ is working on standard practice for environmental extremes conditioning. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 25. Test Methodologies (Environmental Conditioning) Anticipated Conditions Time in Hrs Temperature Humidity in % ISTA Standards Extreme Cold, 72 -29°C (-20°F) uncontrolled RH Uncontrolled RH Cold, Humid 72 5°C (40°F) 85%RH +/-5 Controlled 72 23°C (73°F) 50% RH +/-5 Conditions Hot, Humid 72 38°C (100°F) 85%RH +/-5 Hot, Humid then Extreme Heat, 72 then 6 38°C (100F) then 60°C (140°F) 85%RH +/-5 then 30%RH +/-5 Moderate RH: 72 50°C (120°F) uncontrolled RH Elevated Temperature, Uncontrolled RH Extreme Heat, Dry 72 60ºC (140ºF) 15% RH +/- 5% Severe Cold, 72 -18ºC (0ºF) uncontrolled RH Uncontrolled RH User Defined 72 Based upon known conditions Known conditions (High Limit) User Defined 72 Based upon known conditions Known conditions (Low Limit) User Defined Cycle 72 Based upon known conditions Known conditions www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 26. Test Methodologies (Environmental Conditioning) ASTM D4332 Environment (ISO 2233 Condition) Temperature,° C (°F) RH, % Cryogenic (A) −55°C +/-3 (−67°F +/-6) ... Frozen food storage (C) −18°C +/-2 (0°F +/-4) ... Refrigerated storage (D) 5°C +/-2 85%RH +/-5 (41°F +/- 4) Temperate high humidity (F) 20°C +/-2 90%RH +/-5 (68°F +/-4) Tropical (L) 40°C +/-2 (104°F +/-4) 90%RH +/-5 Desert 60°C +/-2 (140°F +/- 4) 15%RH +/-5 www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 27. Identifying Test Methodologies (Environmental Conditioning) Condition Temperature Relative humidity °C °F °K (RH) % 1 -55 -67 218 Not specified ISO 2233 2 -35 -31 238 Not specified 3 -18 0.4 255 Not specified 4 5 41 278 85 5 20 68 293 65 6 20 68 293 90 7 23 73.4 296 50 8 30 86 303 85 9 30 86 303 90 10 40 104 313 Uncontrolled 11 40 104 313 90 12 50 131 328 30 Specified conditions for a minimum period which shall be selected from 4 h, 8 h, 16 h, 24 h, 48 h or 72 h or from 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks or 4 weeks. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 28. FDA Consensus Standards ► The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 authorized the FDA to recognize standards developed in an open and transparent process, such as those developed by ANSI-accredited standards developing organizations as well as ISO & ASTM. ► Many domestic and international consensus standards address aspects of safety and/or effectiveness relevant to medical devices. Many of these standards have been developed with the participation of Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) staff. Ref: Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff, Recognition and Use of Consensus Standards, Document Issued: September 17, 2007, http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/osel/guidance/321.html www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 29. FDA Consensus Standards What are some of the consensus standards we utilize for distribution simulation testing? 1. ASTM D4169 2. ASTM D7386 (recognized as of March 18, 2009) ► Why are ISTA procedures not considered consensus standards?  Essentially the process for bringing these standards to the public is not an open and transparent process.  The ISTA standards are still widely used by Medical Device Manufactures; as ISO 11607 is a recognized consensus standard by the FDA that calls out ISTA as a procedure that can be employed. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 30. FDA Consensus Standards http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/stdsprog.html www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 31. Currently Recognized Standards For Medical Device Package Testing (as of April 2009) www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 32. Currently Recognized Standards For Medical Device Package Testing (as of April 2009) www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 33. Problems in using standards with top load vibration sequences ASTM D7386, ISTA Project 3A  Medical device packages are not typically designed for interior packaging or products to withstand compressive loads.  Feedback from MDM customer‟s shows that actual field observations do not indicate a significant shipping box crushing problem. Test results do not correlate to actual field observations.  Top load weights may exceed anything that is applied in actual shipments. Other boxes designed to contribute interior and/or product compressive strengths to the over- all shipping system compression strength may be able to pass this test more readily than medical device packages that only use the shipping box strength in design considerations. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 34. What are companies using? www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 35. So what are companies using? The primary standard that is used by the majority of DDL‟s customers is ASTM D4169. WHY? ► ASTM D4169 is recognized as a consensus standard by the FDA. ► ASTM D4169 is referenced as a standard that can be used for compliance to ISO 11607 (Annex B.) ► Work to be done: update to incorporate new published field data for drop and vibration test intensities. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 36. Scott Levy M edical Feasbility Testing Package Type: Single Barrier Poly/Tyvek Pouch Product Name: Scott's Little Widget 60 Pouch Packages With Product 60 Pouches (10 Shippers) With Product POST STERILIZATION ISTA Project 2A (2008) ASTM D4332-01 ISO 2223-2000 Pre ShipmentConditioning Or Pre ShipmentConditioning Or Pre ShipmentConditioning DISTRIBUTION SIMULATION PACKAGE ASTM D4169 INTEGRITY TESTING DC 13, AL I 60 With Product 10 SHIPPERS 6 PKGS/SHIPPER FUNCTIONALITY TESTING Test Report www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 37. Protocol Development Prior to executing a protocol a few questions need to be answered? 1. Do I have a specific shipping configuration for my product? 2. How many sterile packages are there in my shipping configuration? 3. How are my packages placed in a shipper (orientation)? 4. What type of corrugated material (wall thickness) do I have? 5. Will my sterile barrier systems be placed into the corrugated shipper without SBS cartons? 6. Will my sterile barrier systems be placed in an SBS box and then loaded into the shipper? 7. Am I folding the pouch materials to make them fit or give a false sense of protection? 8. Is my configuration robust enough to handle a stacked vibration situation? www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 38. Protocol Development Documentation is key, therefore, a protocol is essential to establish the plan for this phase of package validation. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 39. Protocol Development What Specifics are needed? • Purpose • Scope • Reference Section • Various Materials and Equipment • Sample Description and Preparation • Test Procedures (List and Identify) • Acceptance Criteria • Documentation • General Test Plan (Flowcharts) www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 40. Final Test Report After the testing is completed, a final test report must be generated to document the test results, corrective actions, or other issues found during the shipping validation. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 41. Final Test Report What Specifics are needed? www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235
  • 43. Conclusion • Understand the specific test procedure that you will use to evaluate your shipping configuration for validation. • Perform feasibility testing prior to executing a full blown performance test (shipping/environmental study). • Use a test procedure that is going to best simulate your distribution environment. • Understand the percent of defects that you are acquiring in shipping your sterile samples to the customer / end user. • Provide adequate time to perform a thorough validation. This is single biggest problem that I come across. www.testedandproven.com 800.229.4235