2. desacoplamiento
life quality
A model for global
economic development …
… planet compatible
capacity economic growth
EUROPEAN COUNCIL 16-17 de June 2005:
-”sustainable development is a key issue in all European policy, as established in the treaty”
European strategy and Regulation
desacoplamiento
natural resources use
capacity economic growth
FuturePast
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
4. Climate change and clean energy/green energy:
Limiting climate change and its costs and negative effects for society
and the environment.
• 8% reduction EGEI in 2008-2012 (and 20% in 2020 ... and 60%
European Council in June 2006:
Sustainable Development Strategy
ecoinnovation factor of competitiveness
• 8% reduction EGEI in 2008-2012 (and 20% in 2020 ... and 60%
in 2050?)
• 12% of energy consumption and 21% of electricity from FER
renewable sources in 2010 (15% in 2015)
• Global energy saving 9% of final energy consumption over a
period of nine years until 2017 (potential of 20% in 2020)
• 5.75% biofuels in 2010 (8% in 2015) of total consumption
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
5. kyoto target
99.499.1
95.4
92.0
90
100
92
GHG emissions (base year=100)
20102005200019951990
EU 15 kyoto target
EU 15 target incl. Kyoto mechanisms and sink
2012
EU 15 tends
EU 15 with existing measures projections
80
EU 15 with additional measures projections
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
6. % Energy Consumption by sector
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Industry
Residential
Transportation
Commercial
construction contribution
Construction sector
Sources: US Architecture 2030 and Bre
0%
10%
base Use Correction Manufacture
Correction
Transport
correction
Commercial
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
7. Houston
Phoneix
Detroit
Denver
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Boston
Washington
Chicago
New York
Brisbane
Perth Melbourne
Adelaide
Sydney Toronto
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
capita(USMJ)
United
States
Australia
urban developmen
Source: Newman and Kenworthy 1989
Sydney Toronto
ZurichHamburg Paris
Copenhagen
Brussels
London
Berlin
Vienna Tokyo
Singapore
Hong Kong
Moscow
0
10000
20000
30000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Population Density (people/hectare )
Petrolusepercapita
Europe
Far East
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
8. 2006 COMMUNICATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL
Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment
Quality Water Use/ Treatment
Waste disposal
Greenhouse gas emissions
Noise
Scope of Obligations in the
Member States for town
Scope of Obligatory
Sustainable Urban Transport Plans
Increasing Public Transport use
Increasing Cycling
Increasing walking
Reducing car use
urban environment
Noise
Nature /Biodiversity
Energy usage
Land quality
Litter
Urban sprawl
Transport and mobility
Sustainable construction
Reducing car use
Increasing access to Public Transport
Reducing traffic accidents
Reducing traffic noise
Reducing transport emissions
Reducing traffic congestion
Reducing journey times
Reducing the need to travel
Employer/employee travel plans
School travel plan
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
9. where to act
Source: energy and environment report 2008
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
10. DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL
Energy Performance of Buildings
Drivers:
Meet EU obligation under Kyoto Protocol
Improve long-term energy supply security
Applicable to new and existing buildings
climate change
Applicable to new and existing buildings
Requirements:
development of building energy performance methodology
application of minimal energy performance requirements
implementation of certification and inspections
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
11. upgrading directive on energy performance
Net zero energy buildings:
All new buildings are at least net zero energy buildings by 31 December 2016
“If is occupied by public authorities, Member States shall ensure that, by 2015, both
carbon dioxide emissions and primary energy consumption are low or zero”
Energy performance certificate:
Energy performance certificate, ..include the actual annual energy that is consumed.
Existing buildings:Existing buildings:
In relation to buildings undergoing major renovation, the following high-efficiency
alternative systems being considered and taken into account:
energy from renewable sources; cogeneration; district or block heating or
cooling, heat pumps; ICT equipment for monitoring and control purposes .
Technical building systems and building components:
Minimum energy performance requirements must be set in respect of building
components and of technical building systems which are installed and brought into
operation in buildings…
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
12. US climate change
Source: DOE 2006 UNEP Building and Climate Change
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
14. energy use reduction opportunity
100
150
200
250
300
Others
Lights
Cooling
Heating
200
300
400
500
600
700
Others
Lights
Cooling
Heating
Energy consumption in simulated
residential buildings (energy-10)
Energy consumption in simulated
office buildings (energy-10)
Source: UNEP Building and Climate Change
RC: reference
LE: low demanding
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
0
50
NewYork,RC
NewYork,LE
NewDelhi,RC
NewDelhi,LE
Bejing,RC
Bejing,LE
Madrid,RC
Madrid,LE Heating
0
100
NewYork,RC
NewYork,LE
NewDelhi,RC
NewDelhi,LE
Bejing,RC
Bejing,LE
Madrid,RC
Madrid,LE
Heating
15. prioritiesaccording to the climate zone
PASSIVE COMFORT
MEASURES
ACTIVE COMFORT
MEASURES
IceCaps
Tundra
Up-lands
Continental
Temperate
Mediterranean
Subtropical
Tropical
Savannah
Steppes
Desert
Natural Ventilation
mechanical Ventilation
Night Ventilation
Artifcial cooling
Evaporative Cooling
Free Cooling
Heavy Construction
Lightweight Construction
Source: Jones 1998
littel importance
important
very important
essential
Lightweight Construction
Artificial Heating
Solar Heating
Free Heating
Incidental heat
Insulation/Permeability
Solar Control/Shading
Artificial Lighting in Day
Daylight
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
16. Operating
Energy
Demolition
and Recyclin
Energy consumption
Embodied and Grey
Materials
performance and
Source: Jones 1998.
10 20 30 40 50 60
Embodied
Energy
Grey Energy
Years
Energy consumed in the life of a building, estimated at 60 years
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
performance and
durability
17. material: sustainable use of natural resources
Directive (89/106) (CPD): Construction Products
Proposal revision 2008, new basic requirement:
sustainable use of natural resources
Integrated Policy on Products, 7 de February de 2001
The construction works must be designed, built and demolished in such a way that the use of
natural resources is sustainable and ensure the following:
a) recyclability of the construction works, their materials and parts after demolition;
b) durability of the construction works;
c) use of environmentally compatible raw and secondary materials in construction.
Integrated Policy on Products, 7 de February de 2001
Reduction and management of wastes from construction material
Green products development
Fostering green product market
Extend manufacturer responsibility
Communication if essential information over the whole supply chain
Environmental declaration of products Certification class III based on LCA
Directive 2006/12/CE on wastes
2020 the 70% in weight of construction wastes will have to be reused or recycled
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
18. S.
material
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Building materials Construction
Use of building Maintenance
Demolition
Criteria
1- Low energy incorporated per functional unit
2- Local Materials or low transport impact
3- Low content of heavy metals, SO2, C2H4…
4- Environmental certification of products
Source:JunnilaS.
Environment impact 24000m2 office
0%
10%
20%
30%
Climatechange
[TnCO2-ekv.]
Acidification
[kgSO2-ekv.]
Summersmog
[kgC2H4-ekv.]
Eutrophication
[kgPO4-ekv.]
Heavymetals
[gPb-ekv.]
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
19. BREEAM
ENVEST
ECOQUANTUM
GREENCALQ
ECO-PRO
EQUER
LEED
ATHENA
• informing on choice of main construction materials
• enabling the environmental impacts of both construction and
operation to be balanced over the life of the building
• giving comparisons for different buildings and specifications
• optimising for least environmental impact
TOOLS Impact analysis
evaluation
ATHENA
GBC 2000
PdC 2008
…
•estimating the extent of environmental damage by using life-cycle
analysis (LCA)
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
20. 64.723 €
97.409 €
60000
80000
100000
120000
Euros
Coste económico alcanzarelperfil
Nivel ALTO Nivel MUY ALTO
59 dwellings in Valencia
5628,36 m2
40.000
60.000
80.000
100.000
120.000
140.000
160.000
Demanda(kWh)
Demanda energética teorica en un año (0,5ren/h)
Proyecto (0,5 ren/h) Nivel ALTO (0,5 ren/h) Nivel MUY ALTO (0,5 ren/h)
perfil de calidad
0
20000
40000
Euros
Edificio de 59 viviendas
0 100.000 200.000 300.000 400.000 500.000
10
20
50
Coste (€)
Tiempo(año)
Ahorro energético segúnelnivel de perfil elegido (0,5 ren/h)
Nivel MUY ALTO considerando el aumento del precio de la energía
Nivel ALTO considerando el aumento del precio de la energía
0
20.000
40.000
Calefacción Refrigeración
Demanda(kWh)
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
21. European Tends
• Materials selection based on their environmental statement, its life
cycle, and the distance of production.
building
• Territorial planning taking into account the impacts associated with mobility.
• District-level planning systems of heating and cooling
territory
• ZERO CO2 emissions building design
• Low energy building or passive buildings
• Incorporating green power systems
• Type III Certificate by third based on LCA- building
products
• Redesigning products and processes to reduce the built-in energy
• Elimination of harmful substances in processes and products
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
22. Know how: passive architecture
Low Temp. heating and coolingGeothermic - air temperature exchange
Thermal storage
Low Temp. heating and coolingGeothermic - air temperature exchange
Skin thermal exchange
Source: Vegara -Metropoli
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
23. know how: active energy generation
Weber Thompson eco-laboratory
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
24. know how: active energy generation
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
25. know how: water use reduction
Weber Thompson eco-laboratory
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
26. new markets: passive house
South and Central Europe:
heating energy demand 15 kWh/m2
cooling energy demand 15 kWh/m2
Primary energy demand 120 kWh/m2
Nordic countries above 60o latitude
Heating energy demand 20 - 30 kWh/m2
Primary energy demand 120 - 140 kWh/m2
according to location
Basic definition
Passive solar gain Close to 40% contribution to space heating
Cepheus project
Passive solar gain Close to 40% contribution to space heating
Superglazing U-value £ 0.75 W/(m²K), solar transmission factor ³ 50%
Superframes windows U-value £ 0.8 W/(m²K)
Building shell U-value ca. 0.1 W/(m²K)
Building junctions Y (linear thermal transmittance) below 0.01 W/(mK)
Airtightness less than 0.6 air changes per hour
Hygienic ventilation Around 30 m³ per hour and person
Heat recovery Heat transfer efficiency h ³ 80%
Air Latent heat recovery Max. heat load 10 W/m²
Subsoil heat exchanger Fresh air temperature ³ 8°C
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
27. new markets: passive house
Comparison of conventional new construction, planned and measured space heat and energyComparison of conventional new construction, planned and measured space heat and energy
Cepheus project
Cost and market
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
28. new markets: zero co2 buildings
Energía Primaria
Climatización e
iluminación
345.800 kwh/año
100%
Ahorro pasivo
181.402 kwh/año
52%
producción renovables
164.398 kwh/año
48%
116 T
CO2/año
0 T
CO2/año
Edificio referencia Edificio ACCIONA
N E
O S
Photovoltaic panels
262 m2 + 204 (28,3 kWp)
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto
30. foster & partners
singapur
‘city in a garden’ ; sky gardens
energy efficiency; green mark
new markets: cool very cool
“great indoor air quality…
energy and water efficient…effects of the sky gardens”
daniel Liebeskind
madison Avenue
“double skin… like a thermos bottle…
…green building concept, wind turbines…
gensler architects
shanghai tower
foster & partners
New york
“The 'Icefall,' a two-storey waterfall , ..the greenest
skyscraper in skyline; Glass coating ; collects rainwater …”
Luis Esteban Dominguez Arquitecto