Depression is a debilitating mental disorder affecting a great number of individuals. This presentation covers most common causes of depression, its symptoms and most effective treatments. Alcohol, drugs, and risk of suicide are also addressed. Presentation created by Lucia Merino, LCSW for Women in Transition,a weekly support group offered at Kaiser Permanente Adult Psychiatry -Cupertino, CA. 2014
2. WHAT IS DEPRESSION?
Clinical depression goes by many names --
depression, "the blues," biological depression,
major depression. But it all refers to the same
thing: feeling sad and depressed for weeks
or months on end (not just a passing blue
mood). This feeling is most often
accompanied by feelings of hopelessness, a
lack of energy (or feeling "weighed down"),
and taking little or no pleasure in things that
gave you joy in the past. A person who's
depressed just "can't get moving" and feels
completely unmotivated to do just about
anything. Even simple things -- like getting
dressed in the morning or eating -- become
large obstacles in daily life.
3. WHAT CAUSES DEPRESSION?
The cause of depression is not fully
known. A number of factors may be
involved, such as chemical imbalances in
the brain or family history. Sometimes
depression can be linked to stressful
events, such as the death of a loved one,
a divorce or job loss. Certain medicines,
overuse of drugs and alcohol, and
chronic diseases can also lead to
depression. Depression isn’t caused by
personal weakness, lack of willpower, or
a ‘bad attitude’.
4. WHAT CAUSES DEPRESSION (2)
Sorry, there is no easy answer to what causes
depression.
The answer to what causes depression, in most
cases, involves a combination of factors that are
biological, genetic, psychological and
environmental in nature.
An affected individual cannot regulate
depression without deliberately altering the
intensity of one of those four factors, often by
counseling and medication in conjunction with
lifestyle changes.
6. A COMBINATION OF FACTORS
Psychological Factors Environmental Factors
7. UNDERNEATH THE SURFACE OF A
DEPRESSION, ANGER MAY BE HIDING
• Although someone suffering from depression appears sad and withdrawn,
that person is actually dealing with deep-seated anger in an unhealthy way.
Depressed people are frequently frustrated, irritable and snappish, but do
not realize why they are reacting this way simply because they do not or
cannot acknowledge the anger they feel.
• As adults, we repress negative emotions for fear of embarrassment or
reprisal, and may tend to show only positive emotions to gain acceptance
by others. What may cause depression is the result of anger continually
building and not being released either verbally or by taking action. As a
result, depression overwhelms the bewildered individual as a form of coping
mechanism. Indirect causes of depression that produce a chronic feeling of
hostility in an individual may also compel that person to seek unhealthy
release methods, such as drug, alcohol or sexual addiction.
• http://www.what-is-depression.org/what-causes-depression/#
sthash.LL8s0YeF.dpuf
17. DIFFERENT WAYS TO TREAT DEPRESSION
Psychotropic Medication: Antidepressants
Psychotherapies: psychoeducation, family systems, CBT,
interpersonal, psychodynamic, solution-focused, analysis
transactional, art therapy, self-help, support groups, etc.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Omega-3 Fish
Oil, Vitamins, etc.
Holistic Approaches: Acupuncture, Exercise, Journaling,
Artistic Expression ,Meditation, Reiki, etc.
ECT: Electro Convulsive Therapy
rTMS: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
19. HOW DO ANTIDEPRESSANTS WORK?
• It often takes two to four weeks for antidepressants to start
having an effect, and six to 12 weeks for antidepressants to
have their full effect. In some cases, people may have to try
various doses and different antidepressants before finding the
one or the combination that is most effective. Friends and
relatives will sometimes notice an improvement on
medication before the depressed person will notice any
changes. Antidepressants are not habit forming; however
they should not be stopped abruptly as withdrawal symptoms
(muscle aches, stomach upset, headaches) may occur.
20. MEDICATIONS OFTEN USED TO TREAT DEPRESSION
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) act
specifically on the neurotransmitter serotonin. They are the
most common agents prescribed for depression worldwide.
These agents block the reuptake of serotonin from the
synapse to the nerve, which increases the level of serotonin.
SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft),
paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa) and escitalopram
(Lexapro). Common side effects include sexual dysfunction
and gastrointestinal problems.
22. SEROTONIN-NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
• Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are
the second most popular antidepressants worldwide. These
agents block the reuptake of both serotonin and
norepinephrine from the synapse into the nerve, which
increases the amounts of these chemicals. SNRIs include
venlafazine (Effexor), desvenlafazine (Pristiq) and duloxetine
(Cymbalta).
23. NOREPINEPHRINE-DOPAMINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR
• Bupropion (Wellbutrin) is a popular antidepressant
medication classified as a norepinephrine-dopamine
reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It acts by blocking the reuptake of
dopamine and norepinephrine and increases these
neurotransmitters in the brain. It also helps with smoking
cessation strategies. Buproprion generally causes fewer side
effects than most other antidepressants (particularly
nausea, sexual side effects, weight gain, and fatigue or
sleepiness).
24. OTHER ANTIDEPRESSANTS
• Mirtazapine (Remeron) works differently from the compounds
discussed above. Mirtazapine targets specific serotonin and
norepinephrine receptors in the brain, thus indirectly increasing the
activity or several brain circuits. Mirtazapine is used less often than
other, newer antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs, buroprion) because it is
associated with more weight gain, sedation and sleepiness. However,
it appears to be less likely to result in insomnia, sexual side effects and
nausea than the SSRIs and SNRIs. Other side effects include
headaches, dry mouth and constipation. Remeron is not
recommended for those with hepatic or renal dysfunction, a history of
mania or seizure disorder.
25. OLDER ANTIDEPRESSANTS
• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are older agents seldom used today as first-line
treatment. They work similarly to the SNRIs, but have other properties that
often result in higher rates of side effects, as compared to almost all other
antidepressants. They are sometimes used in cases where other
antidepressants have not worked. TCAs include amitriptyline (Elavil),
desipramine (Norpramin), doxepin (sinequan), imipramine (Tofranil),
nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl) and protriptyline (Vivactil). TCAs (and
duloxetine) may be helpful with chronic pain as well. TCAs generally have
more side effects than all other antidepressants, including headaches,
sleepiness and drowsiness, significant weight gain, nervousness, dry mouth,
constipation, bladder problems, sexual problems, blurred vision, dizziness and
skin rash.
26. MORE AND MORE ANTIDEPRESSANTS…
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are less commonly used today. MAOIs work
by inactivating enzymes in the brain, which catabolize (breakdown) serotonin,
norephinephrine and dopamine from the synapse, thus increasing the levels of these
chemicals in the brain. They can never be used in combination with SSRI
antidepressants. MAOIs can sometimes be effective for people who do not respond
to other medications or have atypical (abnormal) depression with marked anxiety,
excessive sleeping, irritability, hypochondria or phobic characteristics. They have
important food and medication interactions, which requires strict adherence to a
particular diet. MAOIs include phenelzine (Nardil), isocarboxazid (Marplan),
tranylcypromine sulfate (Parnate) and selegiline patch (Emsam). Selegiline (Emsam)
is a patch approved by the FDA in 2006. This delivery system reduces the risk of the
dietary concerns noted above.
• The FDA periodically approves medication. For a current list, visit www.fda.gov
27. SUMMARY OF THE MAJOR ANTIDEPRESSANTS
BEING PRESCRIBED
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) –Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa, Lexapro.
• Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) –Effexor, Pristq, Cymbalta
• Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) –Bupropion
• Miratzapine –Remeron
• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) -Elavil, Norpramin, sinequan, Tofranil, Pamelor,
Aventyl, Vivactil.
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) -Nardil, Marplan, Parnate, Emsam.
The FDA periodically approves medication. For a current list, visit www.fda.gov
33. SUMMARY OF MOST USED
PSYHOTHERAPY APPROACHES
Psychoeducation
Psychotherapy
Talk Therapy
Psychodynamic
CBT
Interpersonal
Self-Help
Group Support
Family Oriented
34. HUMOR IS ALSO THERAPEUTIC
Brings endorphins up High level coping mechanism
Psychodynamic therapy is often more available than CBT and IPT in many communities, but researchers in depression recommend it less often due to a relative lack of data indicating that it works for this condition. In fact, one study found that psychodynamic psychotherapy was no more effective than a placebo for depression.
Self-help and support groups for people and families dealing with mental illnesses are becoming more widely available. In this venue, people rely on their lived experience to share frustrations and successes, referrals to qualified specialists and community resources and information about what works best when trying to recover. They also share friendships and hope for themselves, their loved ones and others in the group. NAMI sponsors two support groups. NAMI Connection Recovery Support Group is a weekly recovery support group for people living with mental illness, and NAMI Family Support Groups for family, friends and caregivers.