02 lm small-planet_ws2015

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Planning and the small Planet
L'urbanistica e il piccolo pianeta
Luca Marescotti
2015 Workshop - Knowledge and Appropriate
Technologies for Sustainability in Planning
2 marzo 2015

Luca Marescotti 2 / 84
BIOSPHERE AND URBAN PALNNING – PARTE I
PIANIFICARE!
MA CHE COSA?

From the “little but complex” urban issues
(it was a local issue just until a few decades ago)
to a bigger and more complex environmental problem
(now, it is a global issue)
systemic properties
cross-disciplinary knowledge
cross-scaling problems and cross scaling planning
1. Planning and the small Planet
an introduction

Just to begin
What is this? Was is das? Che cosa è questo?
What are interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity?
a suggestion ...
an introduction

A transdisciplinary introduction
two documentaries and a short
Home, Yann Arthus-Bertrand, producers: Denis Carot and Luc Besson, with PPR Group; coproducers
Elzevir Films, Europa Corp, France 2, sponsored by UNEP, 2010.
Welcome to the Anthropocene, Planet Under Pressure conference, London 26-29 March, Copyright:
Globaia. Planet Under Pressure, SEI, SRC, CSIRO, 2012.
planet RE:think, Eskil Hardt, producer Ace & Ace with EEA, UNEP, Eskil Hardt, 2012.
SOME REFERENCES FOR DISSEMINATING

Someone asked me:
“Be concise,
write down ten things
to improve our cities”
an introduction

What a mess!What a mess!
but, boys, this is complexity!but, boys, this is complexity!
Complex problems require shared strategies,Complex problems require shared strategies,
Involving Public and Private Actors ...Involving Public and Private Actors ...
Projected in a Long Time,Projected in a Long Time,
Articulated in Many Areas,Articulated in Many Areas,
Funded with Adequate Resources,Funded with Adequate Resources,
Checked in their ImplementationChecked in their Implementation
and monitored in a Context that is in Continuous Changing …and monitored in a Context that is in Continuous Changing …
…… A GLOBAL CHANGEA GLOBAL CHANGE

? present vs future ?
In the place of a construction in which the
present implies the future, we have a world in
which the future is open, in which time is a
construction in which we may all participate.
Grégoire Nicolis, Ilya Prigogine, Exploring complexity: an introduction, W.H. Freeman, New York, 1989, p.3.
an introduction

“We live in an age of transition, an age that demands constructive
modification of our environment. We must find and explore new
resources, must understand our environment better, and must
achieve a less destructive co-existence with nature. The time scale of
the qualitative modifications that are required. . . is of the order of the
decade. . . . Some of the basic questions remain largely unanswered.”
Ilya Prigogine,
Nobel laureate, 1977
Prologue: Science in an Age of Transition from Exploring Complexity
Grégoire Nicolis, Ilya Prigogine, La complessità. Esplorazione nei nuovi campi della scienza, Einaudi, Torino,
1991, p.5.
an introduction

Un tempo infatti si diceva (seguendo Laplace e Comte, per esempio):
AUTORITY IS POWER
from science comes prediction; from prediction comes action ...
… if the world were deterministic ...
Yet at the same time someone else wrote
[and today we are convinced of this] ...
an introduction

Government in the name of the people, for the people, by the people
Using our knowledge and also knowing each other to build a multicultural space,
take precautions to prevent, prepare to repair, partecipate to governance of physical and biological systems,
that are always in reciprocal relation, with indefinite probabilities of change.
Here it is: knowing how to handle the emergence of new conditions.
an introduction

Here it is: knowing how to handle the emergence of new conditions.
Where: “to emerge”
means that new conditions may cause the emergence of new properties.
That is why the socio-ecological system is really "complex".
an introduction

I had too many things to say,
was not easy,
A REAL
HOTCHPOTCH

HOW TO EXPLAIN?
SAY WHAT?

Planning and the small Planet - The cultural Context – PARTE II
The conditions of our training

William Morris
The word Architecture has, I suppose, to most of you the meaning of the art of building nobly
and ornamentally. Now I believe the practice of this art to be one of the most important things
which man can turn his hand to, and the consideration of it to be worth
the attention of serious people, not for an hour only, but for a good part of their lives, even
though they may not have to do with it professionally.
But, noble as that art is by itself, and though it is specially the art of civilisation, it neither ever
has existed nor never can exist alive and progressive by itself, but must cherish and be
cherished by all the crafts whereby men make the things which they intend shall be beautiful,
and shall last somewhat beyond the passing day.
It is this union of the arts, mutually helpful and harmoniously subordinated one to another,
which I have learned to think of as Architecture, and when I use the word to-night, that is what
I shall mean by it and nothing narrower.
A great subject truly, for it embraces the consideration of the whole external surroundings of
the life of man; we cannot escape from it if we would so long as we are part of civilisation, for it
means the moulding and altering to human needs of the very face of the earth itself, except in
the outermost desert.
the Cultural Context

Patrick Geddes
On pain of economic waste, of practical failure no less than of artistic futility, and even worse,
each true design, each valid scheme should and must embody the full utilisation of its local and
regional conditions, and be the expression of local and of regional personality.
1. L'urbanistica e il piccolo pianeta
contesto culturale

Martin Heidegger
Wohnen, zum Frieden gebracht sein, heißt: eingefriedet bleiben in das Frye,
d. h. in das Freie, das jegliches in sein Wesen schont. Der Grundzug des
Wohnens ist dieses Schonen. Er durchzieht das Wohnen in seiner ganzen
Weite. Sie zeigt sich uns, sobald wir daran denken, daß im Wohnen das
Menschsein beruht und zwar im Sinne des Aufenthalts der Sterblichen auf
der Erde. (…)
Die Sterblichen wohnen, insofern sie die Erde retten -das Wort in dem alten
Sinne genommen, den Lessing noch kannte. Die Rettung entreißt nicht nur
einer Gefahr, retten bedeutet ei-gentlich: etwas in sein eigenes Wesen
freilassen. Die Erde retten ist mehr, als sie ausnützen oder gar abmühen. Das
Retten der Erde meistert die Erde nicht und macht sich die Erde nicht un-
tertan, von wo nur ein Schritt ist zur schrankenlosen Ausbeutung.

1881 William Morris – 1915 Patrick
Geddes – 1951 Martin Heidegger
WHY mention them, so different and after so many years?
What did they want to say in 1881, 1915 and 1951?
What has changed in the cultural context?
AND HOW MUCH IS CHANGED OUR TRAINING?

William Morris
Five Lectures delivered in Birmingham, London, and Nottingham (1877-1881), as the
population grows (from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million in 1900), while the
conurbation was a continuos sprawls and public administration implemented great
public works: sewers, subways and railroads.
Patrick Geddes
Cities in Evolution. An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the
Study of Civics, Williams & Norgate, Londra, 1915, “Summary and Conclusion”, p.
397 and following.
Martin Heidegger
Darmstad (1951), in a conference held on rebuilding of Germany after Nazism and
WWII: Social Identity Re-Building - Town Re-Building

The conditions of our time
The conditions of our time are incomparably different from those of the
past; it is different the environmental awareness, the potential of modern
technology is immense, extensive and serious are the new social issues,
exacerbated by financial powers. Once unthinkable.
Urban planning, however, one speaks and teaches with languages that refer
to the past, a golden age ever existed, as far as the combinations of art and
architecture, crafts and technologies were brilliant in building the city.
But, in this mess, no one understand perfectly the language and context of
that idealized past; and every man try to overshadow the main features of
this present
2. Planning and the current Situation

AVER CURA DELLA TERRA?
MA CHI?

Earth Resources Measurement and Assessment
can planning do anything?
DO YOU REMEMBER?
ARTIFICIAL SURFACES 0,6%!
The class is composed of any type of areas with a predominant artificial surface. Any
urban or related feature is included in this class, for example urban parks
(parks,parkland, sport facilities). The class also includes industrial areas,waste dump
deposit and extraction sites. [GLC – SHARE beta 2014 ]

RELANTIONSHIPS

2. Planning: Local must be global, the sum of elements in a system is not the
total

Planning and the small Planet - Our shrinking Earth – PARTE III
Limits to growth!
Earth Resources Measurement and Assessment

The dimensions of Earth
Our shrinking Earth

The dimensions of Earth
Our shrinking Earth
“The observed net gains in human well-being facilitated by the
social and economic sectors have, however, been at the cost of
growing environmental changes, and the exacerbation of poverty
for some groups of people (MA 2005a).
Sustainable development relies on an effective integration of
environmental concerns into development policies.”
[ibidem p. 367]

BoundariesBoundaries
Soglia limiteSoglia limite
JonathanFoley,GretchenC.Daily,RobertHowarth,DavidA.Vaccari,
AdeleC.Morris,EricF.Lambin,ScottC.Doney,PeterH.Gleickand
DavidW.Fahey,“BoundariesforaHealthyPlanet”,ScientificAmerican
Magazine,10marzo2010.
JonathanFoley,“Limitiperunpianetasano”,LeScienze,aprile2010,
n.500.
Planetary Boundaries

Planetary Boundaries
Planetary boundaries:
Guiding human development on a changing planet
Will Steffen, KatherineRichardson, Johan Rockström, Sarah E. Cornell, Ingo Fetzer, ElenaM. Bennett, R. Biggs, Stephen R.
Carpenter, Wim deVries, CynthiaA. deWit9 Carl Folke, Dieter Gerten, JensHeinke, GeorginaM. Mace, Linn M. Persson,
Veerabhadran Ramanathan, B. Reyers, Sverker Sörlin
15 January 2015

il contesto dell'urbanistica
il sistema socio-ecologico e le tecnologie
thefivePBsthat have
strong regional oper-ating
scales
biosphereintegrity (BII =
Biodiversity Intactness
Index; E/MSY = extinctions
per million species-years),
biogeochemical flows(ear-
lier termed “phosphorus(P)
and nitrogen (N) cycles”),
land-system change,
freshwater use
atmospheric aerosol
loading.

il contesto dell'urbanistica
il sistema socio-ecologico e le tecnologie
Theconceptual framework for theplanetary boundariesapproach, showing thesafeoperating
space, thezoneof uncertainty, theposition of thethreshold (whereoneislikely to exist) and the
areaof high risk.

Where is forestry depletion. Where forestry grows up.

Earth Forestry

No climate change ...
Human beings have not responsability ...
Nuclear power is cheapest and most secure
energy ...
Green economy is too expansive ...
…
Planning and the current Situation
The struggles to dominate the information

1848 Charles Robert Cockerel
The conditions of our time
Architetture Masterpieces

Technology and power: you can do it all
From
architectural masterpieces
to
skyscrapers technological power

1884 Gli edifici più alti del mondo

Local must be global, the sum of elements in a system is not the total

Earth Measurements: the Ecological Footprint

Christopher Alexander, The Nature of Order as expression of wholeness
and harmony among interconnected centers

Only 0,6% of all lands is used by cities ...

… but cities absorb more of the
total resources available and in
the cities there are the powers who
decide the fate of the entire bio-
productive system ...

Ebla
… EBLA VARSAVIA HIROSHIMA ...

Luca Marescotti 51 / 84 varsavia

Luca Marescotti 52 / 84 Hiroshima

1. Planning and the small Planet - Our shrinking Earth – PARTE III
Tempus fugit!

… TEMPUS FUGIT, E L'URBANISTA STA A GUARDARE CREDENDO DI
INNOVARE.

INNOVARE.

Lago d'Aral
Lago Ciad
Giordano e Mar Morto
Nilo e Progetto Toshka
California
3. Planning and the Biosphere
… in name of the people, for the people, by the people ...

Le reti di comunicazione sono globali.
Il mondo è una città globale, un sistema di città

Tropical forest los

Luca Marescotti 60 / 84 1997
Act and think globally
a necessary governance among local authorities

2012 Piazza Tahrir

Act and think globally
a necessary governance among local authorities

Act and think globally.
A necessary governance among local authorities – PARTE IV
UNA GOVERNANCE MONDIALE
PER L'URBANISTICA!

WHOLENESS IS MORE
AND LESS THAN THE SUM OF ALL ELEMENTS
(Edgar Morin)
AND IF
RELATIONS
INTENSITY
And
INFORMATION
FLOWS
WERE
UNEQUAL...
EDGAR MORIN

IN WHICH DIRECTION WE WANT THE SYSTEM WILL BE ORIENTED?
BUT HOW CAN WE PUSH THESE BUTTONS?
WHICH FORCES CAN WE IMPLEMENT?
EDGAR MORIN

FGB085B9@ 2HEBC2A 4E22A 0C6G9
❙ 1 000 parks,
❙ # nature reserves within city,
boundaries (and more than 200 in the
surrounding area), 1 cultural reserve and
❙ 1 city national park,
❙ 95 kg of recycled refuse annually per
Citizen,
❙ 12 000 trees in the city centre,
❙ 24 official beaches,
❙ World’s largest district cooling network,
❙ Set to become fossil-fuel free by 2050,
❙ The city hosts 2 700 clean-tech companies.

Norberto Bobbio, Elogio della mitezza, Il Saggiatore, Milano, 2010, p.45.
As I presented it, it is likely that the mildness there has appeared a
feminine virtue. I readily admit it. I know I'm wanting to hurt women
in revolt against the old domain of the male when I say that the
mildness has never appeared desirable because of its femininity.
I think that would be destined to triumph the day when you realized
the city of women (not that of Fellini, of course).
HARMONIOUS CITIES, SOCIALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY
ECONOMY AS A TOOL, NOT AS A POWER

HARMONIOUS CITIES, SOCIALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY
UNDERSTANDING NATURE AND ITS ECOSERVICES

2012 CRS

Resilience Center of Stockholm
The complexity of the biosphere and our relationships with theThe complexity of the biosphere and our relationships with the
environment will clearly show the need for systemic, cross-environment will clearly show the need for systemic, cross-
cutting, adaptive approaches, involving at the same timecutting, adaptive approaches, involving at the same time
our capabilityour capability
to learn to learn and to govern intersecting levels of governmentto learn to learn and to govern intersecting levels of government
and populations.and populations.

What have I learned?
CITIES AREN'T ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEMS
LANDSCAPES AND ENVIRONMENT AREN'T
AESTHETIC PROBLEMS

Cities are socio-ecological systems, open systems, inducing more
or less great impacts on physical and biological factors
What choices and for whom?
Do we care for the environment? for the Earth?
the urban choices impact on the whole environment
and the environment must be considered in its entirety, wholeness and harmony...

shifting the architecture definition of Morris to urban
and regional planning
WE CAN GIVE A DEFINITION OF
PLANNING AS ...

Any action which tends to change the spatial organization, changing the distribution
of the population, of manufacturing plants, of business and commercial settlements,
modifying infrastructures, altering the relationships between them, is an act of
planning
positive or negative
access to social facilities, to transportation system, to natural beauty,
social exclusivity, degradation inconvenience, social segregation or unhealthiness
URBAN PLANNING IS A PROCESS, MUST BE CONSISTENT IN ALL SECTORS
COMPETING TOWARDS THE SAME GOALS
strategic plans and implementation plans;
economic resources allocation and programming,
public works, transport, education and culture;
improving monitoring and assessment tools

THE COMPLEXITY OF SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM REQUIRES
KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ITS DYNAMICS,
AND CAPABILITY TO GOVERNANCE TO IMPLEMENT VARIOUS AND
COMPLEX STRATEGIES ...
EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT REQUIRES THE COLLECTION OF GEOREFERENCED
DATA AND INFORMATION ...
AND ACCOUNTABILITY WHY WE WORK ...

in name of the people, for the people, by the people
that this nation, under God, shall have a new
birth of freedom, and that this government of the
people, by the people, and for the people shall not
perish from this earth.
1865 - Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address

in name of the people, for the people, by the people
that this PLANET shall have a new birth of
freedom, and that this government of the people,
by the people, and for the people shall not perish
from this earth.
1865 - Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address [2012 revised]

FOR A NEW ALLIANCE
This speech is dedicated to
who is opinion leader, who governs the territory, who prepares plans and designs,
who is a student or a scientist. In particular, to be honest, is dedicated to the citizens
who inhabit the Earth: please, keep attention to its languages, investigate the past,
be sensitive to the earliest signs of the future, because the Earth is fragile.
Aware, we must work for the poetry of living. Actions and energies should be
combined in knowledge. The power of technology has to take care of the fragility in
which we are immersed and of which we live. The alliance among living beings and
alliance with the wholeness of biosphere.
In his name we must turn away from that terrible collective madness, we are sadly
aware, which so far has directed a so considerable part of our history.

Enseignant qui ouvre les ailes des enfants et les
fait voler pour leur enseigner la liberté, mais pas
une liberté gratuite ou indifférente, ni pire encore,
le rejet des règles qui permettent de penser et de
faire.
… like a flock of starlings ...

grazie per l'attenzione
(da parte della rana)

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