1. Relevance of WTO (91025)Shanky Jaiswal (91026)Karan Khanna (91027)KuldeepIndeevar (91028)LaxmiSravani (91029)MadhusudanPartani (91030)Manish Kumar Verma

2. Scope

3. IP Rights and the Pharmaceutical Industry. The argument for a stronger patent regime for pharmaceutical companies is often made on the basis of the heavy capital investment costs (for R&D) that goes into the creation of a new drug. “Most of the value of new medicines and other high technology products lies in the amount of invention, innovation, research, design and testing involved.” – WTO.

4. TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) negotiated in the 1986-94 Uruguay Round under strong pressure from major industrialized countries. “aims to protect the IP rights of the creator.” - WTO “IP rights are the rights given to people over the creations of their minds.” –WTO. “Creators can be given the right to prevent others from using their inventions, designs or other creations — and to use that right to negotiate payment in return for others using them.” – WTO. Failure to meet a TRIPS standard could result in a reduction of the export quota of the non-complying country.

5. What’s wrong with TRIPS? The IP issue relates to the collection of royalties on patents and does not belong to the WTO in the first place. Big Pharmaceutical companies have muscled their way into the WTO and turned it into a royalty collection agency simply because the WTO has the authority to apply trade sanctions. The optimal patent period must reflect a balance of two forces: on one hand the protection provided by IPP provides an incentive to innovate; on the other hand, it slows down the diffusion of benefits to potential users. …The patent period under TRIPS is uniformly extended to 20 years – a period so long that few economists of repute can be found who would call it efficient in terms of balancing the two opposing forces.

6. Myths & Facts: 1 Myth: Drug companies spend their maximum resources on research and development. Fact: In 2008, the pharma industry spent only 14% of its revenue on R&D.

7. Myths & Facts: 2 Myth: The R&D spending is aimed at developing new drugs. Fact: In excess of 40 per cent of the industry's R&D is aimed at producing minor variations of existing drugs, not at turning out new ones. Two-thirds of the drugs approved from 1989 to 2000 were modified versions of existing drugs or even identical to those already on the market, rather than truly new medicines.

8. Myths & Facts: 3 Myth: Pharma Companies are the major source of innovative research. Fact: Taxpayers and Academic institutionsare by far the largest funding sources to research. Fact: Public researches often tackle the riskiest and most costly research, which is basic research, making it easier for industry to profit. The NIH report discovered that only 14% of the drug industry’s total R&D spending went to basic research, while 38% went to applied research & 48% was spent on product development. This begs the question: Who should really own the patent rights for a drug?

9. Myths & Facts: 4 Myth: Pharmaceutical sales are not sufficient to cover R&D costs. Fact: With normal profit margins ranging from 11% to 25% in 2008 for eight top companies, the research based pharmaceutical sector is amongst the most profitable of all industries in spite of research spending. Since 1999, the rate of growth in research investment is slower than the growth in net income within the pharmaceutical industry.

10. Myths & Facts: 5 Myth: High R&D layouts entitle the pharmaceutical industry to more IP-protection than other industries. Fact: The pharmaceutical industry enjoys the highest Return On Capital of any industry.

11. Myths & Facts: 5 (cont’d)

12. Myths & Facts: 6 Myth: Generic Companies merely copy brand-name products using originator company data, with no R&D costs. Fact: Generic Companies invest 6%-8% of annual revenues into R&D and never see originator data.

13. Regional Trade Agreements

14. Regional Trade Agreements Characteristics of the FTA/RTA More than 200 RTAs till July 2008 Recent RTA are different from the ones in the 60s and 70s Includes economies that had not entered into any FTAs before Reason: Stagnated multilateral liberalisation process like the WTO and APEC Perceived tendencies toward regionalism in Europe and Americas The strong sense of need to help themselves within East Asia

15. RTAs Contd. Market integration within FTAs, causing the creation of new and competitive business through the increased productivity and price depreciation Attempts to include agreement on Tax and investment Trade facilitation measures Integration of financial markets “Ecotech” activities between developed and developing countries

16. Potential Negative Effects of the FTA Proliferation Various local agreements will emerge depending on the circumstances that each FTA faces If it is hard for a government to undertake structural adjustment, forming an FTA is the only option available Content of every FTA differs from each other when participants differ

17. FTAs to complete goal of WTO FTAs should become multilateral and non-discriminatory if they are to become truly consistent with the global MFN trade that the WTO ultimately pursue Two ways in which WTO can become multilateral and non-discriminatory From Outside By Themselves

18. USA and Trade Agreements Bilateral: Australia · Bahrain · Chile · Israel · Jordan · Morocco · Oman · Peru · Singapore Multilateral: Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) · North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

19. Source: USITC

20. Source: USITC

21. USA and Morrocco “A free trade agreement bolsters Morocco’s courageous economic reforms, creates economic opportunities for both of our peoples and solidifies our strong relationship with a key partner.” – Robert B. Zoellick, U.S. Trade Representative

22. U.S. exports to Morocco $1518 million annually, Imports from Morocco contributed to 4% of Total, with $878 Million in 2008. Source: http://www.moroccousafta.com

23. Source: http://www.moroccousafta.com

24. World Growth Vs Exports 1995 to 2008 Source: Business Victoria

25. Most Favored Nation

26. Most Favored Nation (MFN) In WTO, MFN means non-discrimination Each member treats all the other members equally as “most-favoured” trading partners Agreements under WTO grants all members MFN status automatically Eg: if a country lowers trade barrier or opens up market, it has to do so for the same goods or services from all its trading partners

27. MFN: Advantages Promotes equality Save time and resources on negotiation and monitoring Possible for nations to import form the most efficient suppliers Countries tend to support the liberalized status quo Reduces the cost of determining point of origin

28. MFN: Problems & Criticism Agreements are first made in bilateral negotiations, which usually lack transparency Continual awareness is needed to ensure MFN status is not abused Issues are complex - rules try to establish what is fair or unfair and how government can respond WTO agreements aim to support fair competition – agreements on government procurement extends competition rules to purchases

29. MFN & Developing Economies Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) - developed countries grant preferential tariff rates to developing country Enabling Clause (1979) - one-way tariff preferences and certain other preferential arrangements In 2004, the WTO Appellate Body ruled a clause that allows developed countries to offer different treatment to developing countries

30. MFN & Developing Economies But what about tariff barriers under environmental issues, Child labor and Others Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) - developed countries grant preferential tariff rates to developing country Enabling Clause (1979) - one-way tariff preferences and certain other preferential arrangements In 2004, the WTO Appellate Body ruled a clause that allows developed countries to offer different treatment to developing countries

31. Singapore-India Economic Agreement The agreement provides: Investment liberalisation commitments Guarantees of 'national treatment' for investors and investments alike Protection against direct and indirect expropriation It does not provide for: Fair and equitable treatment Full protection and security Provision for MFN treatment

32. Rounds of Negotiation

33. Round of Negotiations: Uruguay Agriculture Market access: Tariff only system Domestic Support: Green Box, Amber Box & Blue Box Export Subsidies: Reduction in subsidies Anti-Dumping Provision to apply for anti-dumping activities Safeguards Safeguard actions to protect a specific domestic industry

34. Uruguay Round: North-South bargain Bargain: The developing countries would take on significant commitments in new areas such as intellectual property and services, where industrial country enterprises saw opportunities for expanding international sales Reasons for this outcome Developing countries lacked of experience in WTO negotiations Intensified mercantilist attitude WTO put small countries in a matter of concern

35. Reasons for acceptance of unbalanced outcome Tradition of casual analysis No tally attempted to calculate tariff concessions given versus received at the round Information was not available No data was available for analysis Argentina had limited information on the service sector and the one which was available was inaccurate WTO creation changed developing countries options

36. WTO Rounds Singapore Ministerial Conference from 9 to 13 December 1996 Examined issues related to the work of WTO's first two years of activity Established permanent working groups Transparency in government procurement Trade facilitation Trade and investment Trade and competition

37. WTO Rounds Geneva Ministerial Millennium Round

38. WTO Round Doha Ministerial November 9-13, 2001 Negotiations in agriculture and services Agreement on TRIPS Doha Development Agenda (DDA) Three pillars of the agricultural negotiations Special and differential treatment for developing countries Cancun meeting

39. Doha Ministerial: Other Negotiations Cotton Cotton subsidies C4 countries proposal for elimination Trade-distorting domestic support Export subsidies Services Reforming current GATS rules and principles Each member country to liberalize its service sector

40. Other Negotiations Contd.. NAMA Reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers Tariff peaks Tariff escalation Rules Agreements on Antidumping (AD) Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM)

42. Doha: Importance & Difficulties World Bank report on full-liberalization Global gains from global trade $290 billion 30-70 to developing and developed countries Decline in poverty in economies which take advantage of increased opportunities for agricultural exports Result of cut in farm subsidies in developed countries Preferential tariff

43. Doha Dreams: Still Distant Cancun, 2003: Meeting collapses Geneva, 2004: Agreement on broad principles Hong Kong, 2005: Very low expectations met Geneva, 2006: Doha Round “suspended” Potsdam, 2007: Meeting collapses Geneva, 2008: Nine-day meeting collapses

44. “Doha Lite” The deal on the table in July would have: reduced tariffs that high-income countries impose on agricultural products from an average of about 15% to about 11% reduced tariffs that developing countries impose on agricultural products from an average 13.4% to 13.3% This deal was still just a portion of what a final agreement would constitute; negotiators had not yet dealt with other issues such as anti-dumping and services. (source of figures: World Bank)

45. But: “Anti-protectionism insurance” For many countries, “bound” tariffs (legal ceilings) are much higher than “applied” tariffs (currently imposed levels). The deal that was on the table in July 2008 would have lowered bound tariffs fairly significantly – not enough to reduce applied tariffs much, but enough to help constrain protectionism. For example, developing countries’ bound tariffs on manufactured goods would have fallen from an average of 19.1% to 11.8%. Brazil India Indonesia (Manufactured goods; bound tariffs In light blue, applied in dark blue)

46. Indian Farmers

47. WTO & Indian Farmers Agriculture: Subsidies and Growth Most powerful instrument for accelerating agricultural growth Seed-water-fertilizer revolution in 1970’s As the time passed subsidies resulted in huge burden on the state and central government Centre for Indian Development Studies,2006

48. WTO & Indian Farmers Awareness to the Indian farmers about the policies of the WTO and AOA Centre for Indian Development Studies,2006

49. Suicide of Indian farmers Relation between suicide of Indian farmers and the WTO/AOA Centre for Indian Development Studies,2006

50. Conclusion If WTO becomes a successful organization with zero tariff barriers, Free flow of trade, no discrimination, The volume would be of more priority than value. Thus Countries like India, which have more potential to grow the output in large volumes, have a very shining future.