pptenvironmentallaw-201107193101.pdf

Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
SEMESTER: FIFTH
BBALLB III A+B+C & BALLB III A+B+C
NAME OF THE SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
UNIT-1
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENT MEANING & ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
FACULTY NAME: Ms. Ridam Aggarwal
(Assistant Professor)

Environment: Introduction
• The expression―environment connotes surroundings,
environment contains air, water, food and sunlight etc.
• According to Section 2(a) of the Indian Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986, the term ―Environment includes
water, air and land and human beings, other living creatures,
plants, micro-organism and property.
• Environment means all the essential and necessary elements
that are first and foremost needs for the survival and basic
and for the existence of life and living and non living
creatures. Those elements which are called the environment.

Environment Pollution: Meaning
and Issues
• Environment pollution refers to the introduction of harmful
pollutants into the environment. These pollutants contaminates
the environment. It has a hazardous effect on the natural world
and on the activities of living beings.
• The major types of environmental pollution are air pollution,
water pollution, noise pollution, thermal pollution, soil pollution
and light pollution. With the dawn of the age of science and
technology, there has been huge growth and development of
human potentials. The surge in pollution is often attributed to the
wide scale urbanization and large-scale industrialization, which is
in turn a product of our advancement in science and technology
and, it is here that man first began losing control and became
victim of his own creations.

Sources and Causes of
Environmental Pollution
• Industrial activities: The industries all over the world
that brought prosperity and affluence, made inroads in the
biosphere and disturbed the ecological balances. The pall
of smoke, the swirling gases, industrial effluents and the
fall-out of scientific experiments became constant health
hazards, polluting and contaminating both air and water.
The improper disposal of industrial wastes
are the sources of soil and water pollution.
Chemical waste resulting from industry can pollute lakes,
rivers and seas and soil too as well as releasing fumes.

• Dumping solid waste: Household and commercial waste
pollutes the environment when not disposed of properly.
• Vehicles: The smoke emitted by vehicles using petrol and diesel
and the cooking coal also pollutes the environment. The
multiplication of vehicles, emitting black smoke that, being free
and unfettered, spreads out and mixes with the air we breathe.
The harmful smoke of these vehicles causes air pollution.
Further, the sounds produced by these vehicles produces causes
noise-pollutio
• Agricultural waste: Fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture
are key causes of environmental pollution.

• Rapid urbanization and industrialization: The urbanization and
the rapid growth of industrialization are causing through
environmental pollution the greatest harm to the plant life, which in
turn causing harm to the animal kingdom and the human lives.
• Population overgrowth: Due to the increase in population,
particularly in developing countries, there has been surge in demand
for basic food, occupation and shelter. The world has witnessed
massive deforestation to expand absorb the growing population and
their demands.
• Combustion of fossil fuels: The combustion of fossil fuels pollutes
the air, the soil and the water with noxious gases such as CO2 and
CO.

TOPIC: CONSTITUTIONAL GUIDELINES

Right to Wholesome Environment:
Evolution and Application
• Part III of the Constitution of India contains fundamental rights. These
rights were included in the Constitution after long debates in the
Constituent assembly.
• Article 21. Protection of life and personal liberty No person shall be
deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure
established by law.
• Article 32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part
(1) the right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the
enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.
(2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or
writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus,
prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for
the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part.

Case Laws
• It was the Maneka Gandhi case that heralded the new era of judicial
thought. The court started recognising several unarticulated liberties
that were implied by Article 21 and during this process the Supreme
Court interpreted, after some hesitation the right to life and personal
liberty to include the right to wholesome environment.
• Incidentally the Dehradun Quarries case that paved the way for
right to wholesome environment has also focused on this continuing
conflict. The judgments in Dehradun quarries cases were passed
under Article 32 of the Constitution and involved closure of some of
the quarries on the ground that their operation was upsetting
ecological balance of the area.

Relevant Provisions: Art. 14, 19 (1)
(g), 21, 48-A, 51-A(g)

Article 14- Right to Equality
• Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees to every person the
right –not to be denied equality before the law or the equal
protection of the laws. The possibility of infringement of this
Article by a government decision having impact on the
environment cannot be ruled out. Article 14 strikes at
arbitrariness because an action that is arbitrary must
necessarily involve a negation of equality.”
• Thus, permission for contractions that is contrary to town
planning regulation by the municipal authority may be
challenged. Similarly, Article 14 may be invoked to challenge
governmental sanction of projects having adverse impact on
the natural environment and where such sanctions involve
arbitrary considerations.

Article 19 (1)(g) - Freedom of trade
• Article 19(1) (g) of the Constitution guarantees to all citizens of
India, the right to practice any profession or to carry on any
occupation or trade or business. The freedom however, is not
uncontrolled.
• The aggrieved industrialist may resort to Article 19 in case his trade
and business interests are affected by the action of governmental
agencies in the name of the environmental protection.
• As environmental regulation grows more stringent and its
enforcement becomes more vigorous, industrial challenge to agency
action is likely to increase.
• Courts will then need to balance environmental interests with the
fundamental right it carry on any occupation, trade the fundamental
right to carry in any occupation, trade or business guaranteed in
Article 19(1) (g).

Article 48A: Protection and improvement of
environment and safeguarding of forests and
wild life
• Protection and improvement of environment and
safeguarding of forests and wild life.—The State shall
endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to
safeguard the forests and wild life of the country.
• 48-A of the Directive Principles of State Policy have a
definite bearing of environmental problems. They, by
themselves and collectively impose a duty on the State to
secure the health of the people, improve public health and
protect and improve the environment.

Article 51A(g): Fundamental Duties
• 51A. Fundamental duties.—It shall be the duty of every citizen of
India-
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests,
lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living
creatures
• Indian Constitution has imposed a joint responsibility upon the
State; and every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural
environment.
• In the words of Ranganath Mishra, J.: “Preservation of environment
and keeping the ecological balance unaffected is a task which not
only Government but also very citizen must undertake. It is a social
obligation and let is remind every citizen that it is his fundamental
duty as enshrined in Article 51-A (g) of the Constitution”

Article 21: Protection of life and
personal liberty
• The Supreme Court has recognized another aspect of the right to life
enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitution, viz. the right to
livelihood. There is a real chance of clash of these rights, i.e. right to
environment and right to livelihood as government’s action to close
down industrial units for protection of environment may result in loss
of job, dislocation of poor workers and might disrupt badly the
lifestyles of people heavily dependent on such industries.
• The Supreme Court has recognized another aspect of the right to life
enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitution, viz. the right to
livelihood. There is a real chance of clash of these rights, i.e. right to
environment and right to livelihood as government’s action to close
down industrial units for protection of environment may result in loss
of job, dislocation of poor workers and might disrupt badly the
lifestyles of people heavily dependent on such industries.

Environment Protection through
Public Interest Litigation
• One of the most innovative parts of the Constitution is
that the Writ Jurisdiction is conferred on the Supreme
Court under Article 32 and on all the High Courts under
Article 226. Under these provisions, the courts have the
power to issue any direction or orders or writs, including
writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus,
prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever is
appropriate. This has paved way for one of the most
effective and dynamic mechanisms for the protection of
environment, that is, Public Interest Litigations.

Environmental Law : India & International

Law of Torts
• Litigation related to environmental contamination and toxins has
grown at a rapid pace, as businesses come under greater scrutiny for
their environmental practices and face potentially costly claims.
Industrialization has posed serious concern for the protection of
environment.
• If we follow the development around the world in last two decades
or so, it is clear that both judicial and legislative processes have
applied the yardstick of ‘Strict or Absolute Liability’ to judge the
conduct of the polluters.
• A toxic tort is a special type of personal injury lawsuit in which the
plaintiff claims that exposure to a chemical caused the plaintiff's
toxic injury or disease.

Hazardous and Inherently
Dangerous Activities
• Strict liability for ultra-hazardous activities might also be
considered a general principle of law as it is found in the
national law of many states in relation to ultrahazardous
activities.
• Under the English law,’ a person who for his own purposes
brings on his own land and collects and keeps there anything
likely to do mischief if it escapes, must keep it in at his peril,
and, if he does not do so, is prima facie answerable for all the
damage which is the natural consequence of its escape’ as laid
down by the landmark judgment of Ryland v. Fletcher

Hazardous and Inherently
Dangerous Activities Cont.
• Absolute liability for the harm caused by industry engaged in
hazardous and inherently dangerous activities is a newly
formulated doctrine free from the exceptions to the strict liability
rule in England. The Indian rule was evolved in 19 (1868) LR 3
HL 330 MC Mehta v. Union of India, which was popularly
known as the Oleum gas leak case. It was public interest
litigation under Article 32 of the Indian constitution.
• In the judgment, on the substantive law it was emphasized that
the principle of absolute liability should be followed to
compensate victims of hazardous and inherently dangerous
activity’

Legislations so related
• Legislation in the late 80’s and the 90’s reflect the
law’s growing recognition of the capacity of
‘hazardous substances’ to cause damage to person,
property and the environment. The Bhopal Gas
Disaster and the judgement of the court in the Oleum
Gas Leak case were the prelude to the Environment
(Protection) Act 1986, the Factories (Amendment)
Act 1987 and the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
(PLIA).

TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW : INDIA & INTERNATIONAL

Law of Crimes
• Environmental crime refers to the violation of
laws intended to protect the environment and
human health. These laws govern air and water
quality and dictate the ways in which the
disposal of waste and hazardous materials can
legally take place. Individuals or corporations
can be found guilty of environmental crimes.

Indian Penal Code, 1860
• Public Nuisance under the Indian Penal Code
focuses on the operation of the law of nuisance
through specific statutory provisions in the
Civil and Criminal Codes of India. The Indian
penal Code of 1860 contains elaborate
provisions defining the crime of public
nuisance in its various aspects and instances
and prescribes punishments.

• Chapter XIV of the Indian Penal Code deals
with offences affecting public health, safety,
convenience, decency and morals.
• Section 268 defines Public Nuisance.
• Section 277 defines Fouling of water.
• Section 278 - making the atmosphere noxious
to health.

• Section 277-Fouling water of public spring or reservoir.
Whoever voluntarily corrupts or fouls the water of any public
spring or reservoir, so as to render it less fir for the purpose for
which it ordinarily used, shall be punished with imprisonment of
either description for a term which may extend to three months,
or with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees or with
both.
• Section 278 -Making atmosphere noxious to health.
Whoever voluntarily vitiates the atmosphere in any place so as
to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or
carrying on business in the neighbourhood pr passing along a
public way, shall be punished with fine which may extend to five
hundred rupees.

Drawback of Sec 277 & 278
The above two provisions have direct relevance to
environmental protection as they seek to prevent water and
air pollution through a penal strategy.
• Their effective application towards achieving this objective
is doubtful, because the technicalities of Indian criminal law
require a complete satisfaction of the ingredients of the
offence as stipulates in the penal provisions.
• The above provisions did not liberate the criminal justice
process from the difficulties of the common law demanding
elaborate evidence for sundry matters as well as technical
interpretations of obvious things and events.

The Indian Criminal Procedure
Code of 1973 (CrPC)
The Indian Criminal Procedure Code of 1973 has a
significant chapter on maintenance of public order and
tranquility, which falls into four parts.
• Part A deals with unlawful assemblies (Section 129-132),
• Part B with public nuisance (Sections 133-143),
• Part C with urgent cases of nuisance or apprehended
danger (Section 144),
• Part D with disputes as to immovable property (Sections
145- 148).

Relevant CrPc Sections
• Section 133 which has been resorted to as an effective remedy to
abate public nuisance in instances of environmental harm. This
provision empowers a District Magistrate to pas conditional orders
for the removal of nuisances. This section is supplemented with
ancillary provisions, contained in Sections 134 to 143 of the Code,
to constitute a comprehensive procedure tackling public nuisance.
• Section 144 of the Code has to be seen as a significant provision
conferring wide powers upon the Magistrate to deal with urgent
cases of nuisance or apprehended danger and tranquillity. This
magisterial power has been exercised only for the purpose of
preventing public disorder arising out of public unrest or riot
situations. The potential of this provision is vast, but it does not
appear to have been utilised effectively in cases of environmental
harm.

Judicial Activism
• The important role played by the judicial activism
of the eighties made its impact felt mire in the
area of the environmental protection than in any
other field. Municipal council, Ratlam v.
Vardhichand is a signpost. The Supreme Court
identified the responsibilities of local bodies
towards the protection of environment and
developed the law of public nuisance in the Code
of Criminal procedure as a potent instrument for
enforcement of their duties

Types of Environmental Crimes
• Littering
• Improper waste disposal
• Oil spills
• Destruction of wetlands
• Dumping into oceans,
streams, lakes, or rivers
• Improperly handling
pesticides or other toxic
chemicals
• Burning garbage
• Committing fraud related to
environmental crime
• Improperly removing and
disposing of asbestos
• • Falsifying lab data
pertaining to
environmental regulations
• • Smuggling certain
chemicals, such as CFC
refrigerants, into the U.S.
• • Bribing government
officials

Punishment
• Environmental law violators are usually hit with criminal
fines, probation, jail time, or a combination of these
punishments.
• While jail time may be the most formidable punishment for
individuals who commit environmental crimes, fines are
intended to deter large corporations from violating
environmental laws and regulations.
• Without the threat of heavy monetary punishment, some
corporations might find that noncompliance is more cost-
effective than obeying the law.
• Environmental crime fines are meant to offset the financial
allure of activities such as illegal dumping.

Punishment
• Enforcement is often carried out by joint task
forces, which are composed of representatives
from federal, state, and local organizations. At
the federal level, the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has enforcement authority over
environmental law violations.

Public Nuisance
• Under the Civil Procedure Code of 1908, civil
suits against the perpetrators of public
nuisance were allowed. By the amendment of
the Civil Procedure Code in 1976, the
procedure was made easier for the general
public to seek recourse in the civil courts.

Public Nuisance Cont.
Section 91, CPC now reads as follows:
Public Nuisances and other wrongful acts affecting the public:-
(1) In the case of a public nuisance or other wrongful act affecting, or
likely to affect, the public, a suit for a declaration and injunction on
for such other relief as may be appropriate in the circumstances of
the case, may be instituted,-
(a) By the Advocate-General, or
(b) With the leave of the court, by two or more persons, even though
no special damage has been caused to such persons by reason of
such public nuisance or other wrongful act.
(2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to limit or otherwise affect
any right of suit which may exist independently of its provision.

Order 1 Rule 8
• Order 1 Rule 8 under the Civil Procedure Code of 1908, as amended in
1976 complements the above section and is significant for
environmental litigation in India.
• This rule permits one person to sue or defend on behalf of all having
the same interest in what are known as representative suits over a single
cause of action.
• Where the interest of the community at large is affected, the court has
the power to direct one person or few to represent the whole
community so that members of a class should have a common interest
in a common subject matter and a common grievance and the relief
sought should be beneficial to all.
• This rule is an enabling provision and does not prevent an individual
from pursuing the same matter on his own right to seek relief.

Relief
An important feature of the civil litigation
strategy adopted in India is the resort to injunctive
relief rather than damages. Although in theory
damages form an important principle in a tort
action, in practice injunctive relief is used more in
India for abating pollution. Lawyers in India,
intent on abating pollution, often seek a
temporary injunction against the polluter followed
by a perpetual injunction on decree

THE WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF
POLLUTION) ACT, 1974

THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974

ACT NO. 6 OF 1974 [23rd March, 1974.]
An Act to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the
maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water, for the establishment,
with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention
and control of water pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards
powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith.
WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for the prevention and control of water
pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water, for the
establishment, with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for
the prevention and control of water pollution and for conferring on and
assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto;

AND WHEREAS Parliament has no power to make laws for the States with
respect to any of the matters aforesaid except as provided in articles 249 and
250 of the Constitution;
AND WHEREAS in pursuance of clause (1) of article 252 of the Constitution
resolutions have been passed by all the Houses of the Legislatures of the
States of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tripura and West
Bengal to the effect that the matters aforesaid should be regulated in those
States by Parliament by law.

CH. I:-
CH. II
CH. II:-
CH. IV:-
CH. V:-
CH. VI:-
CH. VII:-
PRELIMINARY
CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR THE PREVENTION
AND CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
JOINT BOARDS
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF BOARDS
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
FUND, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT PENALTIES AND
PROCEDURE
CH. VIII:- MISCELLANEOUS

CHAPTER I:-PRELIMINARY
Definitions.—Under this Act:-
(a)“Board” means the Central Board or a State Board;
(b)“Central Board” means the Central Pollution Control Board constituted under section
(c)“member” means a member of a Board and includes the chairman thereof;
(d)“occupier”, in relation to any factory or premises, means the person who has control
over the affairs of the factory or the premises, and includes, in relation to any substance,
the person in possession of the substance;
(dd) “outlet” includes any conduit pipe or channel, open or closed, carrying sewage or
trade effluent or any other holding arrangement which causes, or is likely to cause,
pollution;

(e)“pollution” means such contamination of water or such alteration of the physical,
chemical or biological properties of water or such discharge of any sewage or trade effluent
or of any other liquid, gaseous or solid substance into water (whether directly or indirectly)
as may, or is likely to, create a nuisance or render such water harmful or injurious to public
health or safety, or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural or other legitimate uses,
or to the life and health of animals or plants or of acquatic organisms;
(f)“prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act by the Central Government
or, as the case may be, the State Government;
(g)“sewage effluent” means effluent from any sewerage system or
sewage disposal works and includes sullage from open drains;
(gg) “sewer” means any conduit pipe or channel, open or closed, carrying sewage or trade
effluent;
•“State Board” means a State Pollution Control Board constituted
under section 4;
(i) “State Government” in relation to a Union territory means the Administrator

(j) “stream” includes—
(i)river;
(ii)water course (whether flowing or for the time being dry);
(iii)inland water (whether natural or artificial);
(iv)sub-terranean waters;
(v)sea or tidal waters to such extent or, as the case may be, to such point as the State
Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf;
(k) “trade effluent” includes any liquid, gaseous or solid substance which is discharged
from any premises used for carrying on any industry, operation or process, or treatment
and disposal system, other than domestic sewage.

(o) “State Board” means,—
in relation to a State in which the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
(6 of 1974), is in force and the State Government has constituted for that State a [State
Pollution Control Board] under section 4 of that Act, the said State Board; and
in relation to any other State, the State Board for the Prevention and Control of Air
Pollution constituted by the State Government under section 5 of this Act.

CHAPTER II :-CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR
THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WATER
POLLUTION
1. Central Pollution Control Board.—The Central Pollution Control Board constituted
under Section 3 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974),
shall, without prejudice to the exercise and performance of its powers and functions under
that Act, exercise the powers and perform the functions of the Central Pollution Control
Board for the prevention and control of air pollution under this Act.
2. State Pollution Control Boards constituted under section 4 of Act 6 of 1974
to be State Boards under this Act.—In any State in which the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974), is in force and the State Government has
constituted for that State a State Pollution Control Board under section 4 of that Act, such
State Board shall be deemed to be the State Board for the Prevention and Control of air
Pollution constituted under section 5 of this Act, and accordingly that State Pollution
Control Board shall, without prejudice to the exercise and performance of its powers and
functions under that Act, exercise the powers and perform the functions of the State Board
for the prevention and control of air pollution under this Act.

Constitution of Central Boards.—
(1)The Central Government shall, with effect from such date (being a date not later than six
months of the commencement of this Act in the States of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Tripura and West Bengal and in the Union territories) as it may, by notification in the
Official Gazette, appoint, constitute a Central Board to be called the[Central Pollution
Control Board] to exercise the powers conferred on and perform the functions assigned to
that Board under this Act.
(2)The Central Board shall consist of the following members, namely:—
(a)a full-time chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical experience in
respect of [matters relating to environmental protection] or a person having knowledge and
experience in administering institutions dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated
by the Central Government;
(b)such number of officials, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the
Central Government to represent that Government;

(c)such number of persons, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the Central
Government, from amongst the members of the State Boards, of whom not exceeding two
shall be from those referred to in clause (c) of sub-section (2) of section 4;
(d)such number of non-officials, not exceeding three, to be nominated by the Central
Government, to represent the interests of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade or any
other interest which, in the opinion of the Central Government, ought to be represented;
(e)two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed
by the Central Government, to be nominated by that Government;
(f)a full-time member-secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and experience of
scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control, to be appointed by the
Central Government.
(3) The Central Board shall be a body corporate with the name aforesaid having perpetual
succession and a common seal with power, subject to the provisions of this Act, to acquire,
hold and dispose of property and to contract, and may, by the aforesaid name, sue or be
sued.

3. Constitution of StateBoards.—
(1) The State Government shall, with effect from such date *** as it may, by notification
in the Official Gazette, appoint, constitute a [State Pollution Control Board], under such
name as may be specified in the notification, to exercise the powers conferred on and
perform the functions assigned to that Board under this Act.
(2) A State Board constituted under this Act shall consist of the following members,
namely:—
(a) a Chairman, being a person, having special knowledge or practical experience in
respect of matters relating to environmental protection, to be nominated by the State
Government:
Provided that the Chairman may be either whole-time or part- time as the State
Government may think fit;

(b)such number of officials, not exceeding five, as the State Government may think fit, to
be nominated by the State Government to represent that Government;
(c)such number of persons, not exceeding five, as the State Government may think fit, to
be nominated by the State Government from amongst the members of the local authorities
functioning within the State;
(d)such number of non-officials, not exceeding three, as the State Government may think
fit, to be nominated by the State Government to represent the interest of agriculture, fishery
or industry or trade or labour or any other interest, which, in the opinion of that
Government, ought to be represented;
(e)two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed
by the State Government, to be nominated by that Government;

(3)(f) a full-time member-secretary having such qualifications knowledge and experience
of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control as may be
prescribed, to be appointed by the State Government:
Provided that the State Government shall ensure that not less than two of the members are
persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters relating to
the improvement of the quality of air or the prevention, control or abatement of air
pollution.
Every State Board constituted under this Act shall be a body corporate with the name
specified by the State Government in the notification issued under sub-section (1), having
perpetual succession and a common seal with power, subject to the provisions of this Act,
to acquire and dispose of property and to contract, and may by the said name sue or be
sued.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, no State Board shall be constituted
for a Union territory and in relation to a Union territory, the Central Board shall exercise
the powers and perform the functions of a State Board for that Union territory: Provided
that in relation to any Union territory the Central

CHAPTER III :- JOINT BOARDS
1. Constitution of Joint Board.—
(1)Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, an agreement may
be entered into—
• by two or more Governments of contiguous States, or
• by the Central Government (in respect of one or more Union territories) and one or more
Governments of States contiguous to such Union territory or Union territories, to be in
force for such period and to be subject to renewal for such further period, if any, as may
be specified in the agreement to provide for the constitution of a Joint Board,—
•in a case referred to in clause (a), for all the participating States, and
•in a case referred to in clause (b), for the participating Union territory or
Union territories and the State or States.
(2) An agreement under this section may—
(a) provide, in a case referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1), for the apportionment
between the participating States and in a case referred to in clause (b) of that sub-section, for
the apportionments between the Central Government and the participating State Government
or State Governments, of the expenditure in connection with the Joint Board;

(b)determine, in a case referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1), which of the
participating State Governments and in a case referred to in clause (b) of that sub-section,
whether the Central Government or the participating State Government (if there are more
than one participating State, also which of the participating State Governments) shall
exercise and perform the several powers and functions of the State Government under this
Act and the references in this Act to the State Government shall be construed accordingly;
(c)provide for consultation, in a case referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1), between
the participating State Governments and in a case referred to in clause (b) of that sub-
section, between the Central Government and the participating State Government or State
Governments either generally or with reference to particular matters arising under this Act;
(d)make such incidental and ancillary provisions, not inconsistent with this Act, as may be
deemed necessary or expedient for giving effect to the agreement.
(3) An agreement under this section shall be published, in a case referred to in clause (a) of
sub-section (1), in the Official Gazette of the participating States and in a case referred to
in cause (b) of that sub-section, in the Official Gazette of the participating Union territory
or Union territories and participating State or States.

2. Composition of JointBoards.—
(1)A Joint Board constituted in pursuance of an agreement entered into under
clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 13 shall consist of the following
members, namely:—
(a)a full-time chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical experience in
respect of 1[matters relating to environmental protection] or a person having knowledge and
experience in administering institutions dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated
by the Central Government;
(b)two officials from each of the participating States to be nominated by the concerned
participating State Government to represent that Government;
(c)one person to be nominated by each of the participating State Governments from amongst
the members of the local authorities functioning within the State concerned;
(d)one non-official to be nominated by each of the participating State Governments to
represent the interests of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade in the State concerned or
any other interest which, in the opinion of the participating State Government, is to be
represented;
(e)two persons to be nominated by the Central Government to represent the companies or
corporations owned, controlled or managed by the participating State Governments;

(f) a full-time member-secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and experience of
scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control, to be appointed by
the Central Government.
(2)A Joint Board constituted in pursuance of an agreement entered into
under clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 13 shall consist of the
following members, namely:—
(a)a full-time chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical experience
in respect of matters relating to environmental protection or a person having knowledge
and experience in administering institutions dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be
nominated by the Central Government;
(b)two officials to be nominated by the Central Government from the participating
Union territory or each of the participating Union territories, as the case may be, and two
officials to be nominated, from the participating State or each
(c)one person to be nominated by the Central Government from amongst the members of
the local authorities functioning within the participating Union territory or each of the
participating Union territories, as the case may be, and one person to be nominated, from
amongst the members of the local authorities functioning within the participating State
or each of the participating States, as the case may be, by the concerned participating
State Government;

(d)one non-official to be nominated by the Central Government and one person to be
nominated by the participating State Government or State Governments to represent the
interests of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade in the Union territory or in each of the
Union territories or the State or in each of the States, as the case may be, or any other interest
which in the opinion of the Central Government or, as the case may be, of the State
Government is to be represented;
(e)two persons to be nominated by the Central Government to represent the companies or
corporations owned, controlled or managed by the Central Government and situate in the
participating Union territory or territories and two persons to be nominated by the
companies or corporations
Central
owned,
Government to represent the
controlled or managed by the participating State
Governments;
(f) a full-time member-secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and experience of
scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control, to be appointed by the
Central Government.

(3)When a Joint Board is constituted in pursuance of an agreement under clause (b) of sub-
section (1) of section 13, the provisions of sub-section (4) of section 4 shall cease to apply in
relation to the Union territory for which the Joint Board is constituted.
(4)Subject to the provisions of sub-section (3), the provisions of sub-section (3) of section 4
and sections 5 to 12 (inclusive) shall apply in relation to the Joint Board and its member-
secretary as they apply in relation to a State Board and its member- secretary.
(5)Any reference in this Act to the State Board shall, unless the context otherwise requires,
be construed as including a Joint Board.

3. Special provision relating to giving of
directions.—Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act where any Joint
Board is constituted under section 13,—
(a)the Government of the State for which the Joint Board is constituted shall be competent
to give any direction under this Act only in cases where such direction relates to a matter
within the exclusive territorial jurisdiction of the State;
(b)the Central Government alone shall be competent to give any direction under this Act
where such direction relates to a matter within the territorial jurisdiction of two or more
States or pertaining to a Union territory.

CHAPTER IV :- POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF BOARDS
Functions of Central Board.—
(1)Subject to the provisions of this Act, the main function of the Central Board shall be
to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States.
(2)In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing function, the
Central Board may perform all or any of the following functions, namely:—
(a)advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the prevention and control of
water pollution;
(b)co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them;
(c)provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor
investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution and prevention, control or
abatement of water pollution;

(d)plan and organise the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes for
the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution on such terms and conditions as the
Central Board may specify;
(e)organise through mass media a comprehensive programme regarding the prevention and
control of water pollution;
(ee) perform such of the functions of any State Board as may be specified in an order made
under sub- section (2) of section 18;
•collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water pollution and the
measures devised for its effective prevention and control and prepare manuals, codes or
guides relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents and disseminate
information connected therewith;
•lay down, modify or annul, in consultation with the State
Government concerned, the standards for a stream or well:

Provided that different standards may be laid down for the same stream or well or for
different streams or wells, having regard to the quality of water, flow characteristics of the
stream or well and the nature of the use of the water in such stream or well or streams or
wells;
(h) plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or
(i) perform such other functions as may be prescribed.
(3) The Board may establish or recognise a laboratory or laboratories to enable the Board
to perform its functions under this section efficiently including the analysis of samples of
water from any stream or well or of samples of any sewage or trade effluents.

Functions of State Board.—
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the functions of a State Board shall
be—
(a)to plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of
pollution of streams and wells in the State and to secure the execution thereof;
(b)to advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or
(c)to collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution and the prevention,
control or abatement thereof;
(d)to encourage, conduct and participate investigations and research relating to problems
of water pollution and prevention, control or abatement of water pollution;
(e)to collaborate with the Central Board in organising the training of persons engaged or
to be engaged in programmes relating, to prevention, control or abatement of water
pollution and to organise mass education programmes relating thereto;

(f)to inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of sewage and
trade effluents and to review plans, specifications or other data relating to plants set up for
the treatment of water, works for the purification thereof and the system for the disposal of
sewage or trade effluents or in connection with the grant of any consent as required by this
Act;
(g)to lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents and
for the quality of receiving waters (not being water in an inter-State stream) resulting from
the discharge of effluents and to classify waters of the State;
(h)to evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of
sewage and trade effluents, having regard to
conditions of soils, climate and water resources
the peculiar
of different
regions and more especially the prevailing flow characteristics of water in streams and wells
which render it impossible to attain even the minimum degree of dilution;
(i) to evolve methods of utilisation of sewage and suitable trade effluents in agriculture;

(j)to evolve efficient methods of disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land, as are
necessary on account of the predominant conditions of scant stream flows that do not
provide for major part of the year the minimum degree of dilution;
(k)to lay down standards of treatment of sewage and trade effluents to be discharged into
any particular stream taking into account the minimum fair weather dilution available in
that stream and the tolerance limits of pollution permissible in the water of the stream, after
the discharge of such effluents;
(l)to make, vary or revoke any order—
(i)for the prevention, control or abatement of discharges of waste into streams or wells;
(ii)requiring any person concerned to construct new systems for the disposal of sewage and
trade effluents or to modify, alter or extend any such existing system or to adopt such
remedial measures as are necessary to prevent, control or abate water pollution;

(m)to lay down effluent standards to be complied with by persons while causing discharge
of sewage or sullage or both and to lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the
sewage and trade effluents;
(n)to advise the State Government with respect to the location of any industry the carrying
on of which is likely to pollute a stream or well;
(o)to perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, from time to time, be
entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State Government.
(2) The Board may establish or recognise a laboratory or laboratories to enable the Board to
perform its functions under this section efficiently, including the analysis of samples of
water from any stream or well or of samples of any sewage or trade effluents

CHAPTER V:- PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
1.Power of State Government to restrict the application of the Act to certain areas.
2.Power to obtain information.
3.Power to take samples of effluents and procedure to
be followed in connection therewith.
4.Reports of the result of analysis on samples taken under section 21. 5.Power of entry and
inspection.
6.Prohibition on use of stream or well for disposal of polluting matter, etc. 7.Restrictions on
new outlets and new discharges.
8.Provision regarding existing discharge of sewage or trade effluent. 9.Refusal or withdrawal
of consent by State Board.
• Appeals.
• Revision.
• Power of State Board to carry out certain works.
• Furnishing of information to State Board and other agencies in certain cases. 14.Emergency
measures in case of pollution of stream or well.
• Power of Board to make application to courts for restraining apprehended
pollution of water in streams or wells.
• Power to give directions.

CHAPTER V I:- FUND, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT
Fund of Board.—
(1) Every State Board shall have its own fund for the purposes of this Act and all sums which
may, from time to time, be paid to it by the Central Government and all other receipts (by way
of contributions, if any, from the State Government, fees, gifts, grants, donations benefactions
or otherwise) of that
Board shall be carried to the fund of the Board and all payments by the Board
shall be made therefrom.
(2)(2) Every State Board may expend such sums as it thinks fit for performing its functions
under this Act and such sums shall be treated as expenditure payable out of the fund of that
Board.
Budget.—
The Central Board or, as the case may be, the State Board shall, during each financial year,
prepare, in such form and at such time as may be prescribed, a budget in respect of the
financial year next ensuing showing the estimated receipt and expenditure under this Act, and
copies thereof shall be forwarded to the Central Government or, as the case may be, the State
Government.

CHAPTER VII:- PENALTIESAND PROCEDURE
Failure to comply with directions under sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) of section
20, or orders issued under clause
(c) of sub-section (1) of section 32 or directions issued
under sub-section (2) of section 33 or section 33A.
(1) Whoever fails to comply with the direction given under sub- section (2) or sub-section
(3) of section 20 within such time as may be specified in the direction shall, on conviction,
be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months or with
fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees or with both and in case the failure
continues, with an additional fine which may extend to five thousand rupees for every day
during which such failure continues after the conviction for the first such failure.

(2)Whoever fails to comply with any order issued under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of
section 32 or any direction issued by a court under sub-section (2) of section 33 or any
direction issued under section 33A shall, in respect of each such failure and on conviction,
be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year and six
months but which may extend to six years and with fine, and in case the failure continues,
with an additional fine which may extend to five thousand rupees for every day during which
such failure continues after the conviction for the first such failure.
(3)If the failure referred to in sub-section (2) continues beyond a period of one year after the
date of conviction, the offender shall, on conviction, be punishable with imprisonment for a
term which shall not be less than two years but which may extend to seven years and with
fine.]

CHAPTER VIII:- MISCELLANEOUS
1. Central Water Laboratory.
2. State Water Laboratory.
3. Analysts.
4. Reports of analysts.
5. Local authorities to assist.
6. Compulsory acquisition of land for the State Board.
7. Returns and reports.
8. Bar of jurisdiction.
9. Protection of action taken in good faith.
10. Overriding effect.
11. Power of Central Government to supersede the Central Board and Joint Boards.
12. Power of State Government to supersede State Board.
13. Power of Central Government to make rules.
14. Power of State Government to make rules.

THE AIR (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF
POLLUTION) ACT, 1981

THE AIR (PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT,1981

THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981
ACT No. 14 of 1981 [29th March, 1981.]
An Act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for the
establishment, with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for
conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for
matters connected therewith.
WHEREAS decisions were taken at the United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment held in Stockholm in June, 1972, in which India participated, to take
appropriate steps for the preservation of the natural resources of the earth which,
among other things, include the preservation of the quality of air and control of air
pollution;
AND WHEREAS it is considered necessary to implement the decisions aforesaid in so
far as they relate to the preservation of the quality of air and control of air pollution;

CHAPTERS
These are the following chapters under this Act :-
 CHAPTER I:-
 CHAPTER II:-
 CHAPTER III:-
 CHAPTER IV:-
 CHAPTER V:-
 CHAPTER VI:-
 CHAPTER VII:-
PRELIMINARY
CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR THE PREVENTION
AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF BOARDS
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
FUND, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT PENALTIES AND
PROCEDURE MISCELLANEOUS

CHAPTER I:- PRELIMINARY
Definitions.—Under this Act:-
(a)“air pollutant” means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance [(including noise)]
present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to
human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment;
(b)“air pollution” means the presence in the atmosphere of any air pollutant;
(c)“approved appliance” means any equipment or gadget used for the bringing of
any combustible material or for generating or consuming any fume, gas of particulate
matter and approved by the State Board for the purposes of this Act;
(d)“approved fuel” means any fuel approved by the State Board for the purposes of
this Act;

(e)“automobile” means any vehicle powered either by internal combustion engine or
by any method of generating power to drive such vehicle by burning fuel;
(f)“Board” means the Central Board or a State Board;
(g)“Central Board” means the [Central Pollution Control Board] constituted under
section 3 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974);
(h)“chimney” includes any structure with an opening or outlet from or through which
any air pollutant may be emitted;
(i)“control equipment” means any apparatus, device, equipment or system to control
the quality and manner of emission of any air pollutant and includes any device used
for securing the efficient operation of any industrial plant;

(j)“emission” means any solid or liquid or gaseous substance coming out of any
chimney, duct or flue or any other outlet;
(k)“industrial plant” means any plant used for any industrial or trade purposes and
emitting any air pollutant into the atmosphere;
(l)“member” means a member of the Central Board or a State Board, as the case may
be, and includes the Chairman thereof;
(m)“occupier”, in relation to any factory or premises, means the person who has
control over the affairs of the factory or the premises, and includes, in relation to any
substance, the person in possession of the substance;
(n)“prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act by the Central
Government or, as the case may be, the State Government;

(o) “State Board” means,—
in relation to a State in which the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974 (6 of 1974), is in force and the State Government has constituted for that State a
[State Pollution Control Board] under section 4 of that Act, the said State Board;
and
in relation to any other State, the State Board for the Prevention and Control of Air
Pollution constituted by the State Government under section 5 of this Act.

CHAPTER II :-CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR
THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR
POLLUTION
1. Central Pollution Control Board.—The Central Pollution Control Board
constituted under section 3 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974 (6 of 1974), shall, without prejudice to the exercise and performance of
its powers and functions under that Act, exercise the powers and perform the
functions of the Central Pollution Control Board for the prevention and control
of air pollution under this Act.
2. State Pollution Control Boards constituted under section 4 of Act 6 of 1974
to be State Boards under this Act.—In any State in which the Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974), is in force and the
State Government has constituted for that State a State Pollution Control Board
under section 4 of that Act, such State Board shall be deemed to be the State
Board for the Prevention and Control of air Pollution constituted under section
5 of this Act, and accordingly that State Pollution Control Board shall, without
prejudice to the exercise and performance of its powers and functions under
that Act, exercise the powers and perform the functions of the State Board for
the prevention and control of air pollution under this Act.

3. Constitution of State Boards.—
(1)In any State in which the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
(6 of 1974), is not in force, or that Act is in force but the State Government has not
constituted a [State Pollution Control Board] under that Act, the State Government
shall, with effect from such date as it may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
appoint, constitute a State Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
under such name as may be specified in the notification, to exercise the powers
conferred on, and perform the functions assigned to, that Board under this Act.
(2)A State Board constituted under this Act shall consist of the following members,
namely:—
(a) a Chairman, being a person, having special knowledge or practical experience in
respect of matters relating to environmental protection, to be nominated by the
State Government:
Provided that the Chairman may be either whole-time or part-time as the State
Government may think fit;

(b)such number of officials, not exceeding five, as the State Government may think
fit, to be nominated by the State Government to represent that Government;
(c)such number of persons, not exceeding five, as the State Government may think
fit, to be nominated by the State Government from amongst the members of the local
authorities functioning within the State;
(d)such number of non-officials, not exceeding three, as the State Government may
think fit, to be nominated by the State Government to represent the interest of
agriculture, fishery or industry or trade or labour or any other interest, which, in the
opinion of that Government, ought to be represented;
(e)two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or
managed by the State Government, to be nominated by that Government;

(f) a full-time member-secretary having such qualifications knowledge and
experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control as
may be prescribed, to be appointed by the State Government:
Provided that the State Government shall ensure that not less than two of the
members are persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of
matters relating to the improvement of the quality of air or the prevention, control
or abatement of air pollution.
(3) Every State Board constituted under this Act shall be a body corporate with the
name specified by the State Government in the notification issued under sub-
section (1), having perpetual succession and a common seal with power, subject to
the provisions of this Act, to acquire and dispose of property and to contract, and
may by the said name sue or be sued.

CHAPTER III :- POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF
BOARDS
Functions of Central Board.—
(1)Subject to the provisions of this Act, and without prejudice to the performance, of its
functions under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974),
the main functions of the Central Board
shall be to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the
country.
•In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing functions, the
Central Board may—
•advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement of the
quality of air and the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution;
•plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the
prevention, control or abatement of air pollution;
•co-ordinate the activities of the State and resolve disputes among them;

(d)provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and
sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of air pollution and
(e)plan and organize the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes
for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution on such terms and conditions
as the Central Board may specify;
(f)organize through mass media a comprehensive programme regarding the
(g)collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to air pollution
and the measures devised for its effective prevention, control or abatement and
prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to prevention, control or abatement of air
pollution;
(h)lay down standards for the quality of air;
(i) collect and disseminate information in respect of matters relating to air pollution;
(j) perform such other functions as may be prescribed.

(3)The Central Board may establish or recognize a laboratory or laboratories to enable
the Central Board to perform its functions under this section efficiently.
(4)The Central Board may—
(a)delegate any of its functions under this Act generally or specially to any of the
committees appointed by it;
(b)do such other things and perform such other acts as it may think necessary for the
proper discharge of its functions and generally for the purpose of carrying into effect
the purposes of this Act.

Functions of State
Boards.—
(1)Subject to the provisions of this Act, and without prejudice to the performance of its
functions, if any, under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Act
6 of 1974), the functions of a State Board shall be—
(a)to plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of air
pollution and to secure the execution thereof;
(b)to advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or
abatement of air pollution;
(c)to collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution;
(d)to collaborate with the Central Board in organizing the training of persons engaged
or to be engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or abatement of air
pollution and to organize mass-education programme relating thereto;
(e)to inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment, industrial plant or
manufacturing process and to give, by order, such directions to such persons as it may
consider necessary to take steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air
pollution;

(f)to inspect air pollution control areas at such intervals as it may think necessary,
assess the quality of air therein and take steps for the prevention, control or abatement
of air pollution in such areas;
(g)to lay down, in consultation with the Central Board and having regard to the
standards for the quality of air laid down by the Central Board, standards for emission
of air pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles or for the
discharge of any air pollutant into the atmosphere from any other source whatsoever
not being a ship or an aircraft:
Provided that different standards for emission may be laid down under this clause for
different industrial plants having regard to the quantity and composition of emission
of air pollutants into the atmosphere from such industrial plants;
•to advise the State Government with respect to the suitability of any premises or
location for carrying on any industry which is likely to cause air pollution;

(i) to Perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, from time to
time, be entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State Government;
(j) to do such other things and to perform such other acts as it may think necessary
for the proper discharge of its functions and generally for the purpose of carrying
into effect the purposes of this Act.
(2) A State Board may establish or recognise a laboratory or laboratories to enable
the State Board to perform its functions under this section efficiently.

CHAPTER IV:- PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR
POLLUTION
1. Power to declare air pollution control areas.
2.Power to give instructions for ensuring standards
for emission from automobiles.
3.3. Restrictions on use of certain industrial plants.
4.Persons carrying on industry, etc., not to allow emission of air pollutants in
excess of the standard laid down by State Board.
• Power of Board to make application to court for restraining person from
causing air pollution.
• Furnishing of information to State Board and other agencies in certain cases.
• Power of entry and inspection.
• Power to obtain information.
• Power to take samples of air or emission and procedure to be followed in
connection therewith.
• Reports of the result of analysis on samples taken under section 26.—State
Air Laboratory.
• Analysts. 12.Reports of analysts. 13.Appeals.
14.Power to give directions

CHAPTER V :- FUND, ACCOUNTS AND
AUDIT
Fund of
Board.—
(1) Every State Board shall have its own fund for the purposes of this Act and all sums
which may, from time to time, be paid to it by the Central Government and all other
receipts (by way of contributions, if any, from the State Government, fees, gifts,
grants, donations benefactions or otherwise) of that Board shall be carried to the
fund of the Board and all payments by the Board shall be made therefrom.
(2)(2) Every State Board may expend such sums as it thinks fit for performing its
functions under this Act and such sums shall be treated as expenditure payable out
of the fund of that Board.
Budget.—
The Central Board or, as the case may be, the State Board shall, during each financial
year, prepare, in such form and at such time as may be prescribed, a budget in
respect of the financial year next ensuing showing the estimated receipt and
expenditure under this Act, and copies thereof shall be forwarded to the Central
Government or, as the case may be, the State Government.

CHAPTER VI:- PENALTIES AND PROCEDURE
Failure to comply with the provisions of section 21 or section 22
or with the directions issued under section 31A.—
(1) whoever fails to comply with the provisions of section 21 or section 22 or directions
issued under section 31A, shall, in respect of each such failure, be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year and six months but
which may extend to six years and with fine, and in case the failure continues, with
an additional fine which may extend to five thousand rupees for every day during
which such failure continues after the conviction for the first such failure.
(2) If the failure referred to in sub-section (1) continues beyond a period of one year
after the date of conviction, the offender shall be punishable with imprisonment for
a term which shall not be less than two years but which may extend to seven years
and with fine.

CHAPTER VII:- MISCELLANEOUS
1.Power of State Government to supersede State Board.
2.Special provision in the case of supersession of the Central Board or the State Boards
constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
3.Dissolution of State Boards constituted under the Act.
4.Maintenance of register.
5.Effect of other laws.
6.Power of Central Government to make rules.
7.Power of State Government to make rules.

Topic: Land Pollution

LAND
POLLUTION

What is land pollution?
Land pollution is the destruction of the earth’s land surfaces, often
directly or indirectly as a result of human activities and their
misuse of land resources.
It occurs when waste is not disposed off properly, or can occur
when humans throw chemicals unto the soil in the form of
pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers during agricultural practices.
Exploitation of minerals (mining activities) has also contributed to
the destruction of the earth’s surface.

Since the Industrial Revolution, natural habitats have been destroyed, and environments
have been polluted, causing diseases in both humans and many other species of
animals.
Human actions have also caused many large areas of land to lose or reduce their
capacity to support life forms and ecosystems. This is know as land degradation.

So we shall see the more about Land and Environmental Pollution, the sources of the
pollution, its consequences and a few things we can do to prevent further pollution
and protect our environment.

Types of land pollution
There are different types of land pollution
• Solid Waste
• Pesticides and Fertilizer
• Chemicals
• Deforestation

Solid Waste
• These include all the various kinds of rubbish we make at
home, school, hospitals, market and work places.
• Things like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, food and
even used cars and broken electronic goods, broken furniture and hospital waste are
all examples of solid waste.

•Some of these are biodegradable (meaning they easily decay
into organic matter). Examples include food droppings, paper
products as well as vegetation

•Others are not biodegradable, and they include plastics, metals and
aluminium cans, broken computer and car parts

•Because Solid Waste do not easily decay, they pile up in
landfills (a place where all the city’s rubbish are sent),
where they stay for thousands of years. These bring great
harm to the land and people around it

• Pesticides and Fertilizer
• Many farming activities engage in the application of fertilizers, pesticides and
insecticides for higher crop yield. This is good because we get more food
• But can you think of what happens to the chemicals that are used on the crops and
soils?
• Sometimes, insects and small animals are killed and bigger animals that eat tiny
animals (as in food chains) are also harmed. Finally, the chemicals may be washed down as
it rains and over time, they end up in the water Give rise to Water Pollution.

• Chemicals
• Chemical and nuclear power plants produce waste materials that have to be stored
somewhere. Fertilizer, insecticides, pesticides, pharmaceuticals manufacturers also
produce lots of solid and liquid waste.

•In many cases they are stored in an environmentally safe way, but there are some that
find their way into landfills and other less safe storage facilities. Sometimes they also
find their way into leaking pipes and gutters. They end up polluting soils and making
crops
harmful to our health.

• Deforestation
• Humans depend on trees for many things including life. Trees absorb
carbon dioxide from the air and enrich the air with Oxygen, which is needed for
life. Trees provide wood for humans and a habitat to many land animals, insects
and birds.

• Trees also, help replenish soils and help retain nutrients being
washed away. Unfortunately, we have cut down millions of acres of tree for wood,
construction, farming and mining purposes, and never planted new trees back. This is a type
of land pollution.

Sources of land pollution.
Agricultural sources:
These include waste matter produced by crop, animal manure, and
farm residues. They also include the chemical left over of all pesticides, fertilisers and
insecticides used for agricultural activities

This includes piles of coal refuse and heaps of slag and underground debris. Mining and
forestry activities that clear the land surfaces (clear cutting) and use 'skid trails' often leave
the land unrestored . The surface is exposed to erosion which destroys the quality of the
land.
Mining sources:

Additionally, iron and other chemicals such as copper, mercury and lead from mining
practices leach into the soil, polluting it and leaving it exposed to water bodies as
well.
Quarrying and Mining Waste

Sewage Treatment:
•Wastes that are left over after sewage has been treated, biomass
sludge, and settled solids. Some of these are sent directly to landfills
whiles other treatment plants burn them to generate electricity. Both
end up polluting the environment.

Construction sources:
These include waste like debris, wood, metals and plastics that are produced from
construction activities

:
Industrial sources:
These include paints, chemicals, metals and aluminum, plastics and so on that
are produces in the process of manufacturing goods.
Deforestation:
This is when trees are cut down for economic purposes, mining, farming and construction.
In forests areas, trees absorbed and reflect about 20% of the intense heat from the sun,
protecting and preserving its surface soils. Cutting down trees mean that the land is
exposed to direct sunlight and rain, resulting in soil erosions, desertification and land
degradation

Man is to blamed for most of the land
degradation.
Productive areas is fast reducing because of
developmental activities such as human
settlement, industries, roads , railways,
airports etc.
•Urbanization:-

pptenvironmentallaw-201107193101.pdf

pptenvironmentallaw-201107193101.pdf

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