2. Actual objects or their
scale down or blown
up replicas are called
non projected av aids
3. Models
Definitions
A model is a recognizable representation of
a real thing three dimensionally ,height
,width and depth are felt as reality
Bt basavanthappa
4.
5. Models are concrete objects
,some of them are larger than
the real objects and some of
them are small replicas of
objects which are too large to
be seen as a whole ,can be
prepared (r.sudha)
6. Situations where models can be used
1.The real thing is not available in that season or
far away from the educational institutions
2.The real thing may be too big to brought to
school
3.Real thing may cause physical harm
4.Too expensive
5.Real thing may be invisible to human vision
7. Types of models
Solid models
Cut away or cross
sectional models
Working models
Sand models
12. Materials used in model preparations
1.Cardboard
2.Plastics
3.Wax
4.Plaster of paris
6.Wood
7.Clay
8.thermocol
13. Preparation of models
1.Identifying the purpose of model
preparations
2.Being knowledgeable about the
model
3.Collection of materials
4.Proper planning
5.Making with exact measurement
6.Pretesting the models
7.Mounting and labeling the models
15. Advantages of models
Models help in simulating a real situations
The size can be adjusted as needed
Distance and time do not become a limitation
It gives learner a sense of experience
Stimulate interest and capture attention
Enables learner to have a correct concept about real
objects
Working models helps to explain the action in a real
situation
16. Disadvantages of models
1.Models are costly to
purchase
2.Needs more storage
place
3. Useful for only small
group teaching
4.Require skills and
talents to prepare models
20. Specimen
A specimen is any typical objects representing a class or group of
things
a specimen is a sample of real object or materials
21. Points to be remembered while using specimens and
objects
Plan your teaching priorly
Ask questions regarding student
observations
Clarify and detail about the structure of the
specimen or objects
Provide review and practice to make
learning permanent
24. Advantages of objects and
specimens
Development of social skills and
values
Power of observation enhanced
For investigatory projects
Hobbies
Interest and motivation
25. Disadvantages of objects and
specimens
1.Time consuming
2.Expensive
3.Space needed for storage
4.Maintenances should be done
27. Definitions
A diorama is a three dimensional
arrangements of objects and models and
cut outs to illustrate a central theme or
concepts (R. Sudha)
Eg ;harvesting
scene
planting trees scene
