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Causes, Effects & Solutions to Air Pollution
- 1. AIR Causes, Effects & Solutions to Air Pollution
- 2. Content 3 2 1 Facts & Statistics Basics of Air Pollution Causes & Effects Indoor Air Pollution
- 4. z 1 AIR POLLUTION Introduction of toxic chemical and biological agents in the air that pose potential health risk, causing detrimental harm to quality of air and life.
- 5. Causes of Air Pollution I. Indoor Air Pollution II. Vehicle Exhaust III. Industrial Processes IV. Heat & Power Generation Plants V. Fertilizer Plants VI. Fuel Production VII. Forest Fires
- 6. I. Global Warming II. Acid Rain III. Formation of Smog IV. Ozone Depletion V. Human Health Impact Effects of Air Pollution
- 7. Human Health Impact1 • Headache & anxiety (SO2) • Affect central nervous system (PM) • Cardiovascular diseases (PM, O3, SO2) • Affect liver, spleen and blood (NO2) • Affect reproductive system (PM) • Irritation of eyes, nose and throat, or breathing problems (O3, PM, NO2, SO2) • Affect respiratory system; irritation, inflammation and infections, asthma and reduced lung function • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • Lung cancer (PM)
- 9. Air Pollution Disasters 2013: Unrestricted use of coal in Northern China caused loss of average 5 years of life expectancy 2015: Air pollution killed 35,000 people over part nine years in India 1976: The Seveso Disaster in Milan, Italy 2006: Southeast Asia Haze 1960s: Yokkaichi Asthma
- 10. Shocking Facts 92% of world’s population lives in places with air quality exceeding safe limits2 Air pollution is 4th largest threat to human health 6.5 million deaths worldwide from air-pollution related diseases $225 billion in global lost labor income from air pollution
- 11. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Afghanistan Pakistan India Nigeria China Saudi Arabia Russia Germany United Kingdom United States Japan Deaths per 100,000 inhabitants 406 207 195 150 117 95 62 22 21 21 13 94% Deaths Due to air pollution occur in low- and middle-income countries3 India and China lead the highest number of air-pollution related deaths worldwide in 2016 with 1.61 and 1.58 million respectively4
- 12. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1850 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2010 Million tonnes Africa Asia Europe North America South America Sulfur Dioxide Emission5 1 2 3 Major sources of SO2 include fossil fuel production, imports and industrial processing outputs. Industrialization accounts for key escalation in SO2 emission due to large-scale burning of fossil fuels and industrial processing. Accelerated increase in emission happened in the 20th century with dominance in Europe and North America.
- 14. Indoor air pollution is two to five times worse than outdoor air pollution. Indoor Air PollutionDo you know? I. Outdoor Air Pollution II. Indoor Smoking III. Burning of Fuels for Heating/ Cooking IV. Poorly Ventilated Space V. Overcrowded Living Space VI. Asbestos, Formaldehyde (Mosquito coil), Varnish, Paints
- 15. Types of Air Pollutants Biological Matter Gases Solid Matter
- 16. i. Animal/ Human Dander ii. Dust Mite iii. Insects Parts iv. Infectious Agents (Bacteria & Viruses) v. Pollen Biological Matter Gases Solid Matter i. Sulfur Oxides ii. Nitrogen Oxides iii. Carbon Monoxide iv. Carbon Dioxide v. Ozone vi. Smog vii. Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Volatile Organic Compounds viii. Ammonia ix. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) x. Radioactive Pollutants i. Particulate Matter ii. Persistent Free Radicals on Fine Particles iii. Toxic Metals
- 17. • Most Particulate Matter (PM) form as a result of chemical reaction between primary pollutants • They can affect the heart and lung with harmful health effects depending on their sizes • Particles smaller than 10 micrometers are greatly dangerous and some can get into our bloodstream • PM10 : Diameter smaller than 10 micrometers and are inhalable particles • PM2.5 : Diameters smaller than 2.5 micrometers and are fine inhalable particles Particulate Matter HUMAN HAIR 50 – 70 µm diameter PM2.5 Combustion particles, organic compounds, metals, etc. <2.5 µm diameter PM10 Dust, pollen, mold, etc. <10 µm diameter FINE SAND 90 µm diameter
- 18. Office Hazard Furniture Fire retardants produce carcinogenic toxins into the air. The chemicals can result in infertility, hormone disruptions, neurodevelopmental delays and other serious health risks. Air Freshener Contains phthalates and other chemicals that can disrupt hormonal functions and induce respiratory diseases. Terpenes can react with ozone to form significant concentration of formaldehyde and acetone. Printers Inkjet printer industrial inks contain glymes that can damage reproductive system. Floor Carpet flooring can trap dander, dusts, allergens and nasty particles that can exacerbates asthma or other respiratory ailments.
- 19. 3.8 Million premature deaths annually due to indoor air pollution6 Responsible for 45% and 28% of all children and adult pneumonia deaths respectively Lung Cancer 8% 18% 20% 27% 27% Stroke Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) Ischaemic Heart Disease Pneumonia People exposed to high levels of smoke from cooking and smoking have heightened risk of COPD Daily exposure to air pollution from cooking with solid fuels and kerosene accounts for 12% of stroke premature deaths Responsible for 11% of all deaths due to isochaemic heart disease Exposure to carcinogens from indoor air pollution through cooking with kerosene or solid fuels attributes to 17% of premature lung cancer deaths
- 21. Inhaling Polluted Air Is Not Fair! Spread Solution Not Pollution! Importance of Air Purification ü Improve quality of air within indoor environment ü Improve quality of air in hospital and environments where infectious agents are easily transmitted through the air ü Removal of dust, pollen, indoor smoke and other air pollutants ü Alleviate asthma, respiratory allergy, cardiopulmonary ailments and other air pollution-related health issue
- 22. A High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filtration LOREM IPSUM DOLOR LOREM IPSUM DOLOR Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out of your awesome Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out of your awesome Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out of your awesome Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out of your awesome § Able to filter >99.97% particles larger than 0.3µm § Allows less than 3 out of 10,000 particulate matters to escape through its submicron fibers § Medical grade have more stringent particle limits § Does not generate harmful by-products § Does not remove odours, chemicals or gases B C Methods of Air Purification Activated Carbon Filtration § Usually combined with HEPA Filtration to adsorb and remove odours, chemicals and gases § Low efficiency in removing airborne particulates and allergens Electrostatic Precipitator § Charge airborne particulates and then capturing them on collector plates, which can be easily washed off § Air flow through the precipitator is critical and needs to be controlled § Unable to remove odours, chemicals or gases
- 23. D Air Ionizer LOREM IPSUM DOLOR LOREM IPSUM DOLOR Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out of your awesome Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out of your awesome Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out of your awesome Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out of your awesome § Ionizes oxygen into anions and attract particulates in the air magnetically until they drop due to increased mass § Proven to be less effective than other technologies § Does not completely eliminate and remove contaminants, and may re- contaminate air E F Methods of Air Purification Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation § Usually used after filtration systems to eliminate shielding of microorganisms by larger particles § Excellent efficiency in killing microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses § Does not remove airborne particulates and allergens Photocatalytic Oxidation § Metal plate coated in TiO2 used together with UV Irradiation to oxidize chemicals such as organic compounds into harmless CO2 and water § Breaks down molecular bonds holding large molecules of volatile organic compounds § TiO2 photo-catalyst also has antibacterial properties
- 24. G Ozone Generator LOREM IPSUM DOLOR Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out of your awesome Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out of your awesome § Generation of ozone to destroy microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses, inhibiting their growth § Does not remove airborne particulates such as dust and allergens § Proven less effective than other technologies as concentration of ozone generated is too low H Methods of Air Purification Rock Salt Lamp § Uses hygroscopic mechanism to accumulate water molecules from surrounding air § Contaminants may be carried in the water molecules towards the lamp § As the lamp heats up, water molecules evaporate leaving the trapped particulates on the lamp
- 25. Rating of Air Purification Methods A HEPA Filtration7 Cost 20% Maintenance 20% Removal 65% Efficiency 45% B Activated Carbon Filtration7 40% 15% 20% 55% Cost Maintenance Removal Efficiency C Electrostatic Precipitator8 50% 85% 75% 60% Cost Maintenance Removal Efficiency • Able to remove particles as small as 0.3µm • High initial and operating cost • Replacement filters to be routinely changed • Higher energy consumption due to restrictive system & filter loses efficiency gradually • Able to remove odor, VOCs and smoke • Low initial cost but relatively high replacement cost • Carbon filter requires replacement regularly (e.g. monthly basis) • Carbon filter loses efficiency gradually over time • Able to remove particles smaller than 0.3µm as it uses strong static field • High initial cost but low operating cost • Permanent effectiveness as filter and collection plate can be washed easily with soap and water • Lower energy consumption compared to HEPA Filtration System
- 26. Rating of Air Purification Methods D Air Ionizer7 Cost 40% Maintenance 85% Removal 70% Efficiency 30% E UV Irradiation7 55% 70% 20% 65% Cost Maintenance Removal Efficiency F Photocatalytic Oxidation9 25% 80% 20% 50% Cost Maintenance Removal Efficiency • Able to magnetically attract airborne particles with negative ions and sink onto the ground • Less expensive compared to HEPA Filtration System • Washable and reusable collection plate similar to Electrostatic Precipitator • Particles that were attracted can re-contaminate the air • Only able to kill and remove microorganisms • Lower initial and operating cost than HEPA Filtration System • UV bulb can last quite long before replacement (i.e. 5000 hour UV bulb can last up to 7 years) • Gradual efficiency loss as UV bulb ages • Only able to kill and remove microorganisms • Expensive catalyst but lower operating cost • Low maintenance as catalyst can be regenerated • Only treats air in contact with the activated target surfaces
- 27. Rating of Air Purification Methods G Ozone Generator9 Cost 60% Maintenance 70% Removal 30% Efficiency 25% H Rock Salt Lamp10 70% 60% 20% 30% Cost Maintenance Removal Efficiency • Able to remove microorganisms, odor and some VOCs • Low initial and operating cost • Low maintenance as it uses 185nm UV lamp that does not require regular replacement • Low efficiency as ozone is produced at low concentration that may not be effective • Able to remove pollen, dander, smoke and other airborne particles • Cost-effective method of purification • Can last longer than filters if operated and maintained in right condition • Negative ions released from the lamp can attract particles the same way as the air ionizer, likewise possibility of re-contamination
- 28. STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 Integrated Purification System An external mount to the integrated system that filters off larger airborne particles such as dust and hair that could wear out internal HEPA filter quickly. Lastly, the air ionizer uses high voltage to electrically charge the surrounding air particles to create negative ions. Airborne particles are the attracted to the electrode with strong static field. Can consist of a line of filters including HEPA Filter, Bio-Filter and Activated Carbon Filter. HEPA Filter can remove 99.97% of all airborne particles, Bio- Filter contains a biofilm that can immobilize and degrade microorganisms, and Activated Carbon Filter adsorbs odorous gases or liquids. Upon filtration, most airborne particulate matters are removed but not the microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. The use of UV irradiation incorporated with photocatalytic Titanium Dioxide can kill and inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Pre-Screening Filter Ionization Stage Filtration Systems Germicidal Stage
- 29. Integrated Purification System HEPA Filter Bio-Filter Activated Carbon Filter Germicidal Stage Ionization Stage CLEAN AIR SCREENED POLLUTED AIR UV Titanium Dioxide Surface OH● OH● OH● CO2 + H2O Ionizer Static Field - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- 31. Product 1 Blueair Pro https://www.blueair.com/sg/blueair-families/pro 1. Particle Filter 2. SmokeStop Filter 3. HEPASilent Technology • Removes 99.97% airborne particles such as pollen, dust and pet dander • Electrostatic and mechanical filtration system à Less dense filter media • Highly porous structure made of activated carbon to trap gaseous pollutants such as smoke and VOCs • Able to remove odor of environment • Combination of advanced filter media and encapsulated ion particle charging chamber • Naturally antibacterial polypropylene fibers in filtration system to prevent bacteria and mold growth • Silent technology
- 32. Streamer discharge (wider plasma discharge) destroys micro-organisms and hazardous chemical substances through oxidation, subsequently decomposing into nitrogen, oxygen atoms and water molecules. Product 2 Daikin Streamer Air Purifier http://www.daikin.com/products/ac/lineup/air_purifiers/index.html 1 2 3 4 Six-layer filtration system that efficiently removes allergens, microorganisms and odorous gases/ smoke. The system contains Streamer discharge unit, Prefilter, Plasma ionizer, Electrostatic dust collection filter, Titanium apatite filter and deodorizing catalyst filter. The pollen ion mode enables switching between normal and low airflow to create gentle turbulence, for which pollen is easily caught before it lands on the floor. Plasma ionizes the dust and pollen into positive charge while charging the electrostatic dust collection filter negatively, so that the dust and pollen would be attracted to the filter.
- 33. Product 3 Honeywell UV Purifier with AirBRIGHTTM Odor Absorption https://yourhome.honeywell.com/en/products/uv-purifier/new-24v-uv-air-purifier 1. Application 2. Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation 3. AirBRIGHTTM Odor Absorption • Can be installed at the air-conditioner coil • UV light renews the AirBRIGHT system, making it almost maintenance-free • Able to reduce 99% of mold on the air-conditioning coil, preventing unwanted odors into the environment • Inhibits the surface growth of micro-organism contaminants such as mold and bacteria from forming on air- conditioning coil and drain pan • Able to reduce Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) levels by more than 90% • Use of Advanced Photocatalytic Oxidation technology and combination of UV light and activated carbon cells
- 34. Product 4 Olansi Portable Air Purifier http://www.oemairpurifier.com/product/portable-ionizerhepa-filteruv-lamphome- air-purifier-wholesale-air-purifier-for-home/ 1. Nano-cold Catalyst Filter • Washable and reusable lanthanon low temperature nano-catalyst that removes pollen, dust, bacteria and harmful airborne chemicals; antibacterial efficiency over 95% • Eliminates odorous gases and smoke, efficiency over 90% 2. Honeycomb Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Filter • Small and low-volume pores that maximizes surface area of 500m2/g • Honeycomb design increases adsorption of gases, oil vapours, odors and VOCs 3. Antibacterial Non-woven Fabric Filter • Helps trap microorganisms to reduce risk of spreading infection 4. True HEPA Filter • Filter with 0.1 µm pore size and removes 99.97% airborne particles such as pollen, dust and pet dander • Prevention of spread of certain airborne bacteria and viruses 5. Ultraviolet Sterilization Light • Uses 365nm ultraviolet light to purify the air and eliminate odor • Produces certain concentration of negative ions to remove some airborne particulates 6. Anion Release • Releases huge amount of negative charged oxygen ions to attract the airborne particles magnetically • Particles attracted together become denser and sink to the ground
- 35. Product 5 Sharp Plasmacluster Air Purifier https://sharp.com.sg/web/produ cts/prodDetail.asp?ProdId=279 5&mode=Spec Plasmacluster Ion technology emits both positive and negative ions into the air at rate of 7000 ions/cm2 for purification. It is able to eliminate airborne microorganisms and wide range of odorous gases and smokes. 1 2 3 4 Through Plasmacluster Ion technology, Sharp Air Purifier is able to target surrounding airborne mould, allergens, bacteria and viruses by converting the hydrogen molecules in their surface proteins into water. Hydroxide radicals released are strong oxidizing agent that adhere to the microorganisms’ surfaces, and remove hydrogen from the surface protein. This eventually degrades and breaks down the microorganisms. The Sharp Plasmacluster Air Purifier also uses HEPA Filter and Deodorisation Filter that are able to eliminate airborne particulate and odorous agents.
- 36. The system consists of proprietary Panasonic nanoeTM Purification, Nano Fiber HEPA Filter, Deodorizing Filter, Megacatcher and House dust catcher. Product 6 Panasonic F-VXL95M Air Purifier https://www.panasonic.com/africa/consumer/home-appliances/air- purifiers/f-vxl95m.html 1 2 3 With the nanoeTM Purification technology that emits fine (5 – 20nm) weak acidic water particle with hydroxide radical and an electric charge, it can inhibit 99.9% of bacteria, viruses and other airborne mircroorganisms. The technology is also able to eliminate 90% of odor within 30 minutes, as well as helping restore air moisture needed by our skin. The Nano Fiber HEPA Filter is able to remove 99.9% of the airborne particulate matter as small as 0.1 µm.
- 37. Product 7 Philips Series 3000i https://www.philips.com.sg/shop/SG_Super/household-products/air- purifier-and-air-humidifier/series-3000i-air-cleaner/p/AC3259_30 1. Performance 2. VitaShield IPS 2. AeraSense technology • CADR (Smoke) : 393 m3/h • Filter PM2.5: >99% • Filter bacteria: 99.99% • It contains aerodynamic design and extra-thick NanoProtect Filter that is able to remove even the small nano-sized particles • Microorganisms such as allergens, mould, bacteria and viruses can also be eliminated by the nanofiltration technology • The proprietary Philip AeraSense technology is able to accurately identfy particles smaller than PM2.5, providing real-time analysis of the indoor air quality • The continuous monitoring of air quality makes the device more effective in cleaning the air and maintaining the standard of air quality compared to products that are time-automated
- 38. REFERENCES 1. Ghorani-Azam, A., Riahi-Zanjani, B., & Balali-Mood, M. (2016, September 01). Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 21 - 65. 2. Hutt, R., & Breene, K. (2016, October 27). 7 shocking facts about air pollution. Retrieved June 11, 2018, from World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/air-pollution-the-true- cost-in-numbers/ 3. Thompson, E. (2016, September 27). WHO report warns over 90% of world’s population affected by high levels of air pollution Enquiries Emma Thompson lauren.anderson@europeanlung.org Creative Commons License This work by European Lung Foundation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. News and media News Videos . Retrieved June 11, 2018, from Healthy Lungs For Life: http://www.europeanlung.org/en/projects-and- research/projects/healthy-lungs-for-life/news-and-media/news/who-report-warns-over-90-of- world%E2%80%99s-population-affected-by-high-levels-of-air-pollution 4. McCarthy, N. (2018, April 18). Air Pollution Contributed To More Than 6 Million Deaths In 2016 [Infographic]. Retrieved June 12, 2018, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2018/04/18/air-pollution-contributed-to-more-than-6- million-deaths-in-2016-infographic/#677fafaa13b4 5. Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2017, October 01). Air Pollution. Retrieved June 12, 2018, from Our World in Data: https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution 6. World Health Organization. (2018, May 08). Household air pollution and health. Retrieved June 13, 2018, from World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household- air-pollution-and-health 7. APEC. (2018, September 01). Different types of air filters (Hepa, Ionic, UV, Carbon) . Retrieved June 13, 2018, from APEC: http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/general-health/air/diff-types-of-air-filters.php 8. Lasko. (2017, October 01). What You Need To Know About Air Purification! Retrieved June 14, 2018, from Lakso India: http://laskoindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Air-Purifier.pdf 9. InspiredLiving. (2016, March 24). Air Purifier Technology Comparisons. Retrieved June 14, 2018, from InspiredLiving.com: https://inspiredliving.com/airpurifiers/compare-air-purifier-technology.htm 10. McLaughlin, R. (2015, February 01). Salt Rock Lamps As Air Purifiers – Do They Work? Retrieved June 14, 2018, from The Air Purifier Professor: http://airpurifierprofessor.com/articles/salt-rock- lamps-as-air-purifiers-do-they-work
- 39. THANK YOU