1. STUDY UNIT 4.1
MEMORY

2. MEMORY PROCESS
How do we take it in?
Where does the info go?
How do I get the info out?

3. Enkodering / Encoding Bewaring / Storage Herroeping / Retrieval
1. Vorm ‘n geheue kode / Forming a
memory code
1. Drie verskillende store van inligting /
Three separate memory stores:
1. Herroepingsleidrade / Retrieval cues
2. Aandag / attention: “Cocktail party” 2. Herkonstruksie en bron monitering/
Reconstruction and source monitering
3. Vlakke van verwerking / Levels of
processing:
* Struktureel / Structural
* Fonemies / Phonemic
* Semanties /
Semantic
- Sensoriese geheue/
Sensory memory
- Korttermyn geheue /
Shortterm memory
- Langtermyn geheue/ Longterm memory
3. Hoekom vergeet ons?
Why do we forget?
* Hoe vinnig? /
How quickly?
4. Verbetering van Enkodering /
Enriching Encoding
(Ook genoem Geheuestelsels / Also
known as the memory systems)
4. Onthou kontroversie /
Recovered memories controversy.
5. Verbeter jou geheue

4. ENCODING
• Creation of a memory code
• Attention: focus and awareness to various stimuli or events
• Eg. cocktail party
• Incoming information is processed at different levels: deep processing =
more permanent memory codes.

6. ENRICHING OF ENCODING
• Extension:
• Connecting to other data: eg. Think of examples.
• Visual imagery:
• Visual represented to be remembered.
• - "Dual coding theory" semantically and visually
• Self-reference encoding:
• - Using information a personal meaning.
• Structural encoding is a superficial process, words flash on screen, see upper or lower,
colour etc.
• Phonemic encoding, audio
• Simatic encryption, meaning.
• MTR motivation to remember,

7. STORING
Storing of encoded information:
Sensory Short term Long term

8. SENSORY MEMORY
• Short storage of sensory information in original form.
• Hearing / Visual - fraction of a second:
• After-image

9. SHORT TERM MEMORY
o Capacity limited:
o "Magical number 7 plus or minus 2"
o "Chunking": Group known stimuli / concepts together as a single unit
o Eg. A-C-F-B-B-A-S-S-I-A
o vs ABSA - FNB - FBI
o Time limit:
o Maintain information for 10-20 seconds without repetition
o Defence and interference that info is lost.
Unrehearsed for 10-20 seconds.
Repetition can be something permanent store.
mainly phonemic encoding

10. WORKING MEMORY
• Short-term memory is more complex than just repetition.
• NB: Intelligence and complex cognitive processes.
• Chunk: similar known information stored in one place
• Phonological course: STM earlier stage.
• Visuo: Keep in mind some pictures
• Central: coordinate
• Episodic: limited capacity
• STM = limited capacity & Storage
• Hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

11. LONG TERM MEMORY
• Unlimited memory store information over a long period may be retained.
• Permanent storage of information?
• Flashlight memories
• Remember through hypnosis
• Debate: Is Short-term and long - term
• memory really different?
• Phonemic vs. semantic
• Coding
• Defence vs Interference /
• overload
Detailed recollections of the
circumstances in which you learned
mementos, newsworthy events.
Fade with time and it is not as
reliable as people think

12. LONG TERM: ORGANIZATION
• 1. Conceptual hierarchy/
• “Clustering”: Grouped together and
• Organization of concepts

13. • 2. Schemes
• Existing and
• organized information about a
• topic or event

14. • Sematic networks:
• Concepts linked together with networks

15. • Parallel distributed processing model:
• Physiological and neuro psychological process
• activation of information

16. FORGET
• Why people forget things
• They want to remember:
• Adaptable?
• Irrelevant information?
• Errors in encoding,
• Storage and retrieval
Retrieval - cues: help gain access to memory
Context cues: facilitate retrieval of information.
Forget what you are looking for. Repeat path.
Remember
not hypnosis!
Reconstruction is not always right. Will remember
that interfere with overall impression
Reality monitoring; deciding approbate process if
based on external sources

17. WHY FORGET?
• Ineffective encoding:
• Pseudo-forgotten
• Lack of attention
• Inefficient storage process:
• Defense
• Interference:
• Retroactive interference
• Proactive interference
• Ineffective recall:
• Encoding specific principle
• Appropriate transfer processes
• Motivated forgetting :: Suppression

18. EBINGHAUS: FORGETTING CURVE

20. FALSE MEMORY
• Controversial debate:
• Therapeutic intervention: Remember trauma.
• Supporters:
• Abuse underestimated
• Respect repressed memories
• Sceptics:
• Power of suggestion
• ? Hypnosis, Dream Analysis, Leading questions