Green Giraffe Advisory: Offshore wind market today.pdf
Sustainable energy for all
1. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
course System Design for Sustainability (SDS)
learning resource 5.1
Sustainable energy for all
carlo vezzoli
politecnico di milano . DESIGN dept. . DIS . School of Design . Italy
LeNS - Learning Network on Sustainability
LeNSes - Learning Network on Sustainabile energy systems (EU edulink II)
LeNSin - international Learning Network of networks on Sustainability (EU erasmus+)
2. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
. sustainable development is not possible without a
sustainable energy for all
. Distributed Renewable Energy (DRE): key
leverage for a sustainable development
. Sustainable Product-Service System (S.PSS): a
promising model for Distributed Renewable Energy
(DRE)
CONTENTS
3. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS NOT POSSIBLE
WITHOUT SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL
4. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
ENERGY IS AN ESSENTIAL INPUT TO ALMOST EVERY
GOOD AND SERVICE
energy services have a profound effect on:
. health
. food and water security
. education
. communication services
. productivity
….
ENERGY IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST INDUSTRIAL
SECTOR (~ 70% OF WORLD GDP)
5. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
WHAT ABOUT THE ACCESS TO ENERGY?
6. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
ENERGY ACCESS
1.2 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity
1 further billion do not have reliable access to electricity
who are those living without electricity?
. more than 95% are in the sub-Saharan Africa and
developing Asia countries
. 80% of the world total are in rural areas
(World Energy Outlook 2015, International Energy Agency)
7. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
source: http://www.un.org/en/events/sustainableenergyforall/index.shtml
8. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
ELECTRICITY ENABLES:
. children to study after dark
. water to be pumped for crops
. foods and medicines to be refrigerated
. modern fuels for cooking and heating
. …
LACK OF ACCESS HAMPERS THE PROVISION OF BASIC
SERVICES SUCH AS HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION
(World Energy Outlook 2015, International Energy Agency)
9. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
ACCESS TO MODERN FUELS/ENERGY FOR COOKING:
2.7 billion people access energy through traditional
biomass
4.000 premature deaths everyday are due to biomass
fumes (1,5 millions a year)
(World Energy Outlook 2015, International Energy Agency)
10. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
ACCESS TO ENERGY STRONGLY CONTRIBUTE
TO REDUCE INEQUALITY AND POVERTY
“SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS NOT POSSIBLE
WITHOUT SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL”
11. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY
(resolution 65/151) …
… has designated
“2012 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY FOR ALL”
… and unanimously declared
"2014-2024 THE DECADE OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
FOR ALL"
12. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
THREE INTER-LINKED OBJECTIVES:
to be achieved by 2030 necessary for long-term
sustainable development
. ENSURE universal ACCESS to modern energy services
. DOUBLE the rate of improvement in energy EFFICIENCY
. DOUBLE the share of RENEWABLE energy in the global
energy mix
SUSTAINABILITY ENERGY FOR ALL:
UN AGENDA
13. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
IS THE EXISTING ENERGY SYSTEM SUSTAINABLE?
IT IS DEFINITELY UNSUSTAINABLE!
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL REQUIRE A
PARADIGM SHIFT IN ENERGY SECTOR
WHAT ARE THE PROMISING ALTERNATIVE MODELS?
14. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY: KEY LEVERAGE
FOR A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
15. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY (DRE)
A (THE) PROMISING MODEL AIMING AT
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL
a paradigm shift alternative to traditional
centralised and non-renewable (e.g. fossil fuels)
system of energy generation and distribution
16. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
2 CHARACTERISING ELEMENTS
. SYSTEM STRUCTURE:
from centralised to decentralised and distributed
energy systems
. TYPE OF ENERGY SOURCES:
from non-renewable (fossil fuel-based) to renewable
energy sources
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY
17. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
SYSTEM STRUCTURE: from centralised to
decentralised and distributed energy systems
large power plant that deliver
energy via great transmission
and distribution networks
CENTRALISED ENERGY SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY
18. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
SYSTEM STRUCTURE: from centralised to
decentralised and distributed energy systems
small scale generation plants,
that deliver energy to local
consumer
(eventually connected with
others)
DECENTRALISED ENERGY SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY
19. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
SYSTEM STRUCTURE: from centralised to
decentralised and distributed energy systems
small scale generation plants
at the point of use
(eventually connected with
others)
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY
20. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
SYSTEM
STRUCTURE to decentralised and distributedfrom centralised
SYSTEM STRUCTURE: from centralised to
decentralised and distributed energy systems
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY
21. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
WAVE
TIDAL
TYPE OF ENERGY SOURCES
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY
BIOMASSWIND
HYDRO
SOLAR
GEOTHERMAL
22. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
SYSTEM
STRUCTURE
from centralised to decentralised and distributed
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY
RESOURCES from non-renewable to renewable
a paradigm shift alternative to traditional centralised
and non-renewable (e.g. fossil fuels) system of
energy generation and distribution
23. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY:
CHARACTERISTICS
. renewable resources:
solar, wind, hydro, biomass,
geothermal energy
. small-scale generation plants
. generation at or near the point of use
. end-users are the producers: individuals, small
businesses and/or communities
. can be connected with each other and/or to the
main grid to share energy surplus
24. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
standalone
(off-grid)
mini-grid grid of mini-grids
distributed
main-grid
connected
distributed
decentralized
decentralized
main-grid
connected
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY: CONFIGURATIONS
25. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
standalone
(off-grid)
mini-grid grid of mini-grids
distributed
main-grid
connected
distributed
decentralized
decentralized
main-grid
connected
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY: CONFIGURATIONS
26. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
standalone
(off-grid)
mini-grid grid of mini-grids
distributed
main-grid
connected
distributed
decentralized
decentralized
main-grid
connected
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY: CONFIGURATIONS
27. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
standalone
(off-grid)
mini-grid grid of mini-grids
distributed
main-grid
connected
distributed
decentralized
decentralized
main-grid
connected
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY: CONFIGURATIONS
28. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
“A small-scale generation plant sourced by renewable
energy resources (such as solar, wind, hydro, biomass
and geothermal energy), at or near the point of use,
where the user is the producer, whether an individual,
a small business and/or a local community. Nearby
generation plants can be connected with each others
in local mini-grid to share the energy surplus; which
may in turn be connected with nearby similar
networks and/or to the main grid”.
[LeNSes proposal, EU Edulink project, 2013-2016]
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY: DEFINITION
29. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
WHY ARE DRE ENVIRONMENTALLY AND
SOCIOETHICALLY SUSTAINABLE?
LET’S COMPARE DRE WITH NON-RENEWABLE
CENTRALISED ENERGY SYSTEMS
30. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
NON-RENEWABLE + CENTRALISED RENEWABLE + DISTRIBUTED
• based on exhausting resources
• high greenhouse gases emission
(global warming)
• environmental impact of extraction and
refinement processes
• (high energy transmission losses)
• based on non-exhaustable resources
• low greenhouse gases emission
• lower environmental impact for
extraction, transformation, distribution
• (low energy transmission losses)
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
31. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
NON-RENEWABLE + CENTRALISED RENEWABLE + DISTRIBUTED
SOCIO-ETHICAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
big-scale generation plants
complex to be realised and managed >
require high economic investment
low direct access to resources >
low power to individual over their own
destiny > widening rich AND poor gap
small generation scale plants
easy to be installed, maintain, managed >
require low economic investment
allow individuals and local communities
install/manage plants > democratisation of
access to resources > enhance local
employment and dissemination of
competences
32. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
MORE FLEXIBLE AND RESILIENT
NON-RENEWABLE + CENTRALISED RENEWABLE + DISTRIBUTED
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
33. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIATION OF THE SUN:
50 MILLION GW
10.000 TIMES MORE THAN WHAT IS USED BY THE
WORLD POPULATION
to satisfy the world energy
needs would be enough a
surface of 500.000 km2
of
Photovoltaic panels
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
34. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy 34
to meet the (country) Italian demand for energy,
how wide a surface of photovoltaic plants should be?
the Italian energy demand is
about 340,000 GWh/year
to meet such a demand:
2.890 km2
is the surface
required to install a PV plant
(1% of the total Italian surface)
it would be enough to cover
existing building of the
Lombardy region
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
35. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
“the creation of a renewable energy
regime, loaded by buildings,
partially stored in the form of
hydrogen, distributed via an energy
internet—a smart intergrid—and
connected to plug in zero emission
transport, opens the door to a Third
Industrial Revolution.”
[Rifkin, 2011]
THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
36. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
1. shifting to renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro,
geothermal, ocean waves and biomass)
2. buildings as power plants
3. deploying hydrogen and other storage
technologies in every building and throughout the
infrastructure to store intermittent energies
4. using internet technology to transform the power
grid of every continent into an energy sharing
intergrid that acts just like the internet
5. transitioning the transport fleet to electric, plug
in and fuel cell vehicles that can buy and sell
electricity on a smart continental interactive
power grid
PILLARS OF THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
[Rifkin, 2011]
37. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEM (S.PSS):
A PROMISING MODEL FOR DISTRIBUTED
RENEWABLE ENERGY (DRE)
38. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
… a paradigm shift from traditional product sale offer model …
A WIN-WIN POTENTIAL
an offer/business model capable of creating (new) value
decoupling it from resources consumption and environmental
impact increase, while being accessible even to low and middle-
income people and increasing local employment and skills
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEM
INNOVATION
Product-
oriented
Result-
oriented
Use-
oriented
39. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR
LOW/MIDDLE INCOME CONTEXTS (ALL)
[LeNSes, 2016]
=
SELLING PRODUCT TO “UNIT OF SATISFACTION”
CUSTOM. VALUE INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP TO ACCESS
INNOVATION TECHNOLOGICAL TO STAKEHOLDER CONFIGURATION S.PS
S
Product-oriented
Result-oriented
Use-oriented
S.PSS APPLIED TO DRE: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL
V
TO DECENTRALISED AND DISTRIBUTED
TO RENEWABLE
STRUCTURE
RESOURCE
CENTRALISED
NON-RENEWABLE
DRE
Off-grid
Mini-gird
Grid of mini-grid
DRE main grid
connected
40. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
S.PSS APPLIED TO DRE IN LOW-INCOME CONTEXTS:
AN EXAMPLE
41. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
The M-POWER company offers to Tanzania rural
people a Solar Home System (SHS) which
includes: the hardware to generate solar energy
(Solar panel + Storage + Wires) + Energy Using
Products (EUP) (two lights + phone charger).
Customers pays as a pay per period (daily fees).
Off Grid Electric retains ownership of SHS and
EUPs and trains a network of local dealers for
installation and customer support.
OFF GRID Electric
M-POWER (provider)
Tanzania
OFF GRID Electric is environmentally
sustainable because it uses the solar
energy + it is socio-ethically
sustainable because give to poor people
access to useful services + it is
economically sustainable because is a
business for the M-POWER company.
42. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
WHY S.PSS APPLIED TO DRE COULD OPEN NEW
OPPORTUNITIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(EVEN) IN LOW/MIDDLE-INCOME CONTEXTS?
selling the access rather than DRE hardware ownership
> reduces/avoids initial investment costs of DRE hardware
(frequently too high a cost for low and middle-income people to
afford) making them more easily accessible
selling the ‘unit of satisfaction’ including life cycle services
costs rather than DRE hardware
> reduces/avoids running cost for maintenance, repair,
upgrade, etc. too high for low and middle-income people,
leading to interruption of DRE use
selling locally-based services more labour intensive, rather than
DRE hardware
> leads to involvement of local rather than global stakeholders,
increasing local employment and skills, i.e. local empowerment
43. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: S.PSS APPLIED TO DRE IS
PROMISING APPRACH TO DIFFUSE SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY IN LOW/MIDDLE-INCOME CONTEXTS (FOR ALL)
“A S.PSS applied to DRE is a promising approach to
diffuse sustainable energy in low/middle-income
contexts (for all), because it reduces/cuts both the
initial (capital) cost of DRE hardware purchasing (that
may be unaffordable) and the running cost for
maintenance, repair, upgrade, etc. of such a DRE
hardware (that may cause the interruption of use),
while increasing local employment and related skills,
resulting in a key leverage for a sustainable
development process aiming at democratizing the
access to resources, goods and services.”
[LeNSes, 2016]
44. Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR
LOW/MIDDLE INCOME (ALL) CONTEXTS
=
SELLING PRODUCT TO “UNIT OF SATISFACTION”
CUSTOM. VALUE INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP TO ACCESS
INNOVATION TECHNOLOGICAL TO STAKEHOLDER CONFIGURATION S.PS
S
Product-oriented
Result-oriented
Use-oriented
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: S.PSS APPLIED TO DRE
V
as fare as it
cut initial + running cost of DRE hardware (extending access to all)
increase local employment and skills (empower local communities)
TO DECENTRALISED AND DISTRIBUTED
TO RENEWABLE
STRUCTURE
RESOURCE
CENTRALISED
NON-RENEWABLE
DRE
Off-grid
Mini-gird
Grid of mini-grid
DRE main grid
connected