BUS 475_Lauren Pirk_South Sudan Presentation

AMIDST THE TRIBAL CONFLICTS, MALNOURISHED BODIES, AND STRONG
GOVERNMENTAL INFLUENCE IS A NATION IN NEED OF CHANGE TO
SUCCESSFULLY CARRY THEM THROUGH THE YEARS TO COME. THIS PAPER
PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF SOUTH SUDAN: THE LAND, ITS PEOPLE, THEIR
ECONOMY AND PRACTICAL BUSINESS SOLUTIONS TO HELP THE NATION
FIND HOPE IN THE MIDST OF CRISIS.
BUS 475_Lauren Pirk_ Senior Project
Presentation

Natural Environment
 Area of 976,000 sq./mi.
 Largest African Country
 Nubian and Libyan deserts in the
North.
 Central and rolling plains in the
central part of Sudan, Khartoum
 Vast Marshland called the Sudd
in the South.
 Wide variety of land, a mixture of
rainforest and desert throughout.
 Highest Mountain peak: The
Imatong Mountains, Mount
Kinyeti.
 10,460 feet high.

Climate
 Hot, dry, and hostile
 Temperatures of up to 120
degrees Fahrenheit.
 Little rain; averaging 0-4 inches
 In the North Desert there is
nearly no water, except what
comes from the Nile.
 Warm, wet, and tropical.
 Temperatures of ranging from 84 to
120 degrees Fahrenheit.
 A lot of rain; averaging from 8-36
inches in the southernmost
reaches of the country.
 Humid
 Rainy season is from April to
October.
 Flooding is very common; when
the haboob occurs (between
March and October, all activities
come to a stop because of the
hazardous outcomes.
North South Sudan

Natural Resources
 Large Amount
 Most are undeveloped
 Reserves can yield 500,000 barrels of oil per
day.
 In actuality, they are yielding less than half of
that.
 The Nile River – perhaps the greatest natural
resource that Sudan has.

Agriculture
 Coffee, fruit and tea
plantations were once very
popular in the south.
 Boran Cattle – produce milk and
meat; use urine for insect
repellent.
 Semi-Arid Region: peanuts,
millet, wheat sorghum, and
sesame seeds. Cotton is one of
the major exports grown in this
area.
 The Sudd: maize, sesame,
sweet potatoes, cotton,
groundnuts, cassava, and
tobacco are all regularly grown
here.
 The Mountains: The Jebel
Mountains are very agriculturally
productive,. The eastern region
of Sudan, where the Red Sea
hills reside, is rich with
mahogany, eucalyptus, teak, and
timber.
 The Nile River: provides water
for farming and consumption by
people and animals. It also
contains different kinds of fish
such as tiger fish, salmon, perch,
and catfish. Perch from the Nile
is often exported.
 The Tropical South: rivers and
streams that contain a variety of
fish.

Becoming a State
 After much war and unresolved conflict between North and South Sudan,
the two decided to try and resolve their issues with one another. All of this
took place six months before the secession that was scheduled to take
place in July 2011.
 Meanwhile, Omar Bashir (president of North Sudan) was coming under
attack from political opponents for permitting the south to secede.
 July 9, 2011
 Crowd gathered in Juba to celebrate.

The Ten States
 South Sudan, which comprises
the Upper Nile, western and
eastern Equatoria as well as
Bahr al-Ghazel, has a large
number of ethnic groups with
African heritage.
 The south is said to have the
most complex linguistic and
ethnic population, which includes
the Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk and
Zande.
 The southern region of the
Sudan traditionally consisted of
three provinces: Equatoria, Bahr
el-Ghazal, and Upper Nile.
 In the late 20th century, these
provinces went through a
reorganization and soon became
the ten states of South Sudan.
 Equatoria was divided into
Western Equatoria, Central
Equatoria, and Eastern
Equatoria.
 Bahr el-Ghazal was divided into
Western Bahr el-Ghazal,
Northern Bahr el-Ghazal,
Warrap, and Lakes.

 Upper Nile was divided into
Unity, Jonglei, and Upper Nile

Bahr el Ghazal
 Bahr el Ghazel borders the
Central African Republic to
the west.
 This region in South Sudan is
an area of swamps and
ironstone plateaus inhabited
mainly by the Dinka people,
who make their living through
subsistence farming and
cattle herding.

Equatoria
 Equatoria was established by
Samuel Baker in 1870.
 It is along the top part of the
White Nile.
 The People of Equatoria are
both nomadic and peasants.

Greater Upper Nile
 The Greater Upper Nile is a
region of northeastern South
Sudan. It is named for the White
Nile, a tributary of the Nile River
in North and East Africa.
 The region consists of the states
of Jonglei, Unity, and Upper Nile.
 It borders Ethiopia to the east
and the Republic of the Sudan to
the north. The South Sudanese
region of Bahr el Ghazel lies to
the west and the region of
Equatoria lies to the south of
Greater Upper Nile.

Males
 On almost all levels in Sudan, men control
positions of authority in every segment of
society—domestic, social and political
positions.
 The domain of power and control is largely
associated with fathers, religious leaders,
chiefs, lawmakers, politicians, government
leaders, the military and others (Essien and
Falola 134).

Fathers
 Paths of their Children
 Responsible for giving the name of their child
 First consults with elders
 Fathers are the main authoritative figure of
their household
 Are responsible to provide for their families.

Grandfathers
 Grandfathers are highly
respected in the Sudanese
culture.
 They are generally supported
and taken care of by their
relatives.
 Most grandfathers are not
able to work do to various
health reasons.

Male Children
 Male children serve as
excellent companions
to their parents.
 Economically, they
provide labor security
for their Sudanese
parents.
 In agricultural
societies, one of their
roles is to assist their
mothers as gatherers,
planters and cultivators.

Females
 Women form over 60
percent of the population
of Sudan.
 Women in Sudan are the
“live wires” of most
agricultural societies .
 They perform multiple
roles domestically, and in
the field they act as
gatherers, planters and
cultivators.
 Women also preserve
crops, vegetables and
other important farm
products that are
desperately needed during
harsh seasons.

Mothers
 Many southern Sudanese
women are beginning to favor
a smaller family size to lessen
their familial responsibilities.
 Children and women are said
to have been the two major
victims of the civil war and
are continually separated
from their families and
communities, to this day.
 Typically, Sudanese mothers
embrace people and treat the
entire community and friends
as being part of their family
connection.

Grandmothers
 Grandmothers are
generally supported and
taken care of by their
relatives
 Women are generally the
caretakers of the
grandmothers in their
community.
 Most suffer with health
issues and are not able to
work.

Female Children
 Female children serve as
excellent companions to their
parents.
 Economically, they provide
labor security for their
Sudanese parents.
 Some parents force young
girls into marriage to relieve
themselves from the
responsibility of caring for the
girls, to offer them a better
future, to protect them from
tee age pregnancy, and to
save the family from an
impoverished situation when
they marry a wealthy person.

Widows
 Widows of Sudan are
generally overburdened.
 Many widows are forced to
perform a double role of
nourishing the family and
working outside the home at
the same time to make ends
meet.
 Because of these problems,
many widows have been
struggling to survive in recent
times.

Peoples
 The people of Sudan are generally
categorized into three major regional groups:
1. Those of African descent
2. Those of Arab descent
3. Those who share both ethnicities
through intermarriages.

The Dinka
 The Dinka are the second largest ethnic group
in the country and the largest Nilotic
community.
 The Dinka live in different regions such as
Darfur, southern and northeastern Sudan

The Zande
 The Zande are mostly hunters, herders and
farmers who often grow food crops such as
cassava, yams, palm trees and various types of
fruit.
 The Zande have a tradition of maintaining their
religious rituals and showing respect to the chiefs
who lead various communities.
 The 3rd largest group among the Nilotic people.

Languages
 There are over 500 major languages in Sudan
that are associated with people from different
cultural groups in various regions.
 Arabic is the national language but there is a
wide range of local languages that are spoken
alongside English in most urban areas

Housing
 Most Sudanese homes are
designed close to each other
and are separated by a
courtyard. The intent of
having an outer courtyard is
to have enough space to
construct wells for both
humans and animals, and the
inner courtyards provide
space for livestock.
 Roofs in South Sudan are
usually circular and made of
grass; designers are aware
that a mud roof in the south
stands a lesser chance of
holding heavy rain.
 Southerners have also found
that pitched round-roofed
grass housing is normally
used by herders, farmers,
nomads and migrant workers
not only because a round-
shaped edifice provides
ample room for storage but
because they are cheaper to
build than mud roofs.
 Most houses have a single
window and a wooden door.
 Houses are build with stone
and they are either one or two
stories high with balconies.

Clothings
 Traditional dress plays a
rather big role in the
Sudanese culture.
 The older generations of
Sudanese people view the
traditional dress as a way of
carrying out longstanding
cultural traditions, preserving
them and passing it on to the
next generation.
 In general it is unacceptable
for women to wear dresses or
clothes that expose their
bodies
 If the weather is hot, it is very
common to see people
wearing loose clothes.
 Many people can be seen in
urban and Western attire,
such as skirts, shorts and
blouses. In business, banking
institutions and public places,
Sudanese wear suits, ties
and casual clothes such as
jeans and t-shirts.

Food
 Food is meant to be consumed
following traditional customs in Sudan.
 People are very hospitable to local and
foreigners. Therefore, they prepare their
food with particular attention to those
who are going to eating it.
 Special guests are given treatment
such as the slaughtering of sheep to
celebrate the occasion. They are also
welcomed with fruit drinks such as
guddaim, aradaib and tabrihana.
 Before meals begin, guests are
provided with juice coffee or tea to
welcome them. Water is then provided
in a special bowl while towels for wiping
hands are offered to the guests.
 In some places where strict traditional
values are held, female guests are
expected to cover their knees with
clothes as they sit around to eat with
men.

Religion
 People often describe Sudan
as ethnically separated
between the Arab Muslim
north and the African South.
 The Sudanese constitution
allows the three religious
groups of Christianity, Islam,
and traditional religions to
exist, but the political tensions
have not always provided an
atmosphere that allows all its
citizens to exercise their
freedom of religious
expression.
 Additionally, the Sudanese
often feel powerless and
hopeless because of attempts
by religious and military
leaders to impose the sharia
laws (Essien and Falola 45).

Economy
 As a nation, South Sudan is one
of the poorest countries in the
world.
 Over half its people live below
the poverty line.
 Sudan’s economy is mainly
agriculturally based.
 Agriculture covers about 75
percent and generates over 80
percent of the country’s export.
 The oil industry is poised to
become Sudan’s single largest
employer and is said to account
for 98 percent of the
government’s revenues.
 Over the last few years, oil
exploration and production has
become consumed in political as
well as ethnical rivalry between
the north and the south parts of
Sudan.
 Both opposing sides are doing
whatever it takes to gain
maximum control of oil reserves
within their geographical
boundaries.

Technology
 Technology is something of
high desire for the people in
South Sudan, however the
nation is not considered
technologically advanced.
 Several private FM stations
are operational in South
Sudan; some foreign radio
broadcasts are available,
however they are only
normally watched or owned
by the educated middle class,
 Cell phones are owned by the
people in Sudan and Mobitel
is known as one of the most
profitable cell phone networks
in Africa.
 Few poor people own cell
phones.
 Television is controlled by the
government in South Sudan.

Medical
 South Sudan is known for
having a very high degree of
risk for major infectious
diseases.
 As far as water is concerned,
South Sudan has some of the
lowest water and sanitation
indicators in the world.
 South Sudan faces many
health care challenges that it
will have to overcome in order
to provide a better standard of
living to its people.
 The doctors in Sudan are
very much overworked;
primarily due to a lack of
proper care facilities.
 South Sudanese in rural
areas have to walk for days to
reach a clinic.
 Once they arrive at a clinic,
majority of the patients spend
hours waiting in line for aid.
 Due to such a high medical
demand, roughly 80 percent
of the medical care in South
Sudan is provided by
international aid groups.

Education
 Only 27 % of the total
population, over the age of
fifteen, can read and write.
 Out of the people that are
considered literate, 40 % of
them are male and 16 % are
female.
 Less than half of the country's
primary-school-age children
attended classes
 The enrollment rate for
secondary education was 4
%, the lowest in the world.
 Tensions between the
government and students
have affected the education
system in many ways.
 Since the 1970s Sudanese
students have successfully
organized strikes and various
forms of protests against
military rulers. They have also
challenged attempts by
religious leaders to introduce
the sharia law

Business
 Oil is the major source of revue for
the nations and both North and South
Sudan depend on it.
 Most of the oil is located in what is
now South Sudan, but the pipeline to
the only port on the Red Sea coast
and many of the refineries are
located in North Sudan.
 There is no specific deal about how
the two nations will share the
reserves and this topic is currently up
for discussion amongst both nations.
 Geological and seismic surveys
completed before 1983 suggest that
reserves of at least 1.2 billion barrels
lie beneath the Sudd.
 A lot of Sugar is exported from
Sudan.
 Out of the 400,000 tons of sugar
produced a year at the Kenana
Sugar Factory, 100,000 tons are
exported.
 Cotton once accounted for more than
half of Sudan’s export earnings.
However, the crop is much smaller
now, fallen to about 5 % of its
greatest production.
 The northern region of Sudan is
known for selling its iron ore.
 Other things that produce a profit for
Sudan include Gum Arabic and Gold
 The Sudanese use livestock for
transportation and meat to make
money: goats, camels, cattle, and
sheep primarily.

The Current Government
 Prior to independence, a parliamentary form of governance
was introduced and it remains a part of the political structure
of Sudan.
 Power is mainly held by military leaders, who are often
blamed for interrupting democratic processes with their
religious agendas.
 Sudanese leaders have adopted different approaches to
governing the populace.
 The constitution of Sudan has not been proven to be effective
and in not really adhered to by the people.

President
 Salva Kiir is the current president of
South Sudan (as of July 2011) and
the next upcoming election is
schedule for 2015.
 During the 2011 election, Kiir
positioned himself as a reformer,
using his inaugural address to call for
the South Sudanese people "to
forgive, though we shall not forget”
what the North had done to them.
 A few weeks later, he publicly
addressed members of the military
and police, warning them that rape,
torture, and other human rights
violations carried out by armed
personnel would be considered
criminal acts and prosecuted
aggressively by the Ministry of
Justice.

Vice President
 Vice President Riek Machar
was elected to be a part of
the Executive Branch of
government on July 10 2011,
the day after President Salva
was elected.
 Riek Machar trained as an
Engineer at Khartoum
University, and obtained a
PhD in Philosophy and
strategic planning from the
University of Bradford in 1984

Financial and Economic Status
 Industry and infrastructure in South
Sudan are really underdeveloped
and poverty is widespread
 The government spends large
amounts of money to maintain a
large army. The government also
delays in paying salaries and
because of this riots by unruly
soldiers have resulted.
 South Sudan depends largely on
imports of goods, services, and
capital from the north.
 The Government of South Sudan set
a target for economic growth of 6%
for 2011, and expects 7.2% growth in
2012. Inflation stood at 8.6% in April
2011, with high fuel prices pushing
up food prices
 South Sudan does not have large
external debt or structural trade
deficits.
 South Sudan has received more than
$4 billion in foreign aid since 2005,
largely from the UK, US, Norway, and
Netherlands, but Khartoum has
imposed blockades on goods and
capital going to South Sudan.
 The World Bank plans to support
investment in infrastructure,
agriculture, and power generation
 Long term problems include
alleviating poverty, maintaining
macroeconomic stability, improving
tax collection and financial
management, focusing resources on
speeding growth, and improving the
business environment., and power
generation.

The Government’s Involvement in
Business
 As a part of their business
regulations, the government insists
that all foreign companies investing
in Sudan include community
development projects in education
and health as a part of their business
plans.
 Critics have accused the government
of forcibly removing local populations
from oil-producing areas.
 The peace accords that were
attempted to enable the north and
south to share oil revenues are
currently under reconstruction and
have caused severe issues between
north and south Sudan over the last
year.
 These tensions between the
governmental forces and rebel
groups have threatened many peace
negotiations
 South Sudan shut down its oil
production in January of this year
(2012) after it failed to agree how
much it should pay to export oil via
pipelines and other infrastructure in
North Sudan. This caused many
financial problems for both north and
south Sudan.
 In the midst of this crisis, the
government has high hopes of
restoring the current economic
conditions of South Sudan.

Tapping Into the Untouched
Grounds
 In addition to gold, south-eastern
Sudan has more than a million
tons of largely untapped chromite
reserves. Searching for these
reserves and exporting them to
surrounding countries would
potentially bring economic
increase to South Sudan
 Sudan’s Red Sea coastline
stretches more than four hundred
miles, but the Sudanese have
done little to efficiently and
effectively use the sea’s bounty.
 Aside from fishing, South Sudan
has a plethora of cattle. Currently
the region supports 10-20 million
head of cattle. A lot of the cattle
that South Sudan has, lack the
proper nutrients to be considered
healthy.
 Taking the time to purify the
water that the cattle drink could
significantly increase their life
span and also cause the cattle to
reproduce at a much healthier
and quicker speed.

What We Can Do To Help
 One of the most practical things
that we can do is help educate
and train Sudanese people.
 The majority of Sudanese people
in the south are rather illiterate
and do not have the basic skill
set it takes to do things like
create water purification
systems.
 By going to Sudan and training
Sudanese people how to use the
resources like water that they
have been naturally given, we
can increase the longevity of
their lives as well as help them
provide health to their cattle.
 Medical aid is really needed in
almost all parts of Sudan.
Although our school does not
have medical students or proper
training to give medical aid
assistance to the Sudanese
people, we do have the ability to
teach and train people how to
start up sustainable businesses.
 In South Sudan, people place a
very high value on their cattle
and crops. A great way to help
them increase the lifespan and
healthiness on these valued
possessions would be to have
agriculture and cattle specialists
sent to educate the people in the
southern parts of Sudan where
these things are done and
handled.

The Ultimate Solution
 From a business standpoint,
educating natives on how to use
their country’s natural resources in
a more effective way is a “must-
be-done”.
 From a medical perspective, one
of the up-front, most important
steps for Sudan is to hire the
doctors and nurses needed to
assist the overload of people
suffering from illness and severe
diseases.
 Next ,purchase the medical
supplies and equipment needed to
aid the millions of sick people.
 Lastly, create more medical
facilities to host the patients.
 From a biblical perspective, it is
evident that God needs to be put
first even in the midst of all of the
struggles that South Sudan is
facing
 One of the most important things
from a biblical perspective would
be that the people of South
Sudan love the Lord with all of
their heart, soul, mind, and
strength.
 Secondly, that they would love
their neighbor as themselves.
 The fate and economy of South
Sudan does not rest on one
mere perspective, but the
ultimate solution comes from the
hope produced as all three of
these perspectives are utilized
and put into action.

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