3. INTRODUCTION
• Human is a social animal who knows to interact
and associate with his fellow being is largely
because of “learning”.
• This learning is from both Environment and
Heredity.
• Nicholas Humphrey described human as ‘homo
Psychologicus’ because we always wanted to
evaluate ourselves and others.
4. CONCEPT OF LEARNING
• “ Learning is the acquisition of new behavior
or the strengthening or weakening of old
behavior as a result of experience.”
-’Smith’
• Learning may be considered a human
disposition or capability which can be retained
and which is not ascribable to the process of
growth. -’Gagne’
→ Learning is a modification of behavior to
attain certain habits ,knowledge and
capabilities.
7. LEARNING OUTCOMES
I. Intellectual Skills
It involves the students ‘ knowing of how to perform an act as
per his knowing for certain conditions.
• Concepts : apple, boy etc
• Discriminations : colors, fruits, vegetables, boy&girl
• Higher-order Rules : makes rule by combining concepts. rules in
connected speech etc
boy play cricket = A child plays cricket.
• Procedures : in Research we use different rules.
8. II. Verbal information
We acquire different pieces of information in a
verbal form through interaction to our
environment. Then we use it for higher
purposes ie, to state or declare
something. It is also known as
Declarative Knowledge.
Eg:- to define grammar rules,
theories etc
9. III. Cognitive Strategies
These are skills through which a learner regulate
his own internal process of attending, learning,
remembering, thinking and problem solving
leading to attain his individual and social goal.
it is to learn and regulate retention of his
learning.
strategies of retention, encoding, retrieval etc
Eg:- Mnemonics.
10. IV.Motor Skills
Motor skills are smooth, precise and accurate
execution of movements involving the use of
muscles. Continued practice gives precision and
smoothness to motor skills.
11. V. Attitudes
Attitudes are inferred internal states of
organization that influences their action
towards certain class of things, person or
events.
Choices of action or behavior is influenced
significantly by attitudes.
We cannot observe it but can inference from one
or more kind of observable behavior.
12.
13.
14.
15. Conditions of learning Intellectual
Skills
INTERNAL
• The previously learned skills
those are components of
new skill.
• The processes that will be
used to recall them and put
them together in a new
form.
EXTERNAL
• To stimulate recall of the
subordinate skill through
verbal communication.
• Inform the learner of
objectives.
• Guiding through question or
hints.
• Providing an occasion to
perform the just learned
skill.
16. Conditions of learning Cognitive
Strategies
INTERNAL
• Encoding Strategy.
• Some previously learned rules
for new topic.
• Putting the facts in familiar
categories by recalling it.
• Strategy of thinking to solve
problem.
Cognitive strategy can be
measured by the originality of
the work the learner does.
EXTERNAL
• Encouraging the learner to
practice cognitive strategies.
• Providing various kinds of
learning materials to enhance
their cognitive strategies.
• Provide situation to attend,
encode and to retrieve.
• Provide a varied, novel
problem solving situations
thus they will be able to select
different strategies in solution.
17. Conditions of learning Verbal
information
INTERNAL
• Previous knowledge of the
linguistic items.
• Prior knowledge on
linguistic rules.
EXTERNAL
• Provide ‘Advance Organizer’.
• Informing the learner of
objectives through
‘statements’.
• Ask question from the
passage to which learner is
expected to answer in
sentences.
• Repeated hearing and
speaking drills and reading.
18. Conditions of learning Motor Skills
INTERNAL
• Prior knowledge.
• ‘Procedural Sequence’
( Executive sub-routine) of
motor skills.
• Through practice .
EXTERNAL
• Provide enough chance for
practice .
• Motivate.
• Provide feedback which is
an inherent part of the act
being performed.
19. Conditions of learning Attitude
INTERNAL
• Intellectual skill involves in
behavior which results in
Attitude.
• Previously learned
intellectual skill results in
choices.ie, Attitude.
• Born out of imitation or
favourism.
EXTERNAL
• Learner observes someone.
‘Good’ or ‘bad’ effects of
the behavior of a ‘Human
Model’.
• The feedback of
accomplishment and
success is also important
22. THEORY OF INSTRUCTION
Instruction is a powerful external condition.
Instruction should be based on the
hierarchical structure of the events of
learning. How the information is processed by
learner makes planning the task of instruction
easy.
The Instruction should enhance and
support internal learning processes for
inculcating the expected learning outcome.
23.
24. 1) Gaining attention
The attention of
students, in the sense
of alertness for
reception of stimuli,
is gained by introducing rapid
stimulus change.
Eg:- by gesturing, loudness of speech by
visual or auditory stimuli
etc
THEORY OF INSTRUCTION
25. 2) Informing learners of the Objectives
When learners comprehend the
objective of instruction, they will
acquire an expectancy that normally
persist throughout the learning and
that will be confirmed through
feedback.
THEORY OF INSTRUCTION
26. 3) Stimulating recall or Prior learning
Make the learner recall his prior
learning regarding the new topic.
THEORY OF INSTRUCTION
27. 4) Presenting the stimulus
Presentation of the essential stimulus.
The stimulus should be perceived as
an initial phase of learning.
THEORY OF INSTRUCTION
28. 5. Providing “Learning Guidance”
The instruction supports the internal
process usually called semantic
encoding, ie, make stimulus as
meaningful as possible.
29. 6) Eliciting Performance
It is the time for the learner to
demonstrate the newly learned
capability according to those
objectives. ( Learning Outcome--)
THEORY OF INSTRUCTION
30. 7) Providing feedback
Feedback about the correctness of
performance should be separately
provided. It reinforces the learner to
repeat the action in future.
THEORY OF INSTRUCTION
31. 8. Assessing performance
In order to assure that the learning
occurred, it is necessary to require
additional instances of the performance.
Assessing is usually by giving a test.
For this the learner retrieves the
learned and reinforced.
32. 9) Enhance Retention and Transfer
Increased amount of practice
constitute a fairly dependable factor for
effecting amount of retention.
THEORY OF INSTRUCTION
33. Prerequisite help to
foster learning.
Instruction can be
arranged properly.
Teacher should plan
according to the
internal and external
conditions of learning
of the learners.
Due weightage
should be given to
each learning
outcome.
Students learn by
modeling, so display
desired behaviors
only.
Systematic instruction
alleviate learning.
Teacher can guide
students to master the
skill.
Feedback reinforces
learners.
34. “Effectiveness of Instructional Strategies
Based on Gagne’s Instructional Design(ID) in
Improving Thinking Skill of Secondary School
Students”
-- Dr. Flosy C.R D’Souza & Dr. H.M Kasinath
“Research in Problem Solving: Improving the
Progression from Novice to Expert”
Roxi Finney
National Council of Teachers’ of Mathematics
on Problem Solving.
35. We can consider Gagne’s learning hierarchy
and Theory of instruction as the epitome or
synthesis of several theories such as Classical
Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and he
had taken the propositions of Ausebel, Bruner
et al. and by siting instances from life
situations, he has increased credibility and
applicability of his views. He proposed
computer based training and multimedia
based learning too.
Thus ‘Gagne’s Assumptions’ are an effective
tool in educational system which enhance and
alleviate the learning.
