1. The facts
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2. Female & Male Hormones
Female Sex Hormones
The ovaries secrete two hormones, oestrogen and
progesterone
Male Sex Hormones
 Testosterone & determines the primary and secondary sex
characteristics.
 The male reproductive system is controlled by hormones
from the hypothalamus and from the anterior pituitary
gland.
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4. Female Reproductive System
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5. Female Reproductive System
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6. Hormonal control of the female
reproductive cycle.
The two cycles are the ovarian cycle and the
uterine cycle. The cycles are interrelated and
average 28 days.
The ovarian cycle is divided into the follicular
phase and the luteal phase.
During the follicular phase the ovarian follicle
matures primarily in response to FSH. The
follicular phase ends with ovulation and is
dominated by oestrogen.
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7. The uterine cycle is divided into the menstral
phase, the proliferative phase and the secretory
phase.
Menstral – loss of part of the endometrial lining and
blood (menstruation)
Proliferative – endometrial lining thickens and becomes
vascular (primarily in response to oestrogen)
Secretory – endometrial lining becomes lush and moist
from increased secretory activity (primarily in response
to progesterone)
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8. Structure and Function of the
Breast
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9. Structure and Function of the
Breast
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11. Hormonal and
Menstrual Alterations
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Leading cause of infertility in the United States
Oligo-ovulation or anovulation
Elevated levels of androgens or clinical signs of
hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries
Multifactorial

Hyperinsulinism, hypertension, dyslipidemia
Dysfunction of follicle development
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12. Infection and Inflammation
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Acute inflammatory disease caused by infection
May involve any organ of the reproductive tract
Salpingitis
 Oophoritis

Sexually transmitted diseases migrate from the
vagina to the upper genital tract
Polymicrobial infection
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13. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
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14. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
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15. Pelvic Relaxation Disorders
The bladder, urethra, and rectum are supported
by the endopelvic fascia and perineal muscles
The muscular and fascial tissue loses tone and
strength with aging
Fails to maintain organs in proper position
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16. Pelvic Relaxation Disorders
Cystocele and rectocele
Urethrocele
Cystourethrocele
Enterocele
Vaginal prolapse
Uterine prolapse
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17. Pelvic Relaxation Disorders
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18. Benign Growths and
Proliferative Conditions
Endometriosis
Presence of functioning endometrial tissue or
implants outside the uterus
Responds to hormone fluctuations of the menstrual
cycle
Possible causes

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Retrograde menstruation, spread through vascular or
lymphatic systems, stimulation of multipotential
epithelial cells on reproductive organs or genetic
predisposition
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19. Cervical Cancer
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20. Benign Growths and
Proliferative Conditions
Endometriosis
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21. Breast Cancer
Reproductive factors
Hormonal factors
Environmental factors and lifestyle
Radiation
Diet
Chemicals (xenoestrogens)
Physical activity
Familial factors and tumor-related genes
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22. Breast Cancer
Manifestations
Painless lump, dimpling of skin, edema
Treatment
Based on stage of cancer
Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone
therapy, biologic therapy and bone marrow
transplantation
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