1. Project
SUBJECT : English
CLASS : Xc
TOPIC : England

2. OBJECTIVES:
1.To know the geographical position of England.
2.To know the history of England.
3.To know the customs and traditions of English
people.
4.To know the culture of Engalnd in years and the
influence of history in culture.
5.To know english spotrs and sportpeople .
6.To know some of the most important people in
England.

3. PROJECT CONTAIN
-Geographical position and history of England
-Customs and traditions of England
-Culture of England
-Sports in England
-VIPs in England

4. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
England’s position in world

5. England’s position in UK

6. ----------------------------GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION-------------------------
England is made up of about 65% of the island of Great Britain as well as the Isle of
Wight and the Isles of Scilly. Scotland borders England to the north and Wales to the
west. The Irish Sea, Atlantic Ocean and North Sea surround England, granting it an
extensive coastline. This contributes to its natural abundance, popularity amongst
locals and tourists and transport system
England covers approximately 130 410 square kilometres or 50 356 square miles and
has a population of just under 60 million people.

7. STONEHENGE
Have you ever watched a movie with the famous stones
from the Stonehenge in it ?
Well those famous rocks and located in England are a
great site to see.

8. River Thames
The River Thamesis a river that flows through southern
England. It is the longest river entirely in England and the second
longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. While it is
best known for flowing throughLondon, the river also flows
alongside other towns and cities,
including Oxford,Reading, Henley-on-Thamesand Windsor.

9. RIVER THAMES LOCH NESS LAKE

10. HISTORY
England is the largest of the countries that today make up the United Kingdom.
The name England comes from the Anglo-Saxons who arrived in the 5th century.
The territory of England has been united as one country since the 10th century.
This article is about the history of that territory until 1707,
when Britain (England and Wales) was joined with Scotland to makeGreat
Britain.

11. ----------------------------- THE VIKINGS------------------------------
Beginning with the raid in 793 on the monastery at Lindisfarne, Vikings made many raids on
England
After a time of raids, the Vikings also began to settle in England and to trade, eventually
controlling an area called the Danelaw from the late 9th century.

12. ------------------------- QUEEN ELIZABETH-----------------------
The reign of Elizabeth returned a sort of order to England in 1558. The religious
question that had divided the country since Henry VIII was put to rest by
the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, which set up the Church of England in much the
same form it has today. The slave trade that made Britain a major economic power
began with Elizabeth, who gave John Hawkins permission to start trading in 1562.

13. ----------------------THE STUARTS AND THE CIVIL WAR----------------------
Elizabeth died without children who could take the throne after her. Her closest male
Protestant relative was the king of Scotland, James VI, of the house of Stuart, so he
became James I of England, the first king of the entire island of Great Britain, although he
ruled England and Scotland as separate countries.
The English Civil War began in 1642, mainly because of conflicts between James'
son, Charles I, and ParliamentA republic was declared, and Oliver Cromwell became
the Lord Protector in 1653. After he died, his son Richard Cromwell followed him in the
office, but soon quit. The monarchy was returned in 1660, after England had a time of
anarchy, with King Charles II again in London.

14. World wars
In 1914 there was world war 1.
Allies – England, Russia, US, France, ect. They fought against
Germany Austria-Hungary ,Bulgaria and the Atoman
empire.Engand won this battle. 25 years later world war 2
started. England and other allied beat Germany in 1945.

15. -------------------------HISTORICAL BUILDINGS------------------------
1.LONDON EYE
The London Eye is a giant Ferris wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London. Also known as
the Millennium Wheel, it has also been called by its owners the British Airways London Eye.
The structure is 443 feet (135 m) tall and the wheel has a diameter of 394 feet (120 m). When erected in
1999 it was the world's tallest Ferris wheel. Its height was surpassed by the 520 feet (158 m) tall Star of
Nanchang in 2006, the 541 feet (165 m) tall Singapore Flyer in 2008, and the 550 feet (168 m) High
Roller (Las Vegas) in 2014. Supported by an A-frame on one side only, unlike the taller Nanchang and
Singapore wheels, the Eye is described by its operators as "the world's tallest cantilevered observation
wheel".
It is Europe's tallest Ferris wheel, and offered the highest public viewing point in London until it was
superseded by the 804 feet (245 m) observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard, which opened to the
public on 1 February 2013. It is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom with over
3.75 million visitors annually, and has made many appearances in popular culture.

16. 2.ELIZABETH TOWER
Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of
Westminster in London and often extended to refer to the clock and the clock tower.The tower is
officially known as Elizabeth Tower, renamed to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in
2012; previously it was known simply as the Clock Tower. The tower holds the second largest
four-faced chiming clock in the world (after Minneapolis City Hall). The tower was completed in
1859.
The clock and dials were designed by Augustus Pugin. The clock dials are set in an iron frame 23
feet (7.0 m) in diameter, supporting 312 pieces of opal glass, rather like a stained-glass window.
Some of the glass pieces may be removed for inspection of the hands. The surround of the dials
is gilded. At the base of each clock dial in gilt letters is the Latin inscription:
DOMINE SALVAM FAC REGINAM NOSTRAM VICTORIAM PRIMAM
Which means O Lord, keep safe our Queen Victoria the First.
Elizabeth tower Big Ben The clock

17. 3. TOWER BRIDGE
Tower Bridge (built 1886–1894) is a combined bascule
and suspension bridge in London. The bridge crosses
the River Thames close to the Tower of London and
has become an iconic symbol of London. Towe
r Bridge is one of five London bridges now owned
and maintained by the Bridge House Estates,
a charitable trust overseen by the City of London
Corporation. It is the only one of the Trust's bridges
not to connect the City of London directly to the Southwark bank, as its northern landfall is in
the Tower Hamlets.
4. COVENT GARDEN
Covent Garden is a district in London on the eastern fringes of the
West End, between St. Martin's Lane and Drury Lane. It is associated
with the former fruit and vegetable market in the central square, now
a popular shopping and tourist site, and the Royal Opera House, which
is also known as "Covent Garden". The district is divided by the main
thoroughfare of Long Acre, north of which is given over to independent
shops centred on Neal's Yard and Seven Dials, while the south contains the central square with its street
performers and most of the elegant buildings, theatres and entertainment facilities, including
theTheatre Royal, Drury Lane, and the London Transport Museum.

18. 5. MADAME TUSSAUDS LONDON
Madame Tussauds is a museum that contains wax models of famous people.
There are numerous galleries such as Pirates of the Caribbean, World leaders,
Warhol's women The Royal Family, the Culture zone and the History of London.
There are interactive tasks such as entering the Big Brother diary room,
umpiring an Andy Murray tennis match or taking a penalty alongside
David Beckham.
You can have your picture taken alongside A – list celebrities like Drew Barrymore, Orlando Bloom,
Nicole Kidman and Leonardo DiCaprio.
For something a little scarier try visiting the Chamber gallery where
serial killers lurk. The music zone represents legends of pop from
Bob Maley through to current chart toppers Kylie and Justin
Timberlake. Visitors are encouraged to try out their own dance
moves to see if they can win an award.
Altrenatively, in the Stardome you can watch a film made by Aardman animations (Wallace and Gromit)
which tries to explain to aliens the nature and status of celebrity culture.

19. CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
---Every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. Britain is different from our own
country. This is natural. In Britain traditions play a more important part in the life of the people than in
other countries. Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up.

20. Intersting costums and traditions in
England
■It has been the law for about 300 years that all the theatres are closed on Sundays. No
letters are delivered; only a few Sunday papers are published. Foreigners coming to
England are stuck at once by quite a number of customs and pecularities in the English
life.

21. Intersting costums and traditions in
England
■In england the Queen opens the parlament once a year, she goes to the Houses of
Parlament in the golden coach, she wears the crown jewels. She opens the Parlament
with a speech in the House of Lords. The cavalrymen wear red uiforms, shining
helmets, long black boots and long white gloves. These men are Life Guards.

22. Intersting costums and traditions in
England
■ Most English love garden, in front of the house is a little square covered with cement
painted green in imitation of grass and a box of flowers. They love flowers very much.

23. Holidays in England
■New Year in England is not so enthusiastically observed as Christmas. The most
common type of celebration is a family party. At midnight everyone hears the chimes of
Big Ben and a toast is drunk to the New Year. The most famous celebration are in
London in trafalgar Square where there is a big Christmas tree (an annual present from
Norway), a big crowd is ususlly gathered and someone usually falls into the fountain.

24. Holidays in England
■There is also May Day, people choose the Queen of May, erect maypoles around which
people dance. The Summer Bank Holiday usually comes on the end of August. It’s an
occasion for big sport meetings – mainly all kinds of athletics. There are also horse race
meetings all over the country; there are large fairs with swings, roundabouts, bingo and
other games.

25. English food
•English food has been traditionally based on beef, lamb, pork, chicken and fish
and generally served with potatoes and one other vegetable. England has no
national food, but the most common and typical foods include fish and chips (the
classic take-away food), sandwich, pies and puddings. English towns have a
selection of Indian, Italian, Chinese and Greek restaurants and take-away meals
became also very popular.

26. English traditional dress
•England has no national dress. Some people think men in England wear suits and bowler
hat but it isn’t true.
•On the other hand, English customs and traditions involve a variety of costumes. In
London you can see men dressed in a red costume. These men are called Beefeaters.
Some English people say this is the nearest thing to their national costume.

27. Transport in England
•Most people in England travel by car and most goods are transported by lorries. In
England we can see single and double decker buses in cities. The red double decker buses
in London are famous all over the world. In London, taxis are black but in the rest of the
country they have different colours. The name of London’s underground system is “The
Tube” and London was the first city in the world to have an underground railway. In
England there are also Euro trains which travel under the sea in a very long tunnel called
The Channel Tunnel. There are 470 airports in England and five of them belong to
London (Heathrow, Gatwick, Stanstead, London City and Luton).

28. Holidays in England
•Remembrance Day of November 11 is very important in England as on this day
crowds of people gather at the Cenotaph (a war memoril in Whitehall),
commemorating the dead of the two World Wars and stand for the 2 minutes of
silence and the base is covered with wreaths laid by the Queen.

29. ---------------------ART AND ARTISTS-----------------------
England’s art has seen many different phases and trends through
the centuries. These phases were determined by international
invasions, religion, resources, and so on. As the conditions and
context of England changed, so did the creativity inspired.
----When the Anglo-Saxons invaded England, they brought with them the cultures and
traditions of the Germanic tribes from which they hailed.
----Then, in 1066, the Norman invasion took place. This
led to the destruction of the metalwork. Then Gradually
, Romanesque paintings emerged, which soon evolved into
Gothic-style productions.
St. Lawrence Parish Church
CULTURE

30. ---In the 1500’s and 1600’s, the Tudor period prevailed. There was a strong English
influence in the field of portrait miniatures.
---Full sized portraits and landscape paintings were the order of the day by the close of the
1700’s. The baroque style characterised these pieces.
WILLIAM DOBSON WILLIAM HOGARTH PETER LELY J.M.W. Turner
( 1611---1646) (1697---1764) (1618 --- 1680) (1775 ---1851)
Self-portrait Self-portrait Catherine of Braganza Mrs Salesbury
----The 18th century also saw its art beginning to reflect middle-class living and attitudes.
----The following century was characterised by the Norwich style, which was, in turn,
influenced by the landscape paintings of Norfolk and Holland.

31. J.M.W. Turner John Constable
William Hogarth

32. -------------------- Literature And Authors-----------------
Being the origin of the English language, England has yielded many noteworthy
literary works and authors. While each of these is unique, they represent
England’s literature as a cohesive body. Over the ages, different styles and
approaches to literature have become evident.
---The oldest surviving texts are written in Old English
and are from the early part of the Middle Ages.
--- The 1100’s saw the development of Middle English,
which was far more influenced by French and Latin .
--- The English Renaissance of the 15th Century brought
about a tendency toward the use of vernacular
literature, or the English of the common people.
--- Elizabethan literature was part of the Renaissance movement. Especially popular was
drama and theatre, which was greatly influenced by Greek and Roman cultures

33. William Shakespeare was, and still is,
an acclaimed author from the Elizabethan era.
---The 18th century was dubbed the “Age of Enlightenment” as literature reflected the
society’s tendency to rely on science, politics and economy .
--- Several styles followed over the course of the next few decades. These include
Romanticism, Victorianism and Modernism.
---Modernist era era include Heart of Darkness (Joseph Conrad) and the writings of William
Butler Yeats, Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence, T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway and Robert Frost

34. IF Rudyard Kipling
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies,
Or being hated, don’t give way to hating,
And yet don’t look too good, nor talk too wise:
If you can dream—and not make dreams your
master;
If you can think—and not make thoughts your
aim;
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
And treat those two impostors just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and build ’em up with worn-out
tools...
To My Wife Oscar Wilde
I can write no stately proem
As a prelude to my lay;
From a poet to a poem
I would dare to say.
For if of these fallen petals
One to you seem fair,
Love will waft it till it settles
On your hair.
And when wind and winter harden
All the loveless land,
It will whisper of the garden,
You will understand.
And there is nothing left to do
But to kiss once again, and part,
Nay, there is nothing we should rue,
I have my beauty,-you your Art,
Nay, do not start,
One world was not enough for two
Like me and you.

35. ------------------------------MUSIC-------------------------------------
England has produced some of the world’s best music throughout history. In
fact, as a country, England has spearheaded some of the world’s most
significant musical movements and trends.
----Since its earliest days, English music has been particularly diverse and culturally
relevant. It was made up of religious music, folk music, classical music and many other
styles.
--- During the 16th Century, the Protestant Reformation hit England, introducing an
increased tendency towards religious music.
--- The Baroque era of the 17th and 18th centuries was characterised by formalised
orchestral classical music .
-----Folk music was the music of the people and was, therefore, distinctive to England.
----In the 1800’s, brass bands were introduced and used to convey the typical classical
styles of music in a more fun and modern way.

36. LAST CENTURY MUSIC
---In 1930’s, American jazz music infiltrated the English market.
The Beatles which include John Lennon, Paul McCartney,
George Harrison and Ringo Starr revolutionised English and
international music forever.
---The first big new sound of the 1970s was “Glam Rock”, the main figures of this were
David Bowie Elton John Gary Glitter The Rolling Stones
Punk The punk movement of the late 1970s began in England

37. ---1980s - The 1980s saw the rise of hip hop and rap music, with American influences
powerful once again in the form of such groups as :
Run DMC Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five.
It also saw the rise and fall of the 'New Romantics', typified by
groups like Adam and the Ants, who dressed as pirates and
highway men and wore huge amounts of makeup.
---1990s - Britpop This was the general name given in the 1990s to a new wave of
successful British bands The most successful have been Radiohead, Oasis, Blur, Pulp,
Massive Attack and The Spice Girls.
--2000—2016-The music of last years is mostly influenced by the last years american
music and they both function as one.For that reasons the music charts in both countries
are headed by both countries artists such as One Direction ,Sam Smith,Alicia
Keys,Rihanna,Beyonce,Eminem,Miley Cyrus,Adele etc.

38. SPORTS
Although part of the United Kingdom – which comprises
England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales - England
competes in many international sporting events as a
separate entity, a country on its own. England is very
committed to and whole-heartedly involved in the
sporting arena of the world.

39. The most popular sports in modern-day
England
•Rugby •Cricket •Football
Significantly, football and cricket both have their
roots in England and are now two of the most
popular, successful and lucrative sports in the
entire world.

40. Sports that are played on an individual
basis and feature highly in England
•Tennis •Golf •Athletics
•Motor sport •Horse racing

41. --------------------------FOOTBALL---------------------------
The English football teams are highly esteemed the world over and include the
likes of Arsenal, Manchester United, Chelsea and Liverpool. The players are
quickly turned into celebrities. Outstanding examples are John Terry, David
Beckham, Bobby Charlton, George Best and Wayne Rooney.

42. ---------------------- OLYMPIC GAMES--------------------
In 2012 London hosted Olympic games. This event featured 26
individual sports which were divided in different disciplines . Sports
enthusiasts came all around the world.

43. Other major sporting events that take place in
England include:
•Badminton Horse Trials in Gloucestershire
•International Show Jumping Championships - Olympia,
London
•Royal Ascot
•Derby Day in Surrey
•The Grand National
•Wimbledon Tennis Tournament
•British Grand Prix
•World Snooker Championships
•Six Nations Cup Rugby
•Isle of Man TT
•World Darts Championships
•London to Sydney Rally

44. VIP (VERY IMPORTANT PEOPLE)
**QUEEN ELIZABETH II
of Great Britain was
crowned in 1953. Her
60 years on the throne
was celebrated in June
2012 with the
Diamond Jubilee. She
later became the
longest-reigning
monarch in British
history.

45. **WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
He often called the
English national poet,
is widely considered
the greatest
dramatist of all time.
William Shakespeare
was baptized on April
26, 1564, in Stratford-
upon-Avon, England.

46. **LORD BYRON
He is regarded as one of the
greatest British poets and is
best known for his amorous
lifestyle and his brilliant use
of the English language.
Born in 1788, Lord Byron
was one of the leading
figures of the Romantic
Movement in early 19th
century

47. **ISAAC NEWTON
He is most famous for
his law of gravitation,
was instrumental in
the scientific
revolution of the 17th
century. Born on
January 4, 1643, in
Woolsthorpe, England.

48. **AMY WINEHOUSE
She won five Grammy
Awards for her 2006
album Back to Black, and
is remembered for songs
like "Rehab," "Back to
Black" and "Valerie." She
died in 2011, at age 27.
Born in London, England,
on September 14, 1983.