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anatomy_axial_skeleton_pearson.ppt
- 1. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
HUMAN
ANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones, Part 1:
The Axial
Skeleton
PART 1
- 2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skeleton
Consists of
Bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments
Composed of 206 named bones grouped into two
divisions
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
- 3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Skeleton
Formed from 80
named bones
Consists of skull,
vertebral column,
and bony thorax
Figure 7.1a
- 4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Skeleton
Figure 7.1b
- 5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone Markings
Projections that provide attachment for muscles
and ligaments
Projections that help form joints
Depressions and openings for passage of nerves
and blood vessels
- 6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2a
The Skull
Formed by cranial and facial bones
- 7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Cranium
The cranium serves to
Enclose brain
Provide attachment sites for some head and neck
muscles
- 8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Face
Facial bones serve to
Form framework of the face
Form cavities for the sense organs of sight, taste,
and smell
Provide openings for the passage of air and food
Hold the teeth in place
Anchor muscles of the face
- 9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview of Skull Geography
Facial bones form anterior aspect
Cranium is divided into cranial vault and the base
Internally, prominent bony ridges divide skull into
distinct fossae
- 10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview of Skull Geography
The skull contains smaller cavities
Middle and inner ear cavities – in lateral aspect of
cranial base
Nasal cavity – lies in and posterior to the nose
Orbits – house the eyeballs
Air-filled sinuses – occur in several bones around
the nasal cavity
- 11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview of Skull Geography
The skull contains approximately 85 named
openings
Foramina, canals, and fissures
Provide openings for important structures
Spinal cord
Blood vessels serving the brain
12 pairs of cranial nerves
- 12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cranial Bones
Formed from eight large bones
Paired bones include
Temporal bones
Parietal bones
Unpaired bones include
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
- 13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Frontal Bones
Forms the forehead and roofs of the orbits
Forms superciliary arches
Internally, it contributes to the anterior cranial
fossa
Contains frontal sinuses
- 14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parietal Bones and Sutures
Parietal bones form superior and lateral parts of
skull
Four sutures of the cranium
Coronal suture – runs in the coronal plane
Located where parietal bones meet the frontal bone
Squamous suture – occurs where each parietal
bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly
- 15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parietal Bones and Sutures
Sutures of the cranium (continued)
Sagittal suture – occurs where right and left
parietal bones meet superiorly
Lambdoid suture – occurs where the parietal
bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
- 16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sutural Bones
Small bones that occur within sutures
Irregular in shape, size, and location
Not all people have sutural bones
- 17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skull – Posterior View
Figure 7.2b
- 18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Occipital Bone
Forms the posterior portion of the cranium and
cranial base
Articulates with the temporal bones and parietal
bones
Forms the posterior cranial fossa
Foramen magnum located at its base
- 19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Occipital Bone
Features and structures
Occipital condyles
Hypoglossal foramen
External occipital protuberance
Superior nuchal lines
Inferior nuchal lines
- 20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Inferior Aspect of the Skull
Figure 7.4a
- 21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Temporal Bones
Lie inferior to parietal bones
Form the inferolateral portion of the skull
Term “temporal”
Comes from Latin word for time
Specific regions of temporal bone
Squamous, temporal, petrous, and mastoid regions
- 22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lateral Aspect of the Skull
Figure 7.3a
- 23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Temporal Bone
Figure 7.5
- 24. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
HUMAN
ANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones, Part 1:
The Axial
Skeleton
PART 2
- 25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Sphenoid Bone
Spans the width of the cranial floor
Resembles a butterfly or bat
Consists of a body and three pairs of processes
Contains five important openings
- 26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Sphenoid Bone
Figure 7.6a
- 27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Sphenoid Bone
Figure 7.6b
- 28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Ethmoid Bone
Lies between nasal and sphenoid bones
Forms most of the medial bony region between the
nasal cavity and orbits
- 29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.7
The Ethmoid Bone
- 30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Skull
Table 7.1 (1 of 2)
- 31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Facial Bones
Unpaired bones
Mandible and vomer
Paired bones
Maxillae
Zygomatic bones
Nasal bones
Lacrimal bones
Palatine bones
Inferior nasal conchae
- 32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mandible
The lower jawbone is the largest and strongest
facial bone
Composed of two main parts
Horizontal body
Two upright rami
- 33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mandible
Figure 7.8a
- 34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maxillary Bones
Articulate with all other facial bones except the
mandible
Contain maxillary sinuses – largest paranasal
sinuses
Forms part of the inferior orbital fissure
- 35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maxillary Bones
Figure 7.8b
- 36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maxillary Bones
Figure 7.4a
- 37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Other Bones of the Face
Zygomatic bones
Form lateral wall of orbits
Nasal bones
Form bridge of nose
Lacrimal bones
Located in the medial orbital walls
Palatine bones
Complete the posterior part of the hard palate
- 38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Other Bones of the Face
Vomer
Forms the inferior part of the nasal septum
Inferior nasal conchae
Thin, curved bones that project medially form the
lateral walls of the nasal cavity
- 39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Facial Bones
Table 7.1 (2 of 2)
- 40. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
HUMAN
ANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones, Part 1:
The Axial
Skeleton
PART 3
- 41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Face
Figure 7.2a
- 42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Special Parts of the Skull
Orbits
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Hyoid bone
- 43. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nasal Cavity
Figure 7.9a
- 44. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nasal Septum
Figure 7.9b
- 45. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Orbits
Figure 7.10b
- 46. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Paranasal Sinuses
Air-filled sinuses are located within
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Maxillary bones
Lined with mucous membrane
Serve to lighten the skull
- 47. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 7.11a, b
- 48. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
HUMAN
ANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones, Part 1:
The Axial
Skeleton
PART 4
- 49. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.12
The Hyoid Bone
Lies inferior to the
mandible
The only bone with
no direct
articulation with
any other bone
Acts as a movable
base for the tongue
- 50. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Vertebral Column
Formed from 26 bones in the adult
Transmits weight of trunk to the lower limbs
Surrounds and protects the spinal cord
- 51. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Vertebral Column
Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck
and back
Held in place by ligaments
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
Ligamentum flavum
- 52. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Vertebral Column
Figure 7.13
- 53. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Intervertebral Discs
Cushion-like pads between vertebrae
Act as shock absorbers
Compose about 25% of height of vertebral column
Composed of
Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis
- 54. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Intervertebral Discs
Nucleus pulposus
The gelatinous inner sphere of intervertebral disc
Enables spine to absorb compressive stresses
- 55. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Intervertebral Discs
Annulus fibrosis
An outer collar of ligaments and fibrocartilage
Contains the nucleus pulposus
Functions to bind vertebrae together, resist tension
on the spine, and absorb compressive forces
- 56. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ligaments and Intervertebral Discs
Figure 7.14a
- 57. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Herniated Disc
May be caused by
trauma to the spine
Aging is also a
contributing factor
Nucleus pulposes
loses cushioning
properties
Anulus fibrosis
weakens
Figure 7.14c
- 58. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regions and Normal Curvatures
Vertebral column is about 70 cm (28 inches)
Vertebral column is divided into five major
regions
Cervical vertebrae
7 vertebrae of the neck region
Thoracic vertebrae
12 vertebrae of the thoracic region
- 59. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regions and Normal Curvatures
Vertebral column is divided into five major
regions (continued)
Lumbar vertebrae
5 vertebrae of the lower back
Sacrum
Inferior to lumbar vertebrae
Articulates with coxal bones
Coccyx
Most inferior region of the vertebral column
- 60. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regions and Normal Curvatures
Four distinct curvatures give vertebral column an
S-shape
Cervical and lumbar curvature
Are concave posteriorly
Thoracic and sacral curvatures
Are convex posteriorly
Curvatures increase the resilience of the spine
- 61. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regions and Normal Curvatures
Figure 7.13
PLAY Spine (vertical)
- 62. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
General Structure of Vertebrae
PLAY Spine (horizontal)
Figure 7.15
- 63. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
HUMAN
ANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones, Part 1:
The Axial
Skeleton
PART 5
- 64. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regions Vertebral Characteristics
Specific regions of the spine perform specific
functions
Types of movement that occur between vertebrae
Flexion and extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation in the long axis
- 65. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cervical Vertebrae
Seven cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7) – smallest and
lightest vertebrae
C3 – C7 are typical cervical vertebrae
Body is wider laterally
Spinous processes are short and bifid (except C7)
Vertebral foramen are large and triangular
Transverse processes contain transverse foramina
Superior articular facets face superoposteriorly
- 66. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cervical Vertebrae
Table 7.2a
- 67. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cervical Vertebrae
Figure 7.17a
- 68. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Atlas
C1 is termed the atlas
Lacks a body and spinous process
Supports the skull
Superior articular facets receive the occipital
condyles
Allows flexion and extension of neck
Nodding the head “yes”
- 69. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Atlas
Figure 7.16a
- 70. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Atlas
Figure 7.16b
- 71. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axis
Has a body and spinous process
Dens (odontoid process) projects superiorly
Formed from fusion of the body of the atlas with
the axis
Acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull
Participates in rotating the head from side to side
- 72. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axis
Figure 7.16c
- 73. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
HUMAN
ANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones, Part 1:
The Axial
Skeleton
PART 6
- 74. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 – T12)
All articulate with ribs
Have heart-shaped bodies from the superior view
Each side of the body of T1 – T10 bears demifacts
for articulation with ribs
T1 has a full facet for the first rib
T10 – T12 only have a single facet
- 75. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thoracic Vertebrae
Table 7.2b
- 76. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thoracic Vertebrae
Spinous processes are long and point inferiorly
Vertebral foramen are circular
Transverse processes articulate with tubercles of
ribs
Superior articular facets point posteriorly
Inferior articular processes point anteriorly
Allows rotation and prevents flexion and extension
- 77. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 – L5)
Bodies are thick and robust
Transverse processes are thin and tapered
Spinous processes are thick, blunt, and point
posteriorly
Vertebral foramina are triangular
Superior and inferior articular facets directly
medially
Allows flexion and extension – rotation prevented
- 78. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lumbar Vertebrae
Table 7.2c
- 79. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lumbar Vertebrae
Figure 7.17c
- 80. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sacrum (S1 – S5)
Shapes the posterior wall of pelvis
Formed from 5 fused vertebrae
Superior surface articulates with L5
Inferiorly articulates with coccyx
Sacral promontory
Where the first sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic
cavity
Center of gravity is 1 cm posterior to sacral
promontory
- 81. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sacrum
Sacral foramina
Ventral foramina
Passage for ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves
Dorsal foramina
Passage for dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves
- 82. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sacrum
Figure 7.18a, b
- 83. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Coccyx
Is the “tailbone”
Formed from 3 – 5 fused vertebrae
Offers only slight support to pelvic organs
- 84. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
HUMAN
ANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones, Part 1:
The Axial
Skeleton
PART 7
- 85. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bony Thorax
Forms the framework of the chest
Components of the bony thorax
Thoracic vertebrae – posteriorly
Ribs – laterally
Sternum and costal cartilage – anteriorly
Protects thoracic organs
Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
Provides attachment sites for muscles
- 86. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Bony Thorax
Figure 7.19a
- 87. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Bony Thorax
Figure 7.19b
- 88. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sternum
Formed from three sections
Manubrium – superior section
Articulates with medial end of clavicles
Body – bulk of sternum
Sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage
of ribs 2–7
Xiphoid process – inferior end of sternum
Ossifies around age 40
- 89. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sternum
Anatomical landmarks
Jugular notch
Central indentation at superior border of the
manubrium
Sternal angle
A horizontal ridge where the manubrium joins the
body
- 90. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ribs
All ribs attach to vertebral column posteriorly
True ribs - superior seven pairs of ribs
Attach to sternum by costal cartilage
False ribs – inferior five pairs of ribs
Ribs 11–12 are known as floating ribs
- 91. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ribs
Figure 7.20a
- 92. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ribs
Figure 7.20b
- 93. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Disorders of the Axial Skeleton
Abnormal spinal curvatures
Scoliosis – an abnormal lateral curvature
Kyphosis – an exaggerated thoracic curvature
Lordosis – an accentuated lumbar curvature –
“swayback”
Stenosis of the lumbar spine
A narrowing of the vertebral canal
- 94. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
Membrane bones begin to ossify in second month
of development
Bone tissue grows outward from ossification
centers
Fontanels
Unossified remnants of membranes
- 95. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fontanels
Figure 7.21a
- 96. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fontanels
Figure 7.21b
- 97. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
Many bones of the face and skull form by
intramembranous ossification
Endochondral bones of the skull
Occipital bone
Sphenoid
Ethmoid bones
Parts of the temporal bone
- 98. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
Curvatures of the vertebral column
Primary curvatures – thoracic and sacral
curvatures
An infant's spine is C-shaped at birth
Secondary curvatures – cervical and lumbar
curvatures
Develop when a baby begins to walk
Redistributes weight of the upper body over the
lower limbs
- 99. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
Aging of the axial skeleton
Water content of the intervertebral discs decreases
By age 55, loss of a few centimeters in height is
common
Thorax becomes more rigid
Bones lose mass with age