This slide will cover the following points: General properties of copper, density,copper alloy, Specific heat,Thermal conductivity,Electrical conductivity and crystal structure of copper. Email: khairul.me08@gmail.com
1. Presented By : BASHAR MD KHAIRUL
Student ID:15595901
Graduate School of Science & Engineering
Saga University, Japan
1
Presentation on Copper, Cu
2. 2
General properties of Copper
Name, Symbol: Copper, Cu
Appearance: Red-orange metallic luster
Mostly found: Ore form
Metal: Non ferrous
Atomic number (Z) : 29
Group, block: Group II, d-block
Period: 4
Standard atomic weight :63.546 (g/mol)
Formability: Good
Main categories: Commercially pure grades and Alloys ( Brass, Bronze)
3. 3
What are the physical properties of Copper?
Phase: Solid
Melting point : 1357.77 K (1084.62 °C , 1984.32 °F)
Boiling point: 2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F)
Density : 8.96 g/cm3(when liquid, 8.02 g/cm3)
Heat of fusion : 13.26 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization : 300.4 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity: 24.440 J/(mol·K)
Thermal expansion: 16.5 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity: 401 W/(m·K)
Crystal Structure: Face-centered cubic(FCC)
Fig: Un oxidized copper wire
(left) and oxidized copper wire
(right)
4. 4
Copper Alloy Families
Within the wrought and cast categories for copper alloys, the compositions can be
divided into the following main families:
• Pure Coppers
• High Copper Alloys
• Brasses
• Bronzes
The Pure Coppers have a Copper content of 99.3% or higher. Wrought high copper alloys
have Copper contents of less than 99.3% but more than 96%.
Brasses contain Zinc as the principal alloying element. Brasses are divided into two
classes. These are:
The alpha alloys, with less than 37% Zinc. These alloys are ductile and can be cold
worked.
The alpha/beta or duplex alloys with 37-45% Zinc. These alloys have limited cold
ductility and are typically harder and stronger.
5. 5
Bronzes
The term bronze originally described alloys with Tin as the only or principal alloying
element. Bronzes can be further broken down into four families for both wrought and
cast alloys.
Bronze Families:
The wrought bronze alloy families are:
• Copper-Tin-Phosphorus alloys (Phosphor Bronzes)
• Copper-Tin-Lead-Phosphorus alloys (Leaded Phosphor Bronzes)
• Copper-Aluminum alloys (Aluminum Bronzes)
• Copper-Silicon alloys (Silicon Bronzes)
The cast bronze alloy families are:
• Copper-Tin alloys (Tin Bronzes)
• Copper-Tin-Lead alloys (Leaded and high leaded Tin Bronzes)
• Copper-Tin-Nickel alloys (nickel-tin bronzes)
• Copper-Aluminum alloys (Aluminum Bronzes)
6. 6
Density of Copper
Density expressed as ρ = m/V in g·cm-3
Material (g cm-3)
At 20°C
Magnesium 1.74
Aluminum 2.70
Titanium 4.52
Iron 7.87
Stainless Steel (Type 321) 7.90
Copper 8.96
The combination of
more and heavier
atoms makes copper
more dense than
aluminumZinc 7.13
Why does Copper have a higher density than Aluminum?
Zinc had a higher atomic mass than Copper, but copper’s
density is greater ! What is the cause ?
7. 7
State Density( p),
g·cm-3
Single Crystal 8.95285
Melted and solidified in vacuum 8.94153
Commercial soft-drawn wire,
annealed at 970°C in vacuum for 12 h
8.92426
Sample reduced 67.90% in cross
section by drawing
8.90526
Diameter reduced 96.81% 8.91187
Sample annealed at 880°C in vacuum
for 12 h
8.93003
Sample annealed at 1035°C in vacuum
for 12 h
8.92763
Table: Effect of processing on the densities of pure copper at 20°C
[Table : Ref. 4]
Fig. Variation of density with
temperature for pure copper.
[ Fig: Ref. 5]
8. 8
Specific Heat of Copper (heat capacity)
Expressed as in Cp J kg-1 K-1
Material CP (J /g ̊ C ) at 25 ̊ C
Aluminum 0.902
Iron 0.450
Copper
Brass
Bronze
0.385
0.380
0.435
Magnesium 1.020
Titanium 0.534
Why Copper specific heat
is lower than that of
Aluminum?
Copper more dense than Aluminum.
What does it mean the specific heat
of copper, 0.385 J /g ̊ C
9. 9
Thermal Conductivity of Copper
Expressed as in W m-1 K-1
Material (W m-1 K-1)
Titanium 21.6
Copper, pure
Brass(70% Cu, 30% Zi)
Copper bronze (75% Cu, 25% Sn)
386
111
26
Magnesium 155.5
Aluminum 205
Stainless Steel 10–25
Good thermal
conductivity for
pulling away
heat.
Copper tube;
Excellent
heat-transfer
characteristics
10. 10
• Coordination # = 12 Face Centered Cubic Structure (FCC)
Crystal Structure of Copper
6 x (1/2 face) + 8 x 1/8 (corner) = 4 atoms/unit cell
Close packed directions are face diagonals.
3 mutually perpendicular planes.
Coordination number = 12
Why is FCC more ductile than BCC?
a
11. 11
Electrical conductivity of copper
• Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material transports an electric
charge. Copper has the highest electrical conductivity rating of all non-precious metals.
Fig: Copper wire
• The electrical resistivity of copper is 16.78 nΩ•m at 20 °C.
• Cu has the electron configuration of [Ar] 4s1 3d10. There is a lone 4s electron that is
rather easily removed.
• The main grade of copper used for electrical applications is electrolytic-tough pitch
(ETP) copper . This copper is at least 99.90% pure and has an electrical conductivity of
at least 101% IACS.
