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Chapter 7
1872-1912
Becoming a World Power

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Chapter 7
1772-1912
Becoming a World Power
Section 1:
The Imperialist Vision
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The policy of one nation
extending its authority over
another through territorial
acquisition and control over the
government and economy in the
conquered nation.
DEFINITION OF IMPERIALISM

4.
“NEW” IMPERIALISM
•Beginning circa 1875
•Renewed race for colonies
•Spurred by needs created by the Industrial
Revolution
•New markets for finished goods
•New sources of raw materials
Europe began the imperialistic movement
first and the US followed not long after.

5.
•No longer about setting up colonies or
exercising direct control over areas
•Became largely economic
•Possession or control of an area for
economic gain
•Spheres of influence and extraterritoriality
rather than colonial settlement

6.
ECONOMIC MOTIVES
•Markets for finished goods
•new markets to sell goods to
•a way around high import tariffs
•new businesses and industries to invest money in
To protect their investment European countries
set up protectorates. A protectorate is country in
which the imperial country allows the local rulers
to stay in control and protected them against
rebellion or invasion. In return these local rulers
had to accept advice from the imperial nation
about how to run their country.

7.
POLITICAL MOTIVES
•Nationalism – national pride
“The sun never sets on the British empire.”
•Large empires increased national pride

8.
MILITARY MOTIVES
• Bases
•British naval bases
• Aden, Alexandria, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Singapore
• Manpower
•British – Indian sepoys
•French – north African troops

9.
SOCIAL MOTIVES
•Surplus population
• Japanese in Korea
• Italians in Africa
•“White Man’s Burden”
• Whites morally obligated to bring the “blessings of
civilization” to “backward” peoples
• Anglo-Saxonism
•White
•English speaking
•Christian

10.
RELIGIOUS MOTIVES
•Conversion to Christianity
•End-of-the-century crusading spirit
•Missionaries in Africa, Asia, Hawaii, etc.
†

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JUSTIFICATIONS
•Social Darwinism
• Interpreted Darwin’s evolutionary theory in terms of
powerful nations
•“Only the strong survive”
• Powerful nations able to develop areas and resources
being “wasted” by native peoples
•Racism
• Increased feelings of white superiority
•Increased feelings of Japanese superiority
• Eugenics developed as a branch of science

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CONCEPT OF “RACES” CIRCA 1900

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PACIFIC ISLANDS “UP FOR GRABS”

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Most of the 19th century was spent exploring and settling the
western frontier of the United States. This made some Americans
believe the U.S. ought to takeover the entire continent. This belief
is called Manifest Destiny.

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“Manifest destiny” included all land of the US but also
began to extend beyond the borders of the United States

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REASONS AND RATIONALIZATIONS FOR
IMPERIALISM
•To gain military bases between the US
and Asia or the US and Europe
•Missionary zeal-an extreme dedication to
certain thing, in this instance conversion
of “heathens” to Christianity
•To gain more wealth

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Prestige, Racial Theories, Economic Growth, These And Other
Factors Increased America's Interest In Overseas Expansion. In
Particular, We Had Anglo-Saxonism And The Desire For Military
Bases

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Anglo-Saxonism is the belief that if you are:
English
Christian
White
YOU ARE SUPERIOR!!

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Which countries were the most powerful based on
this map alone?

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Great Britain, a major world power, served as a role
model of an imperialist power

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Missionary zeal, the desire to convert
“heathen, non-believers” led to people
moving to “uncivilized” areas in hopes of
helping natives

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The United States became an imperialist
power to gain more wealth
Year Imports Exports
1870 $300 Million $350 Million
1875 $900 Million $800 Million
1880 $1.22 Billion $1.0 Billion
1889 $900 Million $800 Million
1892 $1.2 Billion $1.42 Billion
1899 1.3 Billion 1.35 Billion
1903 1.7 Billion 1.8 Billion
1914 1.6 Billion 2.8 Billion
THE UNITED STATES
NEEDED NEW
MARKETS TO EXPORT
THE SURPLUS
PRODUCTS OF ITS
FARMS AND
FACTORIES

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“Today we are raising more than we can consume.
Today we are making more than we can use...
Therefore we must find new markets for our produce,
new occupation for our capital, new work for our
labor... Ah! As our commerce spreads, the flag of
liberty will circle the globe and the highway of the
ocean - carrying trade to all mankind - will be
guarded by the guns of the republic. And as their
thunders salute the flag, benighted (ignorant)
peoples will know that the voice of liberty is
speaking, at last, for them... that civilization is
dawning at last, for them.”
--Senator Alfred Beveridge, 1898

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THAYER MAHAN
COALING
STATION
COAL BURNING BATTLESHIP

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IN 1917 THE UNITED
STATES BOUGHT THE
VIRGIN ISLANDS: FOR A
COALING (REFUELING)
STATION FOR MERCHANT
AND WAR SHIPS

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•Samoa
•Hawaii

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America’s first attempt at imperialism
took place in Samoa

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Which country was also trying to intervene in
Samoa?

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Missionaries from the U.S. went to
Hawaii in the late early 19th century

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Queen Liliuokalani,
LAST QUEEN OF HAWAII
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI WAS FORCED TO ABDICATE

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SANFORD
DOLE
Became
president of
the Republic
of Hawaii after
the queen was
overthrown.
Hawaii was
annexed as
part of the
U.S. in 1898.

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Chapter 4
1772-1912
Becoming a World Power
Section 2:
The Spanish-American War
34

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•Role of media
•U.S.S. Maine
•War in Cuba
•Teller amendment
•Philippines
•Differing opinions on imperialism

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PROBLEMS BETWEEN CUBA AND THEIR
SPANISH RULERS DOMINATE AMERICAN
FOREIGN POLICY AT THE END OF THE 19TH
CENTURY
CUBA

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HEARST
PULITZER

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YELLOW JOURNALISM
CARTOON WHERE
THE TERM
“YELLOW
JOURNALISM”
CAME FROM
⮚IN 1898 NEWSPAPERS WERE THE
MAJOR SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR
THE PUBLIC.
⮚PEOPLE LACKED THE ABILITY TO
VERIFY IF THE STORIES WERE BIASED
OR INACCURATE AND THEREFORE
RELIED UPON NEWSPAPERS TO TELL THE
TRUTH.
⮚PULITZER AND HEARST TOOK
ADVANTAGE OF THE PUBLIC’S
IGNORANCE BY TWISTING THE TRUTH
TO SELL MORE NEWSPAPERS.
⮚SENSATIONALIZED STORIES WERE
FEATURED HEAVILY IN THEIR
NEWSPAPERS SINCE EXCITING
HEADLINES INCREASED CIRCULATION.

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NEWSPAPERS FOCUSED ON SPANISH ATROCITIES UPON
THE CUBAN PEOPLE TO IGNITE PASSIONS AGAINST SPAIN
SPANISH GENERAL
WEYLER WAS SEEN AS
A “BUTCHER” IN THE
U.S. FOR HIS
TREATMENT OF THE
CUBAN PEOPLE

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The U.S. public was especially
sympathetic towards women
in Cuba. Hearst focused on a
young woman, known in the
United States as Evangelina
Cisneros, who was
imprisoned in Havana.
Petitions for her freedom
were signed by prominent
U.S. women and the Pope,
and addressed to the Queen
Regent of Spain. Evangelina
managed to escape with the
help of correspondent Karl
Decker, who probably bribed
her guards. The story
presented to the public was
that of a heroic "journalist
that acts."

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ALL THAT WAS NEEDED TO START A WAR WAS A
SPARK AND THIS CAME ON FEBRUARY 15, 1898, IN
HAVANA HARBOR.
USS MAINE IN HAVANA

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Yellow journalists were quick to blame the
Spanish

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What is the message of this cartoon?

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WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON SUGGEST IS THE
SITUATION FOR THE CUBANS?

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Troops mobilizing for war

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US GATLING GUNS: AN EARLY TYPE OF MACHINE
GUN

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BATTLE SCENE WITH TEDDY ROOSEVELT ON THE
HORSE

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THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE “ROUGH
RIDERS” IN CUBA

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ARMY NURSES DURING THE
SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

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Teller Amendment, 1898
Joint resolution for the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba,
demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its authority and government in
the Island of Cuba, and to withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban
waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval
forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect.
Whereas the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three years in
the Island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense of the
people of the United States, have been a disgrace to Christian civilization,
culminating, as they have, in the destruction of a United States battle ship, with two
hundred and sixty-six of its officers and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of
Havana, and can not longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of the
United States in his message to Congress of April eleventh, eighteen hundred and
ninety-eight, upon which the action of Congress was invited:
Therefore,
Resolved, First. That the people of the Island of Cuba are, of right ought to be, free
and independent.
Second. That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the Government of the
United States does hereby demand, that the Government of Spain at once relinquish
its authority and government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval
forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.
Third. That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, directed and
empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States, and to call
into the actual service of the United States the militia of the several States, to such
extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into effect.
Fourth. That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or intention to
exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said Island except for the
pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to
leave the government and control of the Island to its people.

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US FORCES CONQUER THE PHILIPPINES

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U.S. DESTROYS THE SPANISH FLEET AT MANILA BAY

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ADMIRAL DEWEY, HERO OF THE NAVAL BATTLE
OF MANILA BAY

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ARGUMENT IN FAVOR OF IMPERIALISM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Senator Alfred Beveridge (R-Indiana)
From a speech in Congress on January 9, 1900.
. . . [Just beyond the Philippines are China's illimitable markets. . . We will
not renounce our part in the mission of our race, trustee of God, of the
civilization of the world. . . Where shall we turn for consumers of our
surplus?. . . China is our natural customer. . . [England, Germany and
Russia] have moved nearer to China by securing permanent bases on
her borders. The Philippines gives us a base at the door of all the East.
. . They [the Filipinos] are a barbarous race, modified by three
centuries of contact with a decadent race [the Spanish]. . . It is barely
possible that 1,000 men in all the archipelago are capable of self-
government in the Anglo-Saxon sense. . . The Declaration [of
Independence] applies only to people capable of self-government.
How dare any man prostitute this expression of the very elect of self-
government peoples to a race of Malay children of barbarism,
schooled in Spanish methods and ideas? And you, who say the
Declaration applies to all men, how dare you deny its application to
the American Indian? And if you deny it to the Indian at home, how
dare you grant it to the Malay abroad. 56

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“…we do not intend to
free, but to subjugate
the people of the
Philippines. We have
gone there to conquer,
not to redeem.”
Mark Twain, 1900
“In the forcible annexation of
the Philippines our Nation
neither adds to its strength
nor secures broader
opportunities for the American
people.”
William Jennings Bryan, 1899
Arguments against imperialism in the
Philippines

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ONE RESULT OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR WAS A
RECONCILIATION BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH,
HELPING END THE LEGACY OF BITTERNESS SINCE THE
CIVIL WAR

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U.S. OCCUPIES TWO MORE SPANISH
COLONIAL POSSESSIONS

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THE U.S. BECOMES AN IMPERIAL
POWER
✔HAWAII: 1898
✔MIDWAY ISLAND: 1867
✔WAKE ISLAND: 1898
✔GUAM: 1898
✔JOHNSTON ISLAND: 1898
✔PALMYRA ISLAND: 1898
✔SAMOA ISLAND: 1899
✔PHILIPPINES: 1898
✔PUERTO RICO: 1898
What is happening in this cartoon?

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REACTION TO U.S. IMPERIALISM: ANTI-
IMPERIALIST MOVEMENT

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What role does the U.S. play?

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WHO ARE THE TWO FIGURES STARING DOWN AT
PRESIDENT MCKINLEY? WHAT DO THEY REPRESENT?
“IS HE TO BE
A DESPOT?”

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Chapter 4
1772-1912
Becoming a World Power
Section 3:
New American Diplomacy
65

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THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1858-1919)
TWENTY-SIXTH PRESIDENT
1901-1909: REPUBLICAN
"I declined to adopt the view that
what was imperatively necessary
for the Nation could not be done
by the President unless he could
find some specific authorization to
do it. My belief was that it was not
only [a President's] right but his
duty to do anything that the needs
of the Nation demanded unless
such action was forbidden by the
Constitution or by the laws. . . . I
did not usurp power, but I did
greatly broaden the use of
executive power. In other words,
I acted for the public welfare, I
acted for the common well-being
of all our people, whenever and in
whatever manner was necessary,
unless prevented by direct
constitutional or legislative
prohibition."

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•Open door policy
•Spheres of influence
•Boxer rebellion
•Japan becomes imperialist

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OPEN DOOR POLICY
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Who do all of the figures represent?

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WHO ARE THE
LAND
GRABBERS?
WHY DO YOU
THINK UNCLE
SAM IS TRYING
TO STOP
THEM?

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Anti-imperialist cartoon
“TAKING OUR PLACE AMONG THE NATIONS”

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FOREIGN INTERVENTION IN CHINA TAKES CENTER
STAGE AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY
RUSSIA 1896-
1898
BRITAIN
1898
GERMANY
1898
BRITAIN
1842

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THE CHINESE PEOPLE REACT TO IMPERIALISM
BOXER REBELLION, 1900
BOXER SOLDIER
Boxer rebel

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Boxer troops entered the foreign
held Peking (Beijing)

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An international force
retaliated and seized control
of Peking

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Commodore Perry arrived in Japan in 1853 and
opened it for trade. Japan realized that they must
adopt some western ways or become a conquered
nation. Scholars were sent abroad to study and within
50 years Japan was an industrial power.

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JAPAN ENTERS THE WORLD STAGE AS AN
INDUSTRIAL/IMPERIALIST POWER

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JAPAN ENTERS THE WORLD STAGE AS AN
INDUSTRIAL/IMPERIALIST POWER
Areas controlled by
Japan in 1906 are
shown in purple
Japan’s modern warship

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Japan becomes an imperialist power after
the Sino-Japanese war with China in 1894-
1895 and the Russo Japanese war with
Russia in 1904-1905

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To show the naval
power of the United
States, in 1907
Roosevelt sent the
great white fleet of
ships around the
world

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•The need for a canal
•Panama revolution
•Building the canal

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TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S FOREIGN POLICY

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WHAT INTERNATIONAL ROLE DID ROOSEVELT
ENVISION FOR THE UNITED STATES?

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ROOSEVELT COROLLARY
Part of Roosevelt’s “Big
Stick” foreign policy was
that the U.S. would support
the Monroe Doctrine by
keeping European nations
out of the Caribbean and
South America through
direct intervention
(military force), if
necessary.

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U.S. interests turned toward Central America and a
quicker way of moving ships between the east and
west coast of North America
15,000 MILES

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ADVANTAGE OF AN ISTHMIAN CANAL
8,000 miles

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SEARCHING FOR POTENTIAL SITES FOR A CANAL IN CENTRAL
AMERICA

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PANAMA, A PROVINCE OF
COLOMBIA, WAS CHOSEN FOR
THE SITE OF THE PROPOSED
CANAL

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COLOMBIA, 1902

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TWO POLITICAL CARTOONS ON COLOMBIA’S REFUSAL
TO ACCEPT TR’S PURCHASE OFFER PRICE OF $40
MILLION
IN 2002 $40 MILLION WOULD BE $830 MILLION

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ROOSEVELT’S SOLUTION WAS TO SUPPORT A
PANAMANIAN REVOLUTION

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WILLIAM C. GORGAS
1905 Yellow
Fever Quarantine
Station
1905 fumigation car
eradicating
the mosquitoes
In Cuba Dr. Gorgas learned
yellow fever was transmitted
through mosquitoes. His
discovery allowed the canal
to be built.

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Construction of the canal

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PRESIDENT
ROOSEVELT
VISITS THE
CANAL
CONSTRUCTION
SITE IN 1906

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Mira Flores, Panama

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1914 Opening of the Panama Canal

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Panama canal today

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“We have become a great nation,
forced by the fact of its greatness
into relations with the other
nations of the earth, and we must
behave as beseems a people with
such responsibilities. We must
show not only in our words, but in
our deeds, that we are earnestly
desirous of securing their good will
by acting toward them in a spirit of
just and generous recognition of
all their rights. But justice and
generosity in a nation, as in an
individual, count most when shown
not by the weak but by the strong.
No weak nation that acts manfully
and justly should ever have cause
to fear us, and no strong power
should ever be able to single us out
as a subject for insolent
aggression.”
Roosevelt, 1905
President Theodore
Roosevelt
Big Stick
Diplomacy

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Dollar diplomacy
President William
Howard Taft
“The diplomacy of the present
administration has sought to
respond to modern ideas of
commercial intercourse. This
policy has been characterized
as substituting dollars for
bullets. It is one that appeals
alike to idealistic humanitarian
sentiments, to the dictates of
sound policy and strategy, and
to legitimate commercial aims.
It is an effort frankly directed
to the increase of American
trade upon the axiomatic
principle that the government
of the United States shall
extend all proper support to
every legitimate and beneficial
American enterprise abroad.”
Taft, 1912

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“There has been something crude and
heartless and unfeeling in our haste to
succeed and be great. Our thought has
been "Let every man look out for
himself, let every generation look out
for itself," while we reared giant
machinery which made it impossible
that any but those who stood at the
levers of control should have a chance
to look out for themselves. We had not
forgotten our morals. We remembered
well enough that we had set up a
policy which was meant to serve the
humblest as well as the most powerful,
with an eye single to the standards of
justice and fair play, and remembered
it with pride. But we were very
heedless and in a hurry to be great.”
Wilson, 1913
President Woodrow
Wilson
Moral diplomacy

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History Online
Self-Check Quiz
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4 to assess your knowledge of chapter
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