2. STAINLESS STEEL
Steel:
-Steels are iron based alloys that
contain less than 1.2% carbon.
Stainless steel:
-When approximately 12-30% chromium by weight is added to
steel, the alloy is known as Stainless Steel.
5. MANUFACTURE OF STAINLESS
STEEL
• Hematite, magnetite,limonite & siderite are the main ores of iron.
• These ores are reduced to iron using a blast furnace,from where it is transferred to
other plants for the manufacture of steel.
• There are 3 main processes of making steel
1.Bessemer process: by Henry Bessemer in 1856
Molten iron + O2 (air)》Steel + Heat + CO2
6. 2.Open hearth process: By William Siemens in
1960
Pig iron + scrap + flux (in contact with hot
flames ) 》》Steel
3.Heroult’s electric arc furnace :-by Paul Heroult in 19th
century
-He used an electric furnace with a high temperature generated
between an arc,which was placed between electrodes and the
metal.
7. COMPOSITION OF STAINLESS STEEL
• Macroelements:
1. iron-very strong,very corrosive,main component Of
stainless steel
2. Nickel-soft,provides corrosion resistance, increases
ductility and toughness,adds luster
3. Chromium-provides passivation effect,
• Micro elements :
1. Carbon:increases mechanicalstrength & hardness
2. Manganese;improves ductility, binds the steel alloys
together,decreases brittleness
3. Silicon:increases resistance to oxidation, increases
strength
4. Titanium:stabilises the sensitised steel
8. TYPES OF STAINLESS STEEL
• Based on the different crystallised configuration of the structure, stainless steel is of 3 types
1. Ferritic stainless steel
2. Martensitic stainless steel
3. Austenitic stainless steel
1 Ferritic stainless steel :
• Pure iron at room temperature has BCC structure and is referred to as ferrite
• It is stable upto 912`C
Advantages :-Good resistance to corrosion
-Low cost
Disadvantages :-Low strength
-Cannot be heat hardened
9. 2.Martensitic stainless steel :
• Named after the Germans metallurgist ,Adolf Martens.
FCC of austenite (on heating &quenching) 》》BCT of martensite
• This transformation is spontaneous and diffusionless and there is subtle
but rapid rearrangement of atomic positions.
• The rapid cooling traps the carbon atoms that do not have time to diffuse
out of the crystal structure.
Advantages :
-Can be heat treated
-Because of its high strength and hardness, it can be used for
surgical and cutting instruments, but shanks & orthodontic pliers.
Disadvantages :
-It is highly brittle owing to the distorted and strained lattice structure.
-Corrosion resistance is less than in other types.
10. • 3.Austenite stainless steel :
• -It was invented by Dr.W .Hatfield in 1924
• -This alloy is also called 18-8 stainless steel based on the
• percentage of chromium and nickel respectively.
Advantages
• High Stiffness
• Highly ductile & malleable
• Can be cold worked to increase the strength without
fracture
• Good formability
• Corrosion resistant
Disadvantages
• Lower springback makes it a poor initial alignment arch wire
• More frequent activations are required due to high stiffness
• Delivers high force causing discomfort to the patient
11. PEARLITE
• When a plain carbon steel
containing 0.8 % carbon is cooled
slowly in the austenite phase to
723‘C, it undergoes a solid-state eutectoid transformation to yield a
microstructural constituent called Pearlite.
• Pearlite consists of alternating fine scale lamellae of ferrite and iron carbide,
referred to as cementite or simply carbide
• The carbide phase is much harder and more rigid than austenite or ferrite
12. DUPLEX
• Steel having a 2 phase structure
of almost equal properties of
austenite & ferrite is known as
Duplex
Properties:
• High resistance to stress corrosion
cracking
• High tensile strength than austenite/
ferrite steel
• Increased resistance to chloride ion
attack
13. USES OF STAINLESS STEEL IN
ORTHODONTICS
1. Brackets and buccal tubes
2. Archwire
3. Bands
4. Attachment (buttons,cleats,hooks,etc)
5. Ligatures
6. Springs
7. Micro implants
8. Wires used in removable appliances & retainers
9. Orthodontic instruments & pliers
14. PASSIVATION
• To provide resistance to tarnish
& corrosion, chromium is
added to stainless steel, which
forms a thin,transparent but
tough and impervious oxide
layer on the surface of the
alloy,which is called
passivation
• It provides a barrier to diffusion oxygen and other corrosive species, also prevents further corrosion
of the underlying alloy.
15. SENSITISATION
• 18-8 stainless steel may loose it’s resistance to corrosion if it is heated between
400’C-900‘C,it is due to precipitation of chromium carbide at the grain boundaries
at high temperature as passivation qualities are lost.
16. STABILISATION
• It is a method to minimise sensitisation
• An element is introduced in place of chromium that precipitates as carbide
• Titanium is most commonly used
17. SHAPE MEMORY :
• Significant:during phase transition from austenite to martensite.
• Memory effect is achieved by first establishing a shape at temperature
near 482’C;then on cooling,a second shape is formed; on
subsequent heating through a lower transition temperature,
the material returns to its original shape.
SUPERELASTICITY / PSEUDOELASTICITY:
• It is produced by transition of austenite to martensite by stress due
to volume change which results from change in crystal structure
• Initially stressing alloy results in standard stress –strain behaviour, at the areas of stress, where phase
transition is induced,there is increase in strain reffered to as superelasticity.
• Unloading results in reverse transition & recovery
18. LLOYS & THEIR PROPERTIES
Alloy:
• An alloy is a material composed of 2/more elements, at least one of which should
be a metal
• It is made by fusing 2/more metals or a metal and a non metal
19. BASE METAL
• A metal which readily oxidises or dissolves to release ions
Eg:Al,Sn,Pb,Ni,Cu
20. NOBLE METAL
• A metal which is highly resistant to oxidation and dissolution in organic solutions
Eg Pt, Pd,Rh, Ir, Os
43. MALLEABILITY
• It is the ability of a material to withstand rupture under compression,as in rolling or
hammering into a sheet
44. DUCTILITY
• It is the ability of material to withstand permanent deformation under a tensile load
without rupture
45. BAUSCHINGER EFFECT
• The property of materials where material stress or strain characteristics change as
a result of microscopic stress distribution of material
47. COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
• It is the quantity of heat in calories per second that passes through a specimen,
1cm thick and a cross sectional area of 1 cm2, when the temperature difference
between the surfaces perpendicular to the heat flow of specimen is 1 degree K
48. COLD WORKING /WORK
HARDENING
• The process of strengthening a metal by changing it’s shape without the use of
heat and subjecting to mechanical stress to cause a permanent change
49. HEAT TREATMENT
1.Softening heat treatment / solution heat treatment / annealing :
• Heating metal to specific temperature and then cooling at slow rate which produces
refined microstructure, forms single phase solid solution via quenching
• Removes internal stresses due to cold working, welding,casting,rapid cooling
50. STAGES OF ANNEALING
1. RECOVERY :
• Most beneficial changes occur
• Maximum residual stresses get relieved
2.RECRYSTALLISATION :
• Deformed grains begin to recrystallisation
• New stress free grains are formed
3.GRAIN GROWTH:
• Recrystallised grains continue to grow with
larger grains consuming smaller grains
51. 2.Hardening heat treatment /precipitation heat treatment /age hardening:
• Alloys must be kept at elevated temperatures for hours to allow precipitation to take place ,called Ageing
• Used to increase the yield strength of malleable metals
• It involves the addition of impure particles to increase material strength
52. SOLDERING
• It is a process where two or more metals are joined together by melting and flowing
a filler metal into the joint
• Types:1.Soft solderin: MP of filler metal below 350’C
2.Hard soldering:MP of filler metal below 450’C
3.Brazing:MP of filler metal more than 450’C
53. WELDING
• It is the process by which two pieces of similar metals are joined together without
the addition of another metal
54. BIOCOMPATIBILITY
• It is the ability of a material to induce an appropriate and advantageous host
response during its intended clinical usage
55. BIOHOSTABILITY
• The ease with which a material will culture or accumulate bacteria,spores and
viruses