BIOPESTICIDES IN IPM
Prepared by:
Ladines Myla
Maloles Carmina
Macicap Jerico
Mendoza Cill Brian
Matoy Khcarla Mae
1

Active ingredient- Living organisms
1st Biopesticide discovered in the year 1835
Biopesticides are used to control pests, pathogens, and weeds by a variety
of means
Microbial biopesticides may include a pathogen or parasite that infects the
target
Alternatively, they might act as competitors or inducers of plant host
resistance
Biopesticides are pesticides derived from natural materials, such as animals,
plants, bacteria,

Bio means involving life or living organisms
Pesticide includes substance or mixture of substances intended
for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as
microorganism including bacteria , fungi ,
nematodes , viruses, protozoa and parasitoids,
predators and plants that controls pests by biological
non- toxic means.
All the living organisms, which are cultivated in the
laboratory on large scale & used and exploited experimentally
for the control of harmful organisms are called biopesticides.

secondary metabolite
• produces products that aid in the growth and
development of plants
• facilitates the primary metabolism in plants. This
primary metabolism consists of chemical reactions
that allow the plant to live
• In order for the plants to stay healthy, secondary
metabolism plays a pinnacle role in keeping all the
of plants' systems working properly
• A common role of secondary metabolites in plants
is defense mechanisms.
• They are used to fight off herbivores, pests, and
pathogens.

Synthetic pesticides Vs. Bio-pesticides
Factors Synthetic Pesticides Bio-pesticides
Cost effectiveness Cheap but increased
spraying cost
Costlier but reduced
number of applications
Persistence and residual
effect
High Low
Knockdown effect Immediate Delayed
Handling and Bulkiness Easy but danger and
Hazardous
Bulky : Carrier based
Easy : Liquid formulation
Pest resurgence More Less
Effect on Beneficial flora More harmful Less harmful
Target specificity Mostly broad spectrum Mostly host specific
Nature of control Curative Preventive
Shelf life More Less
The market share of bio-pesticide is only 2% as compared to synthetic pesticide

List of registered microbial products by CIB
Name of microbes Type
Bacillus sp. Bacteria
Trichoderma sp. Fungi
Pseudomonas fluorescens Bacteria
Gliocladium sp. Fungi
Beauveria bassiana Fungi
Verticillium lecanii Fungi
Metarhizium anisopliae Fungi
Nomuraea rileyi Fungi
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses Virus
Granulosis Viruses
Baculovirus
Virus
Virus
MICROBIAL PESTICIDE

Characteristics
Storable
Economical
Easy to produce
Safe & acceptable
Convenient to apply
Virulent against target pest
Advantages
High degree of specificity
Compatible with chemical pesticides
Easy to apply & aid growth through out
No adverse effect on non-target organisms
Absence of residue build-up in the environment
Relatively cheaper by 50% as compared to chemical pesticides

Bio-pesticides
Entomopathogenic Fungi
Fungal Antagonists
Bacterial Antagonists
Entomopathogenic Bacteria
Parasites & Predators

Entomopathogenic Fungi
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungi that can act as parasites of insects and
kill or seriously disable them
Mode of Action

Entomopathogenic fungi in insect control

Commonly used biopesticide in
the Philippines

Beauveria
Beauveria bassiana
Habitat: Foliage
Insect Host: White flies, beetles & caterpillars (including Helicoverpa
spp.)
Health impact: It causes granulosis disease in human ear
Grasshoppers killed by B. bassianaBeauveria bassiana
Cultures of B. bassiana

Metarhizium
Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae & var. major
Habitat: Foliage
Insect host: Frog hoppers, beetles
Conidia Different cultures of M.
anisopliae
Cockroach
killed by
M. anisopliae

Verticillium
Verticillium (Cephalosporium) lecanii
Habitat: Glasshouse foliage
Insect host: Aphids, whiteflies & scales
Whitefly scale infected
with V. lecanii
Cultures of Verticillium lecaniiConidia

Fungal Antagonists
Principal fungi: Gliocladium virens & Trichoderma sp.
Trichoderma sp. mainly T. harzianum & T. viride
Habitat: Soil
Effective against: damping-off & wilt
Parasitize Rhizoctonia & Sclerotium
Inhibit growth of Pythium, Phytophthora & Fusarium
T. harzianum T. viride
Disease: T. harzianum causes green mold in cultivated button mushrooms & T.
viride causes green mold rot of onion

Entomopathogenic Bacteria
• Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a Gram-positive, motile, rod shaped
bacterium produces a parasporal crystal composed of one or more
proteins
• The strains of Bt characterized so far affect members of 3 insect orders:
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Diptera (mosquitoes & biting flies),
and Coleoptera (beetles)
• EPA registered Bt products include
B.t. israelensis (Diptera)—frequently used for mosquitoes
B.t. kurstaki (Lepidoptera)—frequently used for gypsy moth, spruce
budworm, and many vegetable pests
B.t. sandiego and tenebrionis (Coleoptera)—frequently used for leaf
beetle, Colorado potato beetle
B.t. kurstaki is the most commonly used Bt formulation
Bacillus thuringiensis

Mode of Action
Bacillus thuringiensis strains
produce crystalline proteins
(called δ-endotoxins)
Caterpillar consumes the Bt spore
(diagram 1) & crystalline toxin-
treated leaf
The Bt crystalline toxin (diamond shapes in
diagram 2) binds to gut wall receptors, and
the caterpillar stops feeding
Within hours, the gut wall breaks down,
allowing spores (oval tube shapes) and normal
gut bacteria (circular shapes) to enter body
cavity, where the toxin dissolves
The caterpillar dies in 24 to 48 hours from septicemia, as spores and gut
bacteria proliferate in its blood (diagram 3)

• Bt is considered to be “practically nontoxic” to humans and
other vertebrates
• It can cause a “very slight irritation” if inhaled & can cause eye
irritation
• Bt is not carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic
• Bt does not persist in the brains, lungs, or digestive systems of
animals, including humans
• Bt has been found in fecal samples of exposed greenhouse
workers, no gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with its
presence
Human Health & Safety

• Bt appears to be a normal component in the feces of
vegetable-consuming animals, where it apparently causes no
problem
• Like the active bacterial ingredient, the inert ingredients in Bt
formulations have also been studied and modified for safety
• Granular and microcapsule formulations reduce the inhalation
hazard
• Volatile agents associated with some Bt formulations do not
appear to constitute a significant health hazard.
Human Health & Safety…

Botanical pest control
Plant Name Part(s) Used Mode of
preparation
and
application³
Target Pest(s) Diseases
Controlled
Allium sativum cloves Chop finely,
soak in 2
teaspoons of oil
for one day,
Altenaria fruit rot, early
blight, purple
blotch, leaf
spot
Garlic then mix with
half a liter of
soapy water
and filter.
Cercospora leaf mold, leaf
spot, early
blight, frog-eye
Fusarium damping-off,
stem and root
rot, early blight,
Acapulco Cercospora leaf mold, leaf
spot, early
blight, frog-eye

Ipil-ipil infusion as
spray.
Cercospora leaf mold, leaf
spot, early
blight, frog-eye
Red onion then mix with
half a liter of
soapy water and
filter.
Colletotrichum leaf spot,
anthracnose,
fruit rot, smudge
Takip-kuhol liters of water,
and use as spray.
Helminthosporiu
m
wilt, curly top
Artemisia
vulgaris
leaves Extract juice and
use as spray at
the rate of 2-5
Altenaria fruit rot, early
blight, purple
blotch, leaf spot
Mimosa pudica whole plant
Pound, soak in
water and use
infusion as
spray.
Diplodia fruit and stem
rot

Environmental Impacts
• No danger has been found to aquatic communities
accidentally exposed to Bt or to non-target organisms
including beneficial insects, amphibians, fish, and mammals
• Few reports of Bt lethality upon non-target organisms, such
as leaf-feeding caterpillars
• Clay soils may bind the bacterial toxin, increasing its
environmental persistence and possible toxicity to non-target
species
• Newer formulations employ preservatives, like sorbitol, that
are safer than the xylene used decades ago

Phytonematode management through
bacteria
Bacteria Genus/species Target nematode Mode of action References
Parasitic
bacteria
Pasteuria penetrans,
P. thornei
Phytonematodes Parasitism Bekal et al.(2001),
Bird et al. (2003)
Opportunistic
bacteria
Brevibacillus
laterosporus, Bacillus
nematocida
Free living &
Phytonematodes
Parasitism Niu et al. (2006),
Tian et al. (2007)
Rhizobacteria Bacillus sp.,
Pseudomonas sp.
Meloidogyne sp.,
Heterodera sp.
Interfering with
recognition,
production of
toxin, nutrient
competition, plant
growth promotion
Marleny et al.
(2008),
Meyer (2003)
Crystal
forming
bacteria
Bacillus thuringiensis
(Cry 5,6,12,13,14,21)
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis,
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Cry proteins cause
damage to the
intestines of
nematodes
Kotze et al.(2005),
Wei et al. (2003)
Endophytic
bacteria
Root knot nematode,
Cyst nematode
Rhizo-bacterial &
endophytic
bacterial mode of
action
Sturz et al. (2004),
Compant et al.
(2005)

Microorganisms Trade Name Pathogens/ Diseases
Streptomyces
lydicus WYEC 108
Actinovate®AG,
Actinovate®SP
Soiborne pathogens: Pythium
sp., Rhizoctonia sp.,
Phytophthora sp., Fusarium sp.
Foliar pathogens: Alternaria sp.,
Peronospora sp.
Bacillus subtilis
GB03
Kodiak® Concentrate Rhizoctonia, Fusarium,
Alternaria, Aspergillus /
Phoma. root rot, damping off,
crown rot
Trichoderma
harzianum
Rifai strain KRL-
AG2
T-22™HC, Plant
Shield®,
T-22™. Planter Box,
Serenade® MAX™
Fusarium, Pythium &
Rhizoctonia/
Root rot, powdery mildew
Bacillus pumilus
QST 2808
Ballad® Plus Cercospora sp./ Rust, powdery
mildew,, and brown spot
Fungicides

• Microbials such as bacteria, fungi, viruses are the major bio-
pesticides being studied mostly to develop alternatives to
chemicals
• The no. & growth rate of bio-pesticide showing an increasing
marketing trend in past few decades
• Bio-pesticides are host specific & bio-degradable resulting in
least persistency of residual toxicity
• Bio-pesticides саn mаkе vital contributions tο IPM & can
greatly reduce conventional pesticides, while crop yield
remains high
• Bio-pesticides having lesser health hazard provides an
important alternative in the search for an environmentally
sound and equitable solution to the problem of food security

“Life is not living, but being in health.”
- Latin poet Martial