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気候の不公正
と損失と損害
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氣候不公正以及損失和損害
關於損失和損害的討論本質上是關於公平的。它提出了一個問題:為什
麼那些對導致全球變暖幾乎沒有作為的國家要為富裕國家的排放造成的
損害負責?
這也使它有爭議。談判者知道,賠償損失和損害的想法有可能導致進一
步討論對歷史不公正行為的經濟補償,例如美國的奴隸製或歐洲列強的
殖民剝削。
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Elem
在去年於蘇格蘭格拉斯哥舉行的 COP26 上,談判代表在一些關
鍵問題上取得了進展,例如更嚴格的排放目標和承諾為發展中國
家提供雙倍的適應資金。但 COP26 被試圖為富裕國家建立金融
機制以為發展中國家的損失和損害提供資金的倡導者視為失望。
損失和損害賠償可能是什麼樣的
COP26 缺乏決議,再加上埃及承諾將重點放在適應和損失與損
害的融資上,這意味著該問題將在今年擺上桌面。
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Reso非營利組織氣候和能源解決方案中心希望討論的重點是聖地亞哥損失和損害網
絡的製度安排,該網絡的重點是提供技術援助,幫助發展中國家最大限度地減少損
失和損害;以及微調格拉斯哥對話,這是一個於 2021 年制定的正式程序,旨在將各
國聚集在一起討論為損失和損害提供資金。
代表 58 個極易受氣候變化影響的國家的 V20 財長集團和七國集團富裕國家也在
2022 年 10 月就名為“全球氣候風險盾牌”的金融機制達成協議。全球盾牌專注於為災
後國家提供風險保險和快速財政援助,但尚不清楚它將如何融入國際討論。一些團
體擔心,依賴保險系統可能會忽視最貧窮的人,並分散人們對為損失和損害建立專
門基金的更廣泛討論的注意力。
發達國家不願將損失和損害機制正式化的兩個因素涉及如何確定哪些國家或社區有
資格獲得賠償,以及這種機制的局限性是什麼。
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Res損失和損壞資格的門檻是什麼樣的?限制國家或社區根據其當前排放
量或國內生產總值獲得損失和損害賠償可能會成為一個有問題且複雜的過
程。大多數專家建議根據氣候脆弱性來確定資格,但這也很困難。
世界領導人將如何回應?
十多年前,發達國家承諾每年提供 1000 億美元資助發展中國家的適應和
減緩行動。但他們在履行這一承諾方面進展緩慢,而且它不包括當今世界
已經看到的氣候影響造成的損害。
建立損失和損害機制被認為是為全球氣候不公正提供追索權的一種途徑。
下週所有的目光都將集中在埃及,以了解世界領導人的反應。
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