Seminar on Toothpaste used for oral hygiene

1. A seminer on –
DENTIFRICES AND ORAL
HYGIENE
Prepared By-
KULDIP DEKA
ROLL NO- 19
B.PHARM 4TH YEAR
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY

2. Oral hygiene:
Oral hygiene is the practice of
keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent
dental problems,most commonly,dental
cavitie, gingivitis, periodontal (gum) diseases
and bad breath.
There are also oral pathologic conditions
in which good oral hygiene is required
for healing and regeneration of the oral
tissues.

3. How oral hygiene can be
maintained..
By proper brushing
Flossing
Avoid tobacco
Using limit soda, coffee and alcohol
Consume calcium and other vitamins like vit D,
B complex etc.
Visit dentist at least twice in a year
Clean the tongue with the teeth
 Use of Dentrifrices

4. A dentifrice is a substance used with a
toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the
surfaces of the teeth.
The term ‘dentifrice’ is a french word
for tooth paste derived from dens (tooth)
and fricare (to rub).
Dentifrices are found in form of
PASTE,POWDER,GEL and LIQUID.
What are Dentifrices?

5. Mechanically remove stains,debris and soft
deposits from the teeth.
To impart a polished surface to the teeth.
They act as vehicles for the delivery of
therapeutic agents.
Function of Dentifrices:

6. i] Amount of toothpaste or gel needed for
effective cleaning is per sized dab on the top
half of the toothbrush
ii] Dentifrice should preferably dispersed in
between bristles rather than on the tips
iii] Children under 6 years of age should only
be given half the amount of dentifrice as
compared to that of an adult
APPLICATION

7. Toothpaste
Toothpaste is a dentifrice used in conjunction with
a toothbrush to help maintain oral hygiene. The essential
components are an abrasive, binder, surfactant and
humectant.The scientific and dental community also
recommends a fluoride containing toothpaste.
The main purpose of the paste is to help remove
debris and plaque with some marketed to serve accessory
functions such as breath freshening and teeth whitening.
Different types of Dentifrices :

8. Anti-decay toothpaste:
They contain fluoride compounds such as
sodium fluoride (naf), stannous fluoride (snf2)etc.If the
fluoride content is 1,000 ppm (parts per million) or above
they are all effective in preventing tooth decay. Children
toothpaste contains 500ppm fluoride and is usually flavoured
with Fruit flavour, candy flavour, which is more appealing to
children.
Again toothpaste are subdivide on basis on
their action as-

9. Desensitizing toothpaste relief dentine
hypersensitivity symptoms.They interrupt the neurone
response to pain stimuli and they covers the dentinal
tubules of dentine. Active ingredients such as
potassium nitrate or arginine, etc. are used by different
manufacturers.
Anti-calculus toothpaste:
Calcification of dental plaque could be
retarded by this kind of toothpaste, thus it reduces the
rate of calculus formation. The active ingredient is
pyrophosphate or zinc citrate.
Desensitizing toothpaste

10. Anti-plaque toothpaste:
This kind of toothpaste inhibits plaque
accumulation, reduces the toxic effects of the bacterial
toxin on the tooth surrounding tissues, thereby reduces
the chances of getting gum disease. In the market,
different anti-plaque toothpastes contain different
active ingredients. For example, triclosan or zinc citrate,
etc.
Whitening toothpaste:
This kind of toothpaste contains relatively coarse
abrasives which function by abrading the stains on the
tooth surface, giving a whitening effect.In whitening
toothpaste bleaching agents are also used like Hydrogen
Peroxide which enters to the enamel part of the teeth.

11. Tooth powder
Tooth powder was generally used among
the romans, who used a variety of substances, such as the
bones, hoofs, and horns of certain animals; crabs; egg-shells
etc.
Mouthwash
Mouthwashes come in a variety of compositions,
many claiming to kill bacteria that make up plaque or to
freshen breath. In their basic form, they are usually
recommended for use after brushing but some
manufacturers recommend pre-brush rinsing. Dental
research has recommended that mouthwash should be used
as an aid to brushing rather than a replacement, because the
sticky resistant nature of plaque prevents it from being
actively removed by chemicals alone, and physical
detachment of the sticky proteins is required.

12. Basic ingredients and functions :
Abrasives: An abrasive is a substance that is used for
abrading, grinding or polishing found as crystals, small
and smooth particles. Silica is a common abrasive in
dentifrices; alumina and calcium carbonate may also be
used.
Humectants: Maintain moisture and consistency of
paste.These are short-chained polyalcohol used in
toothpastes to prevent loss of water, and subsequent
hardening of the paste, when it is exposed to air. They
also provide creamy texture. Glycerine and sorbitol are
frequently used.

13. Solvents: Water is the most common solvent used in
toothpaste. It dissolves the ingredients and allows them
to be mixed. Alcohol is used in mouth rinses as a solvent
and taste enhancer.
Foaming agent: antibacterial properties,lowers surface
tension,facilitates flow of paste over teeth.
Flavoring agent: Combinations of water-insoluble
essential oils, such as spearmint, peppermint, eucalyptus
and menthol are often used . Toothpastes and
mouthwashes often have a very strong flavour. This is
necessary to cover the horrid taste of most detergents,
especially SLS. Flavouring agents are also added to meet
the customers demand for a fresh sensation during and
after brushing the teeth

14. DETERGENTS(SURFACTANTS):
Detergents lowers the surface tension of the liquid environment
in the oral cavity so that the substances in the toothpaste/mouthwash
can contact the teeth more easily. They penetrate and dissolve plaque.
This makes it easier to clean the teeth. The foaming effect produced by
the detergent is also beneficial in cleaning the teeth, and contributes to
remove debris and gives a feeling of cleanness. Another function of the
detergent is to help in dispersing the flavours in the
toothpaste/mouthwash. The most widely used detergent is sodium lauryl
sulphate (SLS).
SWEETENERS
Sweeteners also improve the taste of toothpastes and
mouthwashes and give them a mild and sweet taste. Several toothpaste
companies make their own toothpaste for children with an even sweeter
taste. The most common used sweeteners are sodium saccharin, sorbitol
and glycerin. Xylitol is a sweetener that is also claimed to provide anti-
caries activity.

15. COLOURING AGENTS
Most toothpastes and mouthwashes contain colour-substances
to give them an attractive appearance. The colour-substances are
classified by the colour index (CI), published by the society of dyers and
colourists and the american association of textile chemists and colourists,
or by a system called the F D & C colours. Titanium dioxide is often added
to toothpastes to give them a white, opaque colour.
PRESERVATIVES
Preservatives prevent the growth of
micro-organisms in toothpastes and mouthwashes. Common
preservatives include sodium benzoate, methylparaben and
ethylparaben.

16. THERAPEUTIC AGENTS
One or more therapeutic agents are usually added to
toothpastes and mouthwashes.
Some theraputic agents used in dentifrices:
Anti-dentine hypersensitivity agents-Potassium salts
Anti-calculus agents : Pyrophosphate , Zinc
Anti-plaque agents-Triclosan,Sodium Lauryl Sulphate,Essential
oils,Chlorhexidine etc.
Anti-caries agents-Fluoride,Xylitol,Calcium,Phosphate
Whitening agents-Papain,sodium bicarbonate

17. Ingredient
% of
ContentExample
Abrasives
20%-40%
Silicon Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, Granular
polyvinyl Chloride
Water
Humectants
Foaming agent
Sweetening agent
Binding agent
Flavoring agent
Therapeutic agent
Preservative
Sorbitol, Mannitol, Propylene glycol,
Glycerine
Sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium N-lauroyl
sarcosinate
Sorbitol, Mannitol, Glycerine
Silicon Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, Granular
polyvinyl Chloride
Silicon Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, Granular
polyvinyl Chloride
Fluoride, tetra sodium phosphate
Benzoic acid
20%-40%
20%-40%
1%-2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
1%
1%
Colouring agent
TYPICAL
COMPOSITION:

18. Side effects of some chemicals of Dentrifices:
Sodium Fluoride: The main ingredient in toothpaste and rat poison.
Fluorides have been used throughout history to alter the behavior
and mood of human beings.More use of fluoride containing
toothpaste may also leads flurosis. Surprisingly, fluoride has NEVER
been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the
USA.
Coloring agents: FD&C color dyes may also cause potentially severe
allergic reactions, asthma attacks, headaches, nausea, fatigue,
nervousness, lack of concentration, and cancer.
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS):SLS has been found to be quite corrosive
and harmful to skin tissue says a report by the American College of
Toxicity. The journal of the American College of Toxicology reports
that SLS can penetrate and be retained in the eye, brain, heart, and
liver with potentially harmful long-term effects.
Triclosan: A pesticide found in many types of toothpaste. Triclosan is
a chlorophenol, which is a class of chemicals that is suspected of
causing cancer in humans.
Hydrated Silica:A whitener that damages tooth enamel.

19. Thanks for your
attention

20. Dr. Rosales from Arrow Smile Dental,20530 E. Arrow Hwy, Suite A
Covina, CA 91724, Date- 18th april 2016 at 10:30PM.
Dr. Warren Scherer, New York University College of Dentistry, as
reported by The Naples Daily News.
Date- 18th April 2016 at 11:15PM
An article by Dr. Archana J. Sharda, Senior lecturer, From 26/27- 6 New
Fatehpura, Udaipur- 313001. Rajasthan, India Published on the
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL CLINICS VOLUME 2 ISSUE 2 APRIL-
JUNE 2010. Download Date- 26th April 2016 at 12:15AM.
“RELATIVE ROLE OF DENTIFRICE AND THE TOOTHBRUSH IN PLAQUE
REMOVAL”M.J. Cronin 1, W.Z. Dembling 1, D.M. Jacobs 2, M.L. Low* 2,
and D.A. Weber 2 (1 New Institutional Service.572 Company, Northfield,
New Jersey, USA; 2Oral-B Laboratories, Belmont, California, USA).
DATE:27-04-2016 TIME-12:30AM
Reference::